Evolution of management thought

Evolution Of
Management
Thought

Evolution Of Management Thought
 Classical Theory
 Neo classical Theory
 Modern Theory

Definition of classical approach
 Classical approach is the oldest
formal school of thought which began
around 1900 and continued into the
1920s.
 Its mainly concerned with the
increasing the efficiency of workers
and organizations based on
management practices, which were
an outcome of careful observation.
 Classical approach mainly looks for
the universal principles of operation in
the striving for economic efficiency.
 Classical approach includes scientific.
Administrative & bureaucratic
management.

classical Theory
o Scientific management
o Administrative
management
o Bureaucratic management

Scientific management
F.W Taylor’s
contribution (1856-1915)
o Scientific management focus on
workers and machine relationship.
o Organizational productivity can be
increased by increasing the
efficiency of production processes.

Contributions of Gilbreths
o Scientific management focuses on
one best way to do job.
o Includes both analysis and
sythesis.
o Includes necessary elements for
work.
o Introduced chart form of
representation.

Administrative management
Administrative management focuses on the managers and
the use or principles and functions for improving organizational functioning.
The administrative management school treated as management as a
process get work done through and with people.
Henri Fayol, James D Mooney, Alan C Reilly are the pioneer
contributors to the administrative management though.

Henri Fayol
Fayal's administrative
management focuses on
managers and basic management
functional.
 Classification of business
activities
 Basic functions of a managers
 Qualities and skills of a
managers
 Principles of management

Classification of business
activities
Fayol divided activities into following
six groups
 Technical activities
 Commercial activities
 Financial activities
 Security activities
 Accounting activities
 Managerial activities

Basic functions of a
manager
o Planning
o Organising
o Commanding
o Coordinating
o Controlling
Qualities and skills of a
manager
o Physical quality
o Mental quality
o Moral education
o Special knowledge
o Experience

Basic principles of
management
o Division of work
o Authority and responsibility
o Discipline
o Unity of command
o Unity of direction
o Remuneration
o Centralisation
o Scalar chain
o Order
o Equity
o Initiative

James D Mooney &
Alan Reilly
 The coordinative principle
 The scalar principle
 The functional principle
 The phase or functionalism

Evolution
Let us evaluate administrative
mgt approach in terms of it’s
strength and limitations from the
view point of development mgt
though Theory of authority
structures
 Charismatic authority structure
 Traditional authority structure
 Rational legal authority structure

BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
 Max Weber [1864-1920 ].
 Rules and regulations to eliminate managerial inconsistencies.
 Authority is the power to hold people accountable for their actions.
 Positions in the firm should be held based on performance not social
contacts.
 Position duties are clearly identified. People should know what is expected
of them.
 Lines of authority should be clearly identified. Workers know who reports to
who.

Bureaucratic Principles
o Division of work
o Hierarchy of position
o Rules and regulations
o Impersonal conduct
o Staffing
o Technical competence
o Official records

Ranking organisations by Bureaucratic orientation

Contribution of classical management
o The identification of mgt functions such as planning, decision making,
organising and controlling provide.
o The contributions of the classical school go beyond the important work and
identifying mgt field and its functions and principles.
Limitations
The classical school of mgt throught heavily on the concept or economic
man, which placed emphasis on an individuals related pursuit or economic
objective. However the social needs or employees were neglected.

Neoclassical Theory
o Also known as “Behavioural science approach to modifying and improving
the classical theory”.
o Neoclassical theory gives importance to human and social aspects of the
water and his relations in the organization.
Elements of Neoclassical theory
 Hawthorne Experiment
 Human Relations Management
 Behavioural science approach

Hawthorne Experiment
o Conducted by Elton Mayo at
Hawthorne plant & general
electronic company (GEC)
between1927 and 1932 at Chicago.
o Objective of the experiment was to
find out the behaviour and altitude
of workers at.
4 phases of Hawthorne
Experiment
o Illumination Experiment (1924-1927)
o Relay assembly room experiment
(1924-1928)
o Mass interviewing programme
(1928-1930)
o Bank wiring room study (1931-1932)

Critiesms of Hawthorne
experiment
o Lack validity
o More importance to human
aspects
o Emphasising on group decision
making
o It was not concluded scientifically
o Over importance to freedom of
workers

Human Relation Movement
Human relation is involving people in org in order to develop
team work which effectively fulfils their needs and achieve org goals.
Features are :
 Positive work environment
 Focus in on people
 Sound human relations

• Behavioural science approach

Modern Theory
Modern management has grown with the growth of social-
economics and scientific institution.
 Quantitative management approach
 Systematic approach
 Contingency management approach

Quantitative Approach
o Quantitative approach also called Operation Research
o Scientific Method
o Decision Making
Major contributors in Quantitative approach are : Johan MacDonald,
George R Terry, Andrew Szilagyi.

Systematic approach
 The system approach to management is essentially a way of thinking about
organizations and management problems
 From the system perspective management should focus on efficiency and
effectiveness in each part of the organization affect other parts of the
organization

Advantages
o Good basis of control.
o Develops coordination on
specialized activities.
o Efficient plan of action.
o It concentrates on end results
rather than means.
o Abstract approach.
o Lack of universality.
Disadvantages

Contingency or situational approach
 There cannot be a particular
management action which will be
suitable for all situations.
 The only action is designed on the
basis of external environment,
internal states and needs.

Advantages
o Enables management to change
employee roles to meet individual
needs.
o Reactive model of business
management.
Disadvantages
o Inadequate literature.
o Complex.
o Difficult empirical testing.
o Reactive not proactive.

Recent Developments in Management Thought
 Total quality management (TQM)
 Search for excellence

Search for Excellence
o A bias for action
o Closeness to the customer
o Autonomy and entrepreneurship
o Productivity through people
o Hands on, value drive
o Stick to knitting
o Simple form, learn staff
o Simultaneous loose-tight properties
o Leadership-Management by Wandering Around

Evolution of management thought

Evolution of management thought

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Evolution of management thought