Eudicots summer2013 [compatibility mode]
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This document provides information on the classification and characteristics of several plant families, including Myrtaceae, Lythraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Meliaceae. It describes key morphological features such as leaf arrangement, flower structure, fruit type, and economic uses. Many examples of plants from each family are given. The families discussed belong to the orders Myrtales, Fabales, Malpighiales, Rosales, Malvales, Sapindales, and are examples of the large group of flowering plants called eudicots.
![5/20/2013
2
Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Rosids
ROSIDS
• Very large, monophyletic group of
Eudicots
• Linked by no clear non-molecularLinked by no clear non molecular
apomorphies
• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) &
crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]
Myrtaceae - Myrtle family
(myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species
• trees and shrubs
• with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves
• Usually epiperigynous flowers with
numerous stamens.numerous stamens.
• Papery or flaky bark
• Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin
• Leaves pellucid-dotted
Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior
[rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with
hypanthium.
MYRTACEAE
• Psidium guajava “guava”
• Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring
to operculum covering stamens in budto operculum covering stamens in bud
• Syzygium samarangense “makopa”
• Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia
jambolana
• Callistemon](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/eudicotssummer2013compatibilitymode-130520042426-phpapp02/85/Eudicots-summer2013-compatibility-mode-2-320.jpg)
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Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family
(Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name
used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species.
often aromatic with ethereal oils
with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves
verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary
in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic],
usually bilabiate flowers
deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and
gynobasic style
Ca (5) Co (5) A 4 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.
Mentha, mint;
Ocimum, basil;
Rosmarinus rosemary;Rosmarinus, rosemary;
Salvia, sage;
Thymus, thyme
Leaves opposite; stems 4-
sided](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/eudicotssummer2013compatibilitymode-130520042426-phpapp02/85/Eudicots-summer2013-compatibility-mode-21-320.jpg)
![5/20/2013
24
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Characteristics:
Inflorescence a head (capitulum):
subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral
bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the
involucre.
Calyx modified as pappus.
Stamens syngenesious.
K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal
ovule
Fruit an achene.
Asteraceae (=Compositae) -
Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries,
--bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of
t l di k fl d i h l fl )central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers),
with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or
capillary bristles (or absent),
the androecium syngenesious,
inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule,
the fruit a multiple of achenes.
Asteraceae (=Compositae) -
Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
Ca 0-∞ (pappus)
Co (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers
A (5) [(4)]
G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.
Asteraceae: floral variation
Three types of flowers:
1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2
lips
2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral)
with 1 lobe
3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed
Three types of heads:
1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk
flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray
flowers;flowers;
3) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with
5-toothed corolla apices);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/eudicotssummer2013compatibilitymode-130520042426-phpapp02/85/Eudicots-summer2013-compatibility-mode-24-320.jpg)
Eudicots summer2013 [compatibility mode]
- 1. 5/20/2013 1 Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots Eudicots • Palynological apomorphy: tricolpate or tricolpate-derived pollen grain Eudicots ROSIDS MYRTALES Myrtaceae Lythraceae FABALES Fabaceae= Leguminosae MALPIGHIALES Euphorbiaceae ROSALES ASTERIDS GENTIANALES Rubiaceae Apocynaceae s.l. LAMIALES Acanthaceae Lamiaceae=Labiatae ASTERALES Asteraceae=CompositaeROSALES Moraceae MALVALES Malvaceae s.l. SAPINDALES Meliaceae Anacardiaceae Asteraceae=Compositae Asteraceae: 21 000 spp. Orchidaceae: 17 500 spp. Leguminosae: 16 500 spp. Rubiaceae: 13 000 spp. Graminae: 8 000 spp. Mammalia: 5 000 spp.
