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English Project.pptx
- 1. ENGLISH PROJECT TOPIC:-The romantic philosophy in the poetry of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge SUBMITTEDTO:- SUBMITTEDBY:-
- 2. Certificate This is to certify that, student of class 12th has successfully completed her project work under the guidance of subject teacher Mr. during the session 2022-2023 in partial fulfillment of English practical examination conducted by CBSE.
- 3. The Romantic Philosophy In The Poetry Of William Wordsworth And Samuel Taylor Coleridge ABSTRACT:- This research work focuses on “The Romantic Philosophy in the poetry of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’’. The Romantics focus on landscape because of its natural essence and its spiritual composition. The Romantics aim at fighting for the masses and educating the public on how nature can be better treated and appreciated. They present the work examined the theory of romanticism in romantic poetry using William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poems as our reference texts. Wordsworth and Coleridge own most of their poetic resources and characters to nature as they both strongly believe in the power of nature that brings all that is good to life.
- 4. INTRODUCTION The early Romantic period coincides with what is often called the “Age of Revolutions” including of course, the American (1778) and the French (1789) revolutions an age of upheavals in political, economic and social traditions. The age which witnessed the initial transformations of the industrial revolution. The take off of Romantic Movement in English Language is set in the year 1798 when William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, publish of their poem called “Lyrical Ballads”. Though, these two lake-side poets wrote the poetic book, they have different view of the way poetry is seen, unlike William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge had an inspiration towards the supernatural, the mystic and the occult. A revolutionary energy was also at the core of Romanticism, which quite consciously set out to transform not only the theory and practice of poetry (and all art) but the very way we perceive the world. Some of its major precepts have survival into the twenteth century and still affect our contemporary period. Romantic writers generally see themselves as reacting against the thought and literary practices of the preceding century. The Romantist’s major subject matter is the beauty and satisfactions derive from nature. Romantists believe in naturalism and realism in the place of morality. They believe that man should not be conformed or stereotyped to one norm of code rather derive pleasure from what he derive from nature. Be that as it may, more emphasis is not laid on the thematic study of Romantic poetry rather that the beauty is derived in its form following the theory of arts for art’s sake. “Nature” meant many things to the Romantics, it was often presented as itself a work of art, constructed by a divine imagination, in emblematic language, for example, throughout “song of myself”, Whitman makes a practice of presenting common place items in nature... “ants”, “heap’d stones”, and “poke-weed” as containing divine elements and he refers to the “grass” as a natural “hieroglyphic”, “the handkerchief of the lord”. While particular perspectives with regards to nature varied considerably; nature is perceived as a healing power, a source of subject and image, a refuge from the artificial constructs of civilization, including artificial language, the prevailing views accorded nature the status of an organically unified whole.
- 5. AUTHORIAL BACKGROUND OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) William Wordsworth was born in 1770 at Cockermouth in Cumberland. He grew up in the Lake District, the beautiful area of mountains, lakes and streams near the Scottish borders in North West England. The natural beauty and grandeur of this area was a major source of inspiration for Wordsworth throughout his life. His mother died when he was eight and his father died when he was thirteen. Like his friend Samuel Coleridge, Wordsworth was denied the blessing and comfort of a happy home. The considerable sum of money left to the children was withheld for some years for legal reasons, but William Wordsworth was nevertheless able to attend Cambridge University in 1787, where he found the curriculum boring. In 1790, he made a tour through France to the Alps with a fellow student travelling on foot like a peddler. He witnessed the Great Revolution of 1787-1890 in France. In 1802, Wordsworth finally inherited the money let to him by his father and married a childhood friend from the Lake District, Mary Hutchinson. Disaster followed in 1802, his favourite brother, John, a ship captain was drowned at sea. In 1810, the friendship between Wordsworth and Coleridge was broken by an open quarrel. Offsetting the sadness of these middle years however was the steady growth of Wordsworth reputation as a poet. William Wordsworth’s major work was his autobiographical poem titled “the prelude” completed in 1805. He continued to make changes and it was not published until his death. William Wordsworth died by re-aggravating a case of pleurisy on 23 April, 1850, and was buried at St. Oswald’s Church in Grasmere. His widow Mary published his lengthy autobiographical poem to Coleridge as the prelude several months after his death.
