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Final presentation for utilization of biosludge
- 1. Utilization of Biosolids: Soil Fertilization & Energy Production Devon Beesley, Patrick Cusack, Parker Raymond & Graham Walker Clemson University, Clemson, SC - December 5, 2019
- 2. ● Introduction ○ Background ○ Rationale ○ Objectives ○ Approaches ● Literature review ● Materials and methods ● Results ○ Land application ○ Gasification ● Take home messages ● Acknowledgements Outline
- 3. Introduction
- 4. Introduction ● Human waste will always be produced ● Typical treatment processes ● Main products ○ Treated water ○ Biosolids ● Definitions ○ Sewage sludge: pre-treated solid waste ○ Biosolids: post-treated solid waste Sewage Treatment Plants Treatment Step Description Primary treatment solid separation by sedimentation and filtration Secondary treatment reduction of BOD by microorganisms Tertiary treatment removal of excess pollutants and nutrients
- 6. Clemson University WWTP ● Biosolids ○ Exit secondary digester as 2-3% solid ○ Exit dewatering press at 18% solid ○ Sent to the Anderson County landfill (Subtitle- D, Class III) ● Historical masses produced ● Future increases ○ Enrollment ○ New College of Business building Aerial View of Clemson University Wastewater Treatment Plant Introduction Year Produced Biosolids (tons) 2017 745.08 2018 871.49 2019 (as of 11/11/19) 786.91
- 7. Biosolids ● Beneficial components ○ Organic compounds (C) ○ Micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn) ○ Macronutrients ● Negative components ○ Praestol Polymer ○ Pathogens (e.g., E. coli, C. jejuni, V. cholerae) ○ Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) ○ Pesticides (e.g., organophosphates, organochlorines) ○ Endocrine disruptors (e.g., androgens, estrogens) ○ Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) ○ Microplastics ○ Toxic organic compounds ○ Excess nutrients (C, N, P) ○ Detergents ○ Salts ● Potential Uses ○ Land application ○ Gasification ○ Incineration ○ Composting ○ Landfill Introduction Biosolids
- 8. Nutrient Composition of Biosolids Introduction Nutrient Concentration (mg/kg-dry) Minimum Detectable Limit (mg/kg-dry) Phosphorus 46400 363 Nitrogen, TKN 42900 1870 Nitrogen, total 43200 50 Nitrite BRL 8.55 Nitrate 262 2.14 Ammonia 2610 112 Metal Concentration (mg/L) Minimum Detectable Limit (mg/L) Mercury BRL 0.00048 Arsenic 0.0802 0.705 Barium BRL 0.0155 Cadmium BRL 0.008 Chromium BRL 0.0125 Lead BRL 0.014 Selenium BRL 0.044 Silver BRL 0.0065 Potassium 2380 39.7
- 9. Polymer Introduction ● PraestolTM K 274 FLX FLOCCULANT ○ Created by Solenis ○ Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects ○ Cannot be inhaled ○ Should not be allowed to enter drains, water courses or soil ○ EC50 (Daphnia (water flea)): 0.17 mg/L Harmful/ irritant Health Hazard
- 10. Rationale The CU WWTP currently produces more than 800 tons of dewatered biosolids per year. Unfortunately, these nutrient-dense materials are currently being sent to the Anderson County landfill. Alternative uses of the biosolids produced from the CU WWTP must be developed to make Clemson University carbon neutral, economically profitable, and socially sustainable. Introduction
- 11. Objective The objective of this project is to design a viable pathway to utilize the biosolids coming from the Clemson University wastewater treatment facility. Introduction
- 12. Approaches Task 1. To review information regarding the CU WWTP, land application, gasification, and the related regulations Task 2. To determine fecal coliform concentrations by sampling the biosolids produced at the CU WWTP Task 3. To identify a process to significantly reduce pathogens (PSRP) to reduce fecal coliform levels Task 4. To investigate alternatives to hazardous flocculation methods Task 5. To select locations and estimate volumes for the land application of biosolids Task 6. To design a gasification process for energy utilization Task 7. To perform a cost analysis of land application and gasification Introduction