- 2. 5/20/2013 2 Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots: Rosids ROSIDS • Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots • Linked by no clear non-molecularLinked by no clear non molecular apomorphies • Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) & crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids] Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species • trees and shrubs • with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves • Usually epiperigynous flowers with numerous stamens.numerous stamens. • Papery or flaky bark • Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin • Leaves pellucid-dotted Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior [rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with hypanthium. MYRTACEAE • Psidium guajava “guava” • Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring to operculum covering stamens in budto operculum covering stamens in bud • Syzygium samarangense “makopa” • Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia jambolana • Callistemon
- 3. 5/20/2013 3 Leptospermum laevigatum LYTHRACEAE • Herbs, shrubs, trees • Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled • Stipules minute or absent• Stipules minute or absent LYTHRACEAE • Flowers bisexual • Usually regular • Petals crumpled in b d i kl d tbud, wrinkled at maturity • Stamens in 2 whorls • Ca4,6,8Co4,6,8A8- 16G(2-6)
- 4. 5/20/2013 4 LYTHRACEAE • Ovary superior • 2-6 locules and carpels Pl t ti il• Placentation axile • Fruit berry or capsule • Exalbuminous LYTHRACEAE • Lagerstroemia speciosa “banaba” • Cuphea hyssopifolia • Lawsonia inermis “henna”• Lawsonia inermis henna Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - Bean/Pea family (after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species • trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs, • stipulate, often compound leaves Si l i ll i il i h i l• Single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal placentation • legume (or modified legume) Ca 5 or (5) Co 5 or (5) A 10 or (10) to ∞ G 1 superior, hypanthium sometimes present worldwide distribution ecologically important for nitrogen-fixing rhizobial nodules pulses (e.g., beans, peas, soybeans, etc.), fodder plants, oils, timber trees, gums, dyes and insecticidesdyes, and insecticides.
- 5. 5/20/2013 5 Fabaceae: 3 subfamilies Caesalpinioideae Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petal inner to laterals; stamens distinct. Mimosoideae Flowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate; stamens often ∞ showy; flowers often denselystamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely aggregated. Faboideae (=Papilionoideae) Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous; posterior petal outer to laterals; stamens connate. Caesalpinioideae Flowers zygomorphic Petals distinct Posterior petal inner to laterals SStamens distinct posterior petal inner to laterals Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree stamens distinct style Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree ovary stipe
- 6. 5/20/2013 6 Cassia alata - akapulko Purgative, for cough, fungicide stomatitis. CAESALPINOIDEAE • Caesalpinia pulcherrima – “caballero” • Caesalpinia inerma • Cassia fistula “golden shower”• Cassia fistula – golden shower • Cassia alata – “Acapulco” CAESALPINOIDEAE • Delonix regia – “flame tree” • Bauhinia purpurea – “alibangbang” • Cynometra• Cynometra • Tamarindus indica • Intsia – “ipil”
- 7. 5/20/2013 7 Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated Mimosoideae Petals distinct or connate; hypanthium sometimes present Stamens often ∞, showy Acacia spp. heads phyllode Acacia spp.: phyllodinous phyllode rachillae with leaflets spike flowers actinomorphic, stamens ∞ Acacia longifolia (native to Australia) ovary (removed) Calliandra haematocephala
- 8. 5/20/2013 8 Mimosa sp. Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw MIMOSOIDEAE • Mimosa pudica – “makahiya” • Samanea saman – “acacia” • Acacia sp• Acacia sp. • Leucaena leucocephala – “ipil-ipil” • Calliandra • Pithecellobium dulce – “camachile” Flowers zygomorphic Perianth papilionaceous Terminology: Posterior petal = banner or standard L t l t l i Faboideae (Papilionoideae) Lateral petals = wings Anterior petals = keel petals (basally distinct; distally connate; collectively called the keel) Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings) Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous PAPILIONOIDEAE • Phaseolus – “abitsuelas”, “lima bean”, “patani” • Vigna – “munggo” “sitaw”Vigna munggo , sitaw • Psophocarpus – “sigarillas” • Sesbania – “katuray”
- 9. 5/20/2013 9 PAPILIONOIDEAE • Dolichos lablab – “batao” = Lablab purpureus • Pterocarpus indica – “narra”Pterocarpus indica narra • Arachis pintoi – “ornamental peanut” • Arachis hypogea – “peanut” PAPILIONOIDEAE • Pisum sativum – “sitsaro”, “peas” • Centrosema • Clitorea• Clitorea • Desmodium PAPILIONOIDEAE • Gliricidia – “kakawate” or “madre de cacao” • Crotalaria (with inflated pods)Crotalaria (with inflated pods) • Mucuna pruriens – “lipa” • Pachyrrizus erosus – “singkamas” • Abrus precatorius banner outer to laterals wing petals Wisteria sinensis Wisteria keel keel petal Wisteria sinensis Wisteria stamens connate: diadelphous (9+1) in Wisteria
- 10. 5/20/2013 10 style (ovary hidden) Wisteria sinensis Wisteria (ovary hidden) banner wing petals Erythrina caffra stamens calyx stamens connate: diadelphous (9+1) style Erythrina caffra pistil removedstipe ovary style pistil unicarpellous placentation marginal (l s ) Erythrina caffra (l.s.) (c.s.) Clitoria mariana -a resupinate papilionoid