- 6. AUTHORIAL BACKGROUND OF SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834) Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772 in the country town of Ottery St. Mary, Devon, England. Samuel’s father, the Reverend John Coleridge (1718-1781) was a respected vicar of the parish and headmaster of Henry VIII’s Free Grammar School at Ottery. After the death of Samuel’s father, he was sent to Christ’s Hospital, a charity School founded in the 16th century in Greyfriars, London where he remained throughout his childhood, studying and writing poetry. Throughout life, Coleridge idealized his father as pious and innocent, while his relationship with his mother was more problematic. His childhood was characterized by attention seeking, which has been linked to his dependent personality as an adult. He was rarely allowed to return home during the school term, and this distance from his family at such a turbulent time proved emotionally damaging. He later wrote of his loneliness at school in the poem “Frost at Midnight”. He attended Jesus College, Cambridge from 1791-1794. In 1792, he won the Browne Gold Medal for an Ode that he wrote on the slave trade. In 1798, Coleridge and Wordsworth published a joint volume of poetry, “Lyrical Ballads” which proved to be the starting point for the English Romantic Movement. In 1800, he returned to England and shortly thereafter settled with his family and friends at Keswick in the Lake District of Cumberland to be near Grasmere, where Wordsworth had moved. Soon, however, he was beset by marital problems, illnesses, increased opium dependency, tensions with Wordsworth and a lack of confidence in his poetic powers, all which fueled the composition of dejection: An Ode and an intensification of his philosophical studies. He died in 1834 on the 25 of July in Highgate.
- 7. THE NATURE OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH’S POETRY Wordsworth referred a reflective vacant and pensive mood to a restless research for scientific knowledge. He believed that we learn more by communicating with nature or talking to country people rather than reading books. He believed that harmony with nature is the source of all goodness and truth.2 Nature was the watchword for the romanticists but in a very different way. Samuel Taylor Coleridge says “nature is a religious observer as the art of God” (Roman Selden, 1988). Thomas Hardy believes that everything makes up the universe this includes man and lower animals, the sun, the moon, mountains, rivers and seas. It is an irresistible force (Adewoye, 2010). William Wordsworth was the quint-essential poet, a naturalist, who pays close attention to details of the physical environment around him (plants, animals, geography weather). At the same time, William Wordsworth was a self-consciously literary artist whose works were referred to as Wordsworthian. Wordsworthian ‘nature’ emerges as much as product of his widespread reading as of his wondering amid the affecting landscapes of the Lake District. His poems often present instances when nature speaks to him and he responds by speaking for nature. William Wordsworth’s ‘nature’ points us away from the closed word of ethnocentric symbol of making towards the unstable world of post modern meaning. Scholars attribute the onset of the period to William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge their work titled “Lyrical Ballads” was published in 1778. That is the beginning of the Romantic period according to some scholars. Romanticism according to them is freedom to give reign to one’s emotion and dreams. Salvasen (1976) says William Wordsworth sees himself as someone, from who the rest of the world will learn, as a prophet of nature this is how he addresses Coleridge at the end of the ‘prelude’. He proves that guilt as an aspect of imagination is also an aspect of nature. It is nature which imposed the discipline of fear on William Wordsworth.