- 15. Literature Review Carbon Cycle Hydrolysis Complex organic C→ C6H12O6 Aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + O2→CO2 Carbon fixation CO2→ C6H12O6 Carbon assimilation C6H12O6→ complex organic C Anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 + NO3- →CO2 Fermentation C H O → reduced
- 16. Microbial Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation N2→ NH3 / NH4 + Nitrification NH4 + → NO3 - Assimilative reduction NO3 - → NH4 + Denitrification Glucose + NO3 - → N2 + CO2 Hydrolysis (ammonification, mineralization) Organic N → NH4 + / NH3 Nitrogen assimilation Amino acids → protein → cell mass NH4 + → C5H7O2N Literature Review
- 17. Phosphorus Cycle Mineralization Organic P→ PO4 3- Assimilation PO43- → Organic P Literature Review
- 18. Elemental Cycles ● Naturally, each cycle is a closed loop system ○ Elements are recycled efficiently ● Landfilling causes process to operate as an open loop system ○ Prevents elements from returning to their source Literature Review
- 19. Land Application
- 20. Permitting ● National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit ○ Required for wastewater treatment facilities ○ Basic requirements ■ Topographical map of wastewater treatment plant ■ Population that contributes to the wastewater ■ Facility’s design maximum flow ■ Process flow diagram ■ Location and flow rate of effluent wastewater Literature Review: Land Application
- 21. Permitting ● SC Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) permit ○ Required to land apply biosolids in South Carolina ○ Requirements ■ Qualitative ● Continuous or intermittent application ● Location of application size ■ Quantitative ● Biosolid concentrations of Kjeldahl N, inorganic N, ammonia N, P and K ● Effluent pH, temperature, cyanide concentration, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil & grease concentrations, and fecal coliform levels ● Average daily volume (gpd) applied to site ● Heavy metal concentrations ● Area of the application site ● 5-day BOD test Literature Review: Land Application
- 22. Regulations ● Maximum allowable heavy metal concentrations for land applied biosolids Literature Review: Land Application Pollutant Ceiling Concentration (mg/kg dry weight basis) Arsenic 75 Cadmium 85 Copper 4300 Lead 840 Mercury 57 Molybdenum 75 Nickel 420 Selenium 100 Zinc 7500
- 23. Regulations Literature Review: Land Application ● Regulation 61-9: Water Pollution Control Limits ○ Biosolids cannot be land applied ■ If likely negatively affect threatened/endangered species under section 4 of Endangered Species Act ■ If runoff into a wetland or other waters of SC ■ If within 10 meters of a body of water of SC ■ If applied at a rate greater than the agronomic rate for the biosolids (for agricultural fields)
- 24. ● Vectors: organisms or objects that transfer pathogens ● 40 CFR Part 503 of CWA ○ Vector attraction reduction (VAR) strategies ■ Include additional anaerobic or aerobic digestion in a bench-scale unit ■ Use aerobic processes at greater than 40°C for 14 days or longer ■ Add alkaline materials to raise the pH under specified conditions ■ Dry biosolids with unstabilized solids to at least 90% ■ Dry biosolids without unstabilized solids to at least 75% solids Literature Review: Land Application Regulations
- 25. Literature Review: Land Application Regulations ● Indicator species according to Part 503 of CWA Fecal coliforms (ex. E. coli) Salmonella sp. Enteric viruses (ex. Poliovirus sp.) Viable helminth ova (ex. Ascaris lumbricoides)
