Digestive system of camel

Digestive system of camel

• 2.
   Camel isPseudo Ruminant. A pseudo-ruminant is an animal that eats large amounts of roughages but does not have a four- compartments stomach like ruminants.
• 3.
  The digestive systemconsists of the organs directly concerned in the reception and digestion of the food, its passage through the body, and the expulsion of the unabsorbed portion. These organs are usually grouped under two heads 1)The alimentary canal 2) The accessory organs
• 4.
  The alimentary canalis a tube which extends from the lips to the anus.  mouth  pharynx  esophagus  Stomach  small intestine  large intestine
• 6.
  Mouth: The mouth isthe first part of the alimentary canal. It is bounded laterally by the cheeks, dorsally by the hard palate, ventrally by the body of the mandible and behind by the soft palate. Function: Chewing (with the help of teeth) and lubrication of feed.
• 7.
  Pharynx: The pharynx isthe portion of the digestive tract that receives the food from mouth. Two branches of Pharynx Esophagus: which carries food to the stomach Trachea: windpipe, which carries air to the lungs. There are no guttural pouches in the camel.
• 8.
  Stomach: The stomach ofcamel consists of three different sections. The biochemical pattern of microbial fermentation is generally similar between ruminants and camelids. C1: A large compartment that is divided by a strong transversal muscular ridge into a cranial and caudal portion. C2: Is relatively small portion and not completely separated from C1 C3: which originates from C2, is situated at the right side of C1, C3 is a long tube,intestine-like organ.
• 10.
  Intestine: The intestine ofthe camel has the usual designation of small and large intestine. The small intestine has a length of about 65 feet. Neutralization: Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas and bile from the liver neutralize stomach acid to form a pH environment suitable for pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Digestion: Enzymes from the pancreas and the lining of the small intestine complete the breakdown of food molecules. Bile salts from the liver emulsify fats.
• 11.
  Absorption: The circularfolds, villi and microvilli increase surface area. Most nutrients are actively or passively absorbed. The large intestine has a length of about 78 feet. Absorption: The proximal half of the colon absorbs salts (e.g., sodium chloride), water, and vitamins produced by bacteria. Storage: The distal half of the colon holds feces until it is eliminated.
• 12.
  The accessory organs: Theaccessory organs are 1.Teeth: A. Deciduous B. Permanent 2.Tongue: for the movement of feed 3.Salivary glands: Three pairs of glands-the parotid, the mandibular and the sublingual- situated on the sides of the face and adjacent parts of the neck. Amylase in saliva begins carbohydrate (starch) digestion. Mucin and water in saliva provides lubrication, and lysozyme kills microorganisms.
• 13.
  4.Liver: liver isthe largest gland in the body. Bile salts from the liver emulsify fats. 5.Pancreas: Bicarbonate ions neutralize stomach acid to form a pH environment suitable for pancreatic and intestinal enzymes.
• 14.
  In camels, twobasic contraction sequences (A- and B-contractions) have been observed A-sequences start with a contraction of C2 followed by a contraction of the caudal C1 about 4 sec later. B-sequences begin with a contraction of the cranial C1 followed by C2 and caudal C1. B-sequences last for about 9 sec. The flow of digesta through the canal between C2 and C3 occurs during contraction of C2.
• 15.
  After contraction ofthe cranial C1 contents are sucked into the esophagus. This is followed by an antiperistaltic wave toward the mouth cavity. Eructation of gas from the stomach of camels, occurs during a contraction of the caudal C1 . During eating and rumination stomach motility frequent(about 100 A- and B-sequences per hour).
• 16.
  Rumen sliva lubrica tion Microorga nisms killing Carbohydr ate digestion pharynx C3 C2 C1 Mixing Microbial action Bile salts Pancreaticjuice SequenceA SequenceB regurgit ation Absor ption Neutr alizati on digest ion absorption Storage of waste
• 17.
  Anatomical difference Histological difference
• 18.
  Anatomical difference: In theRuminants 4 compartments of the stomach Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and abomasum In camels 3 Compartments of the stomach C1,C2,C3(rumen, reticulum, omasum respectively) Ruminant Digestive system Camel digestive system
• 19.
  Continue… Compartment 1 isnot papillated like the rumen. Compartment 2 is not lined by the honeycomb structure of the reticulum. Compartment 3 is not globular and filled with laminae as in ruminants.
• 20.
  In adult camelssmall intestine is 65 feet length, while in case of bovines the small intestine is 20 times more in length than the length of animal. Example: A cattle, 2 meters in length have a small intestine of 2×20=40 meters length.
• 21.
  Histological Difference: In camels,unlike as in ruminants, only the dorsal parts of C1 and C2 are made of a squamous keratinized epithelium. The ventral parts of C1 and C2 and the whole inner surface of C3 are, instead lined by a columnar surface epithelium.