- 11. 5/20/2013 11 Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family (after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century). 313 genera / 8,100 species unisexual flowers with a superior, usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel, apical-axile in placentation; Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or usually white (“milky”) latex Euphorbioideae -cyathium inflorescence. K0 A 1 G 0 K0 A0 G (3) cyathium An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers and subtended by an involucre (frequently with petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower. EUPHORBIACEAE • Manihot esculenta “cassava” or “kamoteng kahoy” • Euphorbia sppEuphorbia spp. • Euphorbia pulcherrima “poinsettia” • Jatropha spp. • Ricinus communis “castor plant” • Antidesma “bignay” EUPHORBIACEAE • Phyllanthus acidus “karmay” • Acalypha hispida “chenille plant” • Pedilanthus tithymalloides• Pedilanthus tithymalloides • Aleurites moluccana “lumbang”, “candlenut tree”
- 12. 5/20/2013 12 • Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil and the deadly poison ricin • Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural, j rubber; • Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc • Oil (biodiesel, Jatropha), timber, medicinal, dye, and ornamental plants. Euphorbia grandicornis Euphorbia spp. Manihot esculenta Manioc
- 13. 5/20/2013 13 Moraceae — Mulberry family (Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100 species monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs milky latex, stipulate, simple leavesstipulate, simple leaves • Stipules sheathing fruit a multiple of achenes or syconium. K4 A 0 G (2) K4 A1 G 0
- 14. 5/20/2013 14 MORACEAE • Ficus sp. – figs • Artocarpus – “jackfruit”, “marang”, “antipolo”antipolo • Broussonetia “himbabao” • Morus alba “mulberry” Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Ficus carica (edible fig), Morus spp. (mulberry);pp ( y) paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated ornamentals, -Ficus spp., figs; the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of silkworm moth larvae. Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species Malvaceae s. l. • herbs, shrubs, or trees, • often with stellate trichomes, • typically with an epicalyx• typically with an epicalyx, • calyx valvate, corolla often convolute • stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles • Monothecal or bithecal anthers • Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior
- 15. 5/20/2013 15 A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l. formerly 4 families: Malvaceae, s.s. Bombacaceae St liSterculiaceae Tiliaceae Economic importance includes medicinal plants; Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s most important fiber plant) Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the seed trichomes are utilized, Corchorus spp. (jute), a bast fiber plant food and flavoring plants - Theobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), ColaTheobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio zibethinus (durian); - ornamental cultivars such as Chorisia (floss-silk tree), Hibiscus (mallows), and Tilia (linden tree). - Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) - economic or ecological importance.
- 17. 5/20/2013 17 Theobroma cacao Cacao, source of chocolate ANACARDIACEAE • Trees • Resin caustic, turns black upon exposure • Terpenes, tannins, oleoresins (phenolic compounds that cause contact dermatitis)compounds that cause contact dermatitis), biflavones • Leaves usually alternate, may be opposite • Simple or compound • Exstipulate ANACARDIACEAE • Flowers bisexual or unisexual by reduction • Terminal panicles • Sepals 3 5• Sepals 3-5 • Petals 3-5 • Annular disc + • Stamens 5-10, emerge from base of disc ANACARDIACEAE • Carpels 1-3-(5) • 1-3 locules, only one fertile • 1 ovule per locule• 1 ovule per locule • 1-3 styles • Fruit drupe • Could be winged with persistent sepals ANACARDIACEAE • Anacardium occidentale “kasuy” • Mangifera “mango” • Dracontomelon “dao” ANACARDIACEAE • Spondias “siniguelas” • Semecarpus cuneiformis “ligas” • Toxicodendron “poison ivy” • Pistacia vera “pistachio”p
- 18. 5/20/2013 18 MELIACEAE • Trees or shrubs • Triterpenoids • Leaves mostly pinnatey p • Exstipulate MELIACEAE • Flowers bisexual • Regular • Cyme or panicle • Disc + St 8 10 i• Stamens 8-10, in a “peculiar” staminal tube • Ca4-5Co4-5A5-10 G2-6 MELIACEAE • 2-6 carpels/ 2- 6 locules • 1-2 ovules per locule • Placentation axileaxile • Fruit capsule or baccate • Arillate or winged seeds • Endosperm ± MELIACEAE • Sandoricum koetjape “santol” • Swietenia microphylla “mahogany” • Lansium domesticum “lanzones” “• Azadirachta indica “neem tree” • Melia azedarach “Chinaberry” = Melia dubia Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots: Asterids Michael G. Simpson
- 19. 5/20/2013 19 Asterids • Very large, diverse group • 10 orders, many families • Putative apomorphies:• Putative apomorphies: – iridoid compounds – sympetalous corolla – ovules: unitegmic (one integument), tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick) Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed family (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species. The Apocynaceae, s.l. • Milky latex • 2-carpellatep • 5-merous perianth/androecium, • the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels, • ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 or (5) G (2), superior, APOCYNACEAE • Bud contorted • Gamopetalous • Anthers sagittate • Stigma thickened
- 20. 5/20/2013 20 Nerium oleander - adelfa • Allamanda “yellow bell” • Plumeria “kalachuchi” • Nerium oleander “adelfa” • Thevetia “false yellow bell” Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder) 630 genera / 10,200 species. Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage- secreting colleters usually a cyme, Flowers bisexual the perianth dichlamydeous perianthFlowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some), ovary usually inferior Ca (4-5) Co (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) usually inferior Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder) 630 genera / 10,200 species. worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical regions. Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,, q , Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee, Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual stimulant yohimbine, some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas, among others).
