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Exploring child development
- 1. Chapter 1: Exploring Child Development
- 2. Child Development: Age Infants and Toddlers Birth- Age 2 Early Childhood 3-6 Middle Childhood 7-11 Adolescence 12+
- 3. Defining In the ftiehld oef c hiFld ideevelldopment, professionals from psychology, education, sociology, anthropology, social work, biology, medicine, economics, and other related fields work together.
- 4. Development Physical Cognitive Socioemotional Growth in size, strength, and muscle coordination. Changes in how children perceive the world, think, remember information, and communicate. Changes in how children interact with other people and manage their emotions.
- 5. Themes in Child Development Neuroscience
- 6. Themes and Child Development Continued Multiculturalism and Diversity Researchers are interested in the positive and negative effects of diversity on a micro and macro level of society Positive Development and Resilience Mental Illness Birth Defects Family Problems Abuse Negative Pathways of Development/Resilience (Positive Psychology)
- 7. Review 1. Which of the following professions contribute to the field of child development? A. Psychology B. Sociology C. Economics D. All of the Above 2. Learning new strategies for solving problems and remember information is part of A. Cognitive Development B. Physical Development C. Social Development D. Natural Development
- 8. Review Continued 3.What was John Watson’s position of the nature-nurture debate? A. Nature plays the biggest role in child development B. Nurture plays the biggest role in child development C. Nature and nurture play equal roles in child development D. You can never tell which force (nature or nurture) is playing the biggest role 4. True or False: Genetics is an example of how nature can influence a child’s development.
- 9. Review Continued 5. The general conclusion that researchers draw from studies of twins and adopted children is that A. Nature governs most of child development B. Nurture governs most of child development C. Nature and nurture both interact to govern child development D. Neither nature or nurture play strong roles in child development 6. True or False: The fact that IQ scores are more similar between identical twins than between paternal twins shows the influence of nurture on children’s intellectual development.
- 10. Major Developmental Theories Psychoanalytic Theories Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Systems Theories
- 13. Psychoanalytical Theory Continued: Psychosocial Theory
- 14. Behavioral and Social Learning Theories (Ivan Pavlov & John Watson) • Focus on observable conditions in environment and how they relate to observable behaviors
- 15. Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Continued: Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
- 16. Social Learning Theory Continued (Albert Bandura)
- 17. Cognitive Theories Focus on how children learn to think Jean Piaget Assimilation: The process of bringing new tasks into a scheme that already exists in the mind. If assimilation is unsuccessful, the accommodation needs to be accommodated. (Child drops the ball) Accomodation: Process of adjusting or adapting a scheme to better fit the new example. (Child learns to hold the ball with both hands)
- 18. Cognitive Theory Continued: Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky Emphasized how children adopt the thought structures represented in the language and culture that surrounds them.
- 19. Biological Theories Neuroscience Ethology: An area of study focusing on the adaptive significance and survival value of behaviors.
- 20. Biological Theories Continued: Konrad Lorenz
- 21. Biological Theories Continued: Survival of the Fittest Charles Darwin
- 22. Systems Theories: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System
- 23. Systems Theory Continued: Dynamic Systems Theory Theories that use models from mathematics and physics to understand complex systems of development. Dynamic systems theories depart from conventional approaches because they seek to understand the overall behavior of a system not by dissecting it into parts, but by asking how and under what circumstances the parts cooperate to produce a whole pattern. This theory tries to predict future behaviors and events based off statistics.
- 24. Review 1. Who proposed that an important component of personality forms when a child identifies with the same-sex parent? A. Sigmund Freud B. Erik Erikson C. B.F. Skinner D. Urie Bronfenbrenner 2. The microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem are parts of A. Erikson’s Psychoanalytic Theory B. Banduras Social Learning Theory C. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory D. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the useful functions served by theories? A. Theories summarize the facts as currently known B. Theories allow prediction of future behavior and events C. Theories contradict the facts gathered by scientific observation
- 25. Review Continued 4. True or False: The CT scan, PET scan, and fMRI are tools used in neuroscience to study brain development. 5. In her research on reading, Dr. Sam uses measures such as the number of words a child can pronounce correctly and analyzes how this relates to their scores on reading comprehension tests. Dr. Sam is most likely using which theory to guide her work? A. Behaviorism B. Cognitive Theory C. Contextual Theory D. Psychoanalytic Theory 6. True or False: Dynamic Systems Theories are useful in isolating variables like nature and nurture and determining which one has the most influence on development.
- 26. Research in Child Development Helps identify patterns in childhood behavior Descriptive Methods: Research methods that describe a behavior of interest, such as how often it occurs and under what conditions. Correlation Method: Research method that measures the degree to which two or more variables are related or associated. Positive Correlation: Hypothetical correlation where higher reading scores in second grade tend to be associated with families who read more to children at preschool age. Negative Correlation: Hypothetical correlation where lower birth weights tend to be associated with babies born to mothers who consumed more alcoholic beverages during pregnancy
- 27. Research in Child Development Continued: Path Analysis Sets of multiple correlations that show how several variables relate to one another
- 28. Research in Child Development Continued: Hypothetical Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Experiments The variable that the researchers systematically manipulate in the experiment. The variable that represent the outcomes that we measure; outcomes are dependent on the manipulation of the independent variable Researchers systematically manipulate the independent variable to determine if it causes a difference in the dependent variable.
- 29. Research in Child Development Continued: Methods for Assessing Development
- 30. Ethics in Research with Children
- 31. Review 1. Which of the following research methods is capable of demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship? A. Correlational Methods B. Experimental Methods C. Path Analysis Methods D. All of the above 2. True or False: Differential Dropout is a problem that plagues the cross-sectional method of assessing development. 3. True or False: One reason that all researchers must have their studies approved by an institutional review board before working with children is so that the rights and privacy of the children will be well protected. 4. Attendance in school tends to decline as drug use increases. This is an example of A. Positive Effect B. Negative Correlation C. Lack of Correlation D. Cohort Correlation
- 32. Review Continued 5. Dr. Jorgenson conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new parent training program. She randomly assigned 40 parents to two groups. One group received the new parent training program, and the other group received the old standard program. After the training programs were finished, Dr. Jorgenson asked each parent to rate their interactions with their children. In this scenario, what is the independent variable? A. The two-parent training programs ( new versus standard) B. The interaction rating given by each parent after the training. C. The number of parents assigned to each training program. D. The amount of time each parent spent in the training program. 6. Which of the following is the most important limitation of correlational research? A. It is difficult to obtain positive correlations. B. Correlation does not prove causation. C. Correlational research cannot describe the complex relations among three or more variables. D. Correlation coefficients do not tell you anything about the strength of the relationship between variables
- 33. Social Policy Attempts to improve the lives of children and families by using child development research to affect laws, regulations, and programs.
- 34. Review 1. Research findings about child development have been used A. To offer practical advice to parents about raising children. B. To stimulate new laws, government regulations, and other social policies. C. To help professionals work with children in therapeutic, educational, and other settings. D. All of the Above 2. True or False: People interesting in working with children, or working to improve the lives of children, can find employment in social service agencies, government agencies, and many corporations. 3. True or False: Child development researchers are often responsible for evaluating how changes in social policy affect children. 4. An overall theme of this chapter is that the best and most reliable information about child development comes from A. Casual observation of children B. The personal opinions of authorities C. The personal stories told by parents D. Research that uses the scientific method