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- 1. estimate An estimate is the anticipated or probable cost of work and is usually prepared before the construction is take up. It is indeed calculations or computations of various items of an engineering work
- 2. QUANTITY SURVEY It is the schedule of all items of work in a building. These quantities are calculated from the drawing of the building. Thus quantity survey gives quantities of work done in case of each items,
- 3. SPECIFICATIONS Detailed specifications gives the nature, quality and class of work, materials to be used in the various parts of work , quality of the material, their proportions, method of preparat ion, workmanship and description of execution of work are required
- 4. RATES The rates of various items of works, materials to be used in the construction and the wages of different categories of labor (skilled and unskilled).
- 5. SITE PLAN it is the plan drawn for a particular construction showing its position with respect to approaching roads, main bazars, markets and other permanent features in a populated area
- 6. LINE PLAN Line plan can be defined as the plan of a particular construction simply showing main features with the help of the single lines of different portions ofthe constructions. Details of constructions are not generally shown on this plan. This inside and outside dimensions shown on this plan should necessarily be corresponding to actual dimensions.
- 7. INDEX PLAN This is the plan of a particular colony showing the positions of different houses in single lines their number if any position of roads, schools, market, hospitals and other features etc. this plan is generally fixed on the entrance, or at exit or in the central place of the colony, for the guidance of the inhabitants and outsiders.
- 8. DETAILED PLAN This plan indicates a plan of a construction drawn to a definite scale, showing all detailed information required for its execution. Various sections and elevations are clearly drawn on this plan.
- 9. CENTRE LINE PLAN This is actually a layout plan drawn to facilitate the laying out of foundation lines and other features. It is generally fixed on the entrance or at exit in the central place of the colony for the guidance of the inhabitants and outsiders.
- 10. SUPPLEMANTARY ESTIMATE When some additions are done in the original work, a fresh detailed estimate is prepared to supplement the original work. This estimate is called supplementaryestimate. It is also accompanied by all the papers as required in thru detailed estimate.
- 11. ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL For any project required by the department an approval so sanction of the competent authority with respect to the cost and work is necessary at the first instance.
- 12. TECHNICAL SANCTION It means the sanction and order by the competent authority of the department for the detailed estimate design calculations quantities of work rates and cost of work..after the technical sanction of the estimate is received the work is then taken up for construction.
- 13. LUMPSUM ITEMS Sometimes while preparing est imate for the certain small items like front architecture or decoration work of a building it is not possible to workout detailed quantities so far such lump sum items a lump sum rate is provided
- 14. PLINTH AREA The built up covered area of a building measured at floor level of any storey is called plinth area.
- 15. CIRCULATION AREA The total cost of construction including all expenditures incurred plus the cost of external servicesup to the end of the completion of the work is called capital cost
- 16. preparing an estimate 1. Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points. 2. Detailed specifications about workmanship& properties of materials etc. 3. Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
- 17. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., is expressed in numbers. b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM) c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and are expressed in square meters (m2)
- 18. RULES FOR MEASUREMENT 1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and specification. 2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances. I) linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m. ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum 4.
- 19. REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined i.e. whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or not. 2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work. 3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract. 4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work. 5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not
- 20. PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING 1. Preparing detailed Estimate. 2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work 3. Preparing abstract of estimate
- 21. DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE 1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc. 2. Specifications. 3. Rates.
- 22. LUMPSUM contract While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of petty items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum items or simply L.S.Items. exp 1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements. 2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc., 3. Architectural features. 4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
- 23. WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly to work. AnL.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work charged establishment.
- 24. DETAILS OF MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES
- 25. Abstract of Estimated Cost
- 26. FACTORS TO BE CONSISDERED WHILE PREPARING DETAILED ESTIMATE i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the requirement of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials will be purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.
- 27. FACTORS TO BE CONSISDERED WHILE PREPARING DETAILED ESTIMATE ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce damage or in transit during loading, unloading, stocking of materials. iii) Local labor charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local labors are considered while preparing the detailed estimate
- 28. FIXING OF RATE PER UNIT OF AN ITEM 1) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of materials is taken strictly in accordance with standard data book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost, freight, insurance and transportation charges. 2) Cost of labour: The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and the multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
- 29. 3) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equipment, tools and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is provided. 4)Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment salaries of staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.
- 30. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of work of project and for its administrative approval The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of similar works
- 31. A percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are the methods used for preparation of approximate estimates. a) Plinth area method b) Cubical contents methods c) Unit base method
- 32. 1.4.9 Plinth area method The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of building, roof,
- 33. wood work, fixtures, number of storey’s etc., As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area of building
- 34. Cubical Contents Method This method is generally used for multistoreyed buildings. It is more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit volume.
- 35. PROBLEMS 1. Estimation of different foundations, steps and boundary walls. Example : 1 From the Drawing given below determine (a) Earth work excavation (b) CC (1:5:10) Bed (c) R.R.Masonry in C.M. (1:6) (d) Brick Work in C.M.(1:6). Single Roomed Building (Load Bearing type structure)
- 36. Measurement of Materials and Works Long wall - Short wall Method
- 40. thank you