- 21. 5/20/2013 21 Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family (Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species. often aromatic with ethereal oils with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic], usually bilabiate flowers deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and gynobasic style Ca (5) Co (5) A 4 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent. Mentha, mint; Ocimum, basil; Rosmarinus rosemary;Rosmarinus, rosemary; Salvia, sage; Thymus, thyme Leaves opposite; stems 4- sided
- 22. 5/20/2013 22 Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.) Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate carpels 2; style gynobasic Fruit a schizocarp of nutlets Ocimum basilicum BASIL
- 23. 5/20/2013 23 ACANTHACEAE • Herbs, shrubs • Cystoliths + • Leaves opposite• Leaves opposite • Entire • Exstipulate ACANTHACEAE• Flowers bisexual • Irregular • Sepals 5-cleft C ll bil bi t• Corolla bilabiate • Bracts, bracteoles • Ca(5)Co(5)A2,4 ACANTHACEAE • Ovary 2-loculate • Style persistent • 2-many ovules2 many ovules • Placentation axile • Retinacula minute hook-like outgrowths that ballistically disperse seeds • Fruit capsule • Mostly exalbuminous ACANTHACEAE • Thunbergia erecta – violet flowers • T. grandiflora – large light purple/white flowersflowers • Pachystachys lutea “roman candle” • Fittonia verschaffeltii “snail plant” • Odentonema • Justicia
- 24. 5/20/2013 24 Asteraceae (Compositae) Characteristics: Inflorescence a head (capitulum): subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre. Calyx modified as pappus. Stamens syngenesious. K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovule Fruit an achene. Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family (after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species. a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries, --bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of t l di k fl d i h l fl )central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers), with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or capillary bristles (or absent), the androecium syngenesious, inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes. Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family (after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species. Ca 0-∞ (pappus) Co (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers A (5) [(4)] G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent. Asteraceae: floral variation Three types of flowers: 1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips 2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1 lobe 3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed Three types of heads: 1) discoid, with only disk flowers; 2) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;flowers; 3) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);
- 25. 5/20/2013 25 ligulate / raydisk anthers connate syngenesious Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays) ligulate corolla Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica Disk flower: heads discoid disk corolla Palafoxia arida Psathyrotes ramosissimaChaenactis gabriuscula Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls. ray flowersdisk flowers Xylorhiza orcuttiiEncelia farinosa ovary Some heads are "chaffy" chaff : bracts disk flower Encelia californica bracts subtending flowers
- 26. 5/20/2013 26 Involucre morphology one whorl two whorls many whorls Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica Phyllaries spiny Involucre morphology Phyllaries spiny & squarrose Circium vulgare Silybum marianum Pappus: modified calyx capillary bristles: barbellate capillary bristles: plumose beak capillary bristles, borne atop "beak" Pappus: modified calyx ASTERACEAE • Anthers 3-5, united syngenesious ASTERACEAE • Gynoecium bicarpellate • Uniloculate • InferiorInferior • Uniovulate • Placentation basal • Fruit achene with coma or tuft of hair cypsela
- 27. 5/20/2013 27 Chromolaena odorata Cosmos sp. Tridax procumbens Zinnia sp. Chrysanthemum Cyanthillium cinereum