- 8. THE NATURE OF SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE’S POETRY Coleridge believed the mind of man understands natural law because it is a part of God. God’s essence is found in nature. Coleridge poetically expresses this is in “The Eolian Harp” in a “what if” stanza And what if all of animated nature bet but organic harps diversely framed, that tremble into thought, as over them sweeps. Plastic and vast, one intellectual breeze. At once the soul of each, and God of all.6 This meditative poetry contemplates that God is in nature almost as part of a musical pattern. Despite not enjoying the name recognition or popular acclaim that Wordsworth or Shelley has had, Coleridge is one of the most important figures in English poetry. His poems directly and deeply influenced all the major poets of the age. He was known by his contemporaries as a meticulous craftsman who was more rigorous in his careful re- working of his poems than any other poet, and Southey and Wordsworth were dependent on his professional advice. His influence on Wordsworth is particularly important because many critics have credited Coleridge with the very idea of “Conversational poetry”. The idea of utilizing common everyday language to express profound poetic images and ideas for which Wordsworth become so famous may have originated almost entirely in Coleridge’s mind. As important as Coleridge was to poetry as a poet, he was equally important to poetry as a critic. Coleridge’s philosophy of poetry, which he developed over many years, has been deeply influential in the field of literary criticism. This influence can be seen in such critics as A. O. Lovejoy and J. A. Richards. Coleridge’s “conversation poems” are considered by many critics to be among Coleridge’s finest verses thus Harold Bloom has written, “With Dejection”, ‘‘The Ancient Mariner’’, ‘‘Kubla Khan’’ and ‘‘Frost at Midnight” shows Coleridge at his most impressive. They are also among his most influential poems as discussed further below: ‘‘Harper himself considered that the eight poems represented a form of blank verse that is more fluent and easy than Milton’s or any that had been written since Milton’’
- 9. THE ROMANTIC TENETS IN THE SELECTED POETRY OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH This chapter aims at analyzing three of William Wordsworth poems namely “My Heart Leaps up when I behold”, “The World is Too Much With Us”, and “The Daffodils” or “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”. The Romanticism theory will be used to analyse these poems as it has been stated in the methodology. THE ROMANTIC TENETS IN THE POETRY OF SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE This chapter aims at analyzing two of Samuel Taylor Coleridge poems namely “Kubla Khan” and “Frost at Midnight”. The Romantic tenet that made the poem a romantic poem will be showed. Themes, motifs and symbols in the poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge will also be looked at in this chapter.
- 10. CONCLUSION The very first thing noticeable about the Romantic era is the focus from the upper class to the common men. The nobles are no longer important because they represent the agents of oppression. Romanticism also marks the conflict between imagination and dialectics Romantics associated with the rejection of imagination and also associated reason with dialectics. City landscape was condemned and regarded to the filled with crimes and materialism. William Wordsworth as romantics urges that a union with nature is what frees the mind from the stir and thrust of its own dark emotions. William Wordsworth himself felt that whatever is abiding in the composures of the mind attained was the result of its being linked with nature. An embrace with nature and its aesthetics gives man the required happiness and joy. Obviously, nature’s formative control operates most powerfully when the mind is pervious and openly receptive. At this junction, it is good to point out that only when the mind is undisrupted by worldly things, then it can receive the stamp and tone of nature. The scope of the Romantic tenets encompasses genre like lyrical ballads, idylls, sonnets, dream-visions and odes. Lyrical Ballads are another class of genre in the romantic compositions. They are usually folk songs and are popular known. Idylls are sentimental compositions that deal with the description of some picturesque scene or incident. These poems give descriptive scenes with natural beauty which touch the mind of the poet. “Kubla-Khan” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a good example of dream vision poetry as a genre in Romantic compositions. The poet narrates subconscious experiences when the brain is supposed to be active. While in a state of trance, the images that have been deposited in the poet’s subconscious become associated with his experiences. The idea behind this exercise is that the human mind, apart from the intellect, can be made use of for compositions and that it is possible to create forms that are more real than lie in the imagination. The Romantic Philosophy In The Poetry Of William Wordsworth And Samuel Taylor Coleridge Coleridge gives poetic thought to serious, mystical, sober and hidden element in man and nature. Romantic writers generally see themselves as reacting against the thought and literary practices of the preceding century. The Romantists major subject matter is the beauty and satisfactions derive from nature. Romantists believe in naturalism and realism in the place of morality. They believe that man should not be conformed to one norm. Romanticism as a period or movement cannot exist without naturalism which is the centre or major idea of any Romantic work.