- 26. ● Part 503 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) ● Pathogens: disease-causing organisms, such as certain bacteria, viruses, and parasites ○ Classification of biosolids: Class A or Class B ■ Class A: contain pathogen concentrations below detectable limits ● Can be land applied without further treatment ● 6 treatments to achieve class A status ● Processes to further reduce pathogens (PFRPs) ■ Class B: contain maximum of 1-2 million MPN per 4 gram per dry weight, or 100 mL per wet weight basis, of fecal coliforms ● Must be treated prior to land application ● 3 treatments to achieve class B status ● Processes to significantly reduce pathogens (PSRPs) Literature Review: Land Application Regulations
- 27. Options for Pathogen Reduction ● Class A: Alternative 1 ○ Thermally treated sewage sludge ■ For biosolids of 7% solid or more, temperature of biosolids increased to 50℃ for a minimum of 15 s ■ Con: energy intensive ■ Con: a polymer is required ● Class B: PSRP ○ Lime stabilization ■ Raise pH of biosolids to 12 for at least 2 hrs ■ Con: socially unsustainable because odor emitted when pH reduced ■ Con: kills beneficial microorganisms in the soil if pH is not reduced prior to land application ○ Anaerobic digestion ■ Residence time of 15 days at 35°C or 60 days at 20°C ■ Con: reverting to an inconsistent previous process ■ Con: low gasification producer gas from anaerobically digested feedstocks Literature Review: Land Application
- 28. Literature Review: Land Application Additional Constraints ● No regulations to control the application of the following compounds ○ Pharmaceuticals ○ Hormone disruptors ○ Microplastics ○ PFAS ○ Patented polymer flocculant ● Site restrictions for Class B ○ Animals can not graze on the land until 30 days after land application ○ Humans cannot access site for 30 days
- 29. Gasification
- 30. ● Input ○ Biomass ○ Air ● Processes ○ Drying ○ Pyrolysis ○ Combustion/Cracking ○ Reduction ● Outputs ○ Producer gas ○ Ash ○ Biochar ○ Impurities ● Partial combustion Literature Review: Gasification Gasification Process Overview
- 31. Feedstocks Wood chips Coke Biosolids Coal Literature Review: Gasification
- 32. ● Pretreatment ○ Select feedstock ○ Filtrate ○ Store ○ Dry to 10-15% water content ○ Crush to consistency ● Process ○ Die and roller compress ○ Lignin and resins act as binding agent ○ Binding agent addition ● Post treatment ○ Cooled and stored ● Easy and cost effective ● Energy dense and consistent compounds Pelletization Literature Review: Gasification
- 33. ● Clemson University owns an unused downdraft gasifier ○ Co-current flow ○ Normalized feedstock size and nutrient composition ○ Outputs ■ Producer gas ■ Impurities ■ Biochar ■ Ash ○ High effluent gas temperature ■ Thermodynamically unfavorable ○ Possibly carbon negative or neutral ● Several gasification processes exist Literature Review: Gasification Downdraft Gasification
- 34. Process Overview Literature Review: Gasification
- 35. Process Overview Literature Review: Gasification
- 38. Producer gas - 46.6% ● Combustible gases - 22.5% ○ CO ○ H2 ○ CH4 ○ CmHn ● Reduced & inert gases - 24.1% ○ CO2 ○ H2O ○ N2 Literature Review: Gasification Products Solids - 53.4% ● Biochar - 4.2% ○ Low porosity ○ Crystalline structure ○ Stores carbon if added to soil ● Ash - 49.2% ○ Powder form ○ C, H, O, and N absent ○ Heavy metals ○ Minerals ■ Na, Ca, K, etc. Impurities - 0.1% ● Tar gases & condensable liquids ○ Sulfur & nitrogen compounds ○ Hydrogen halides ○ Aromatics ■ Benzene, toluene, etc.
- 41. ● Polyacrylamide-free Flocculant (PAMf-FCC) ○ Produced by the Biomass Conversion and Water Technology in Germany ○ Environmental friendly ○ High biodegradability ○ Amphiphilic ■ Enables binding of contaminants ○ More R&D necessary before on the market Starch Based Polymer Materials and Methods II – Cationic PAMf-FCC I – Commercial Cationic Starch
- 42. HUBER Sludge Turner SOLSTICE Materials and Methods ● Facility dimensions: 185 ft x 40 ft ● Biosolid bed width: ~36 ft ● Biosolid bed length: ~163 ft ● Depth: 1 ft ● Max. volume of biosolids: 5868 ft3 ● Temp: 30°C - 40°C ● RT: 2-3 weeks to reach 90% solid ● Automatic or manual biosolid loading & unloading ● Potential upgrades ○ Increase max. temperature ○ Odor scrubber ○ Powered by non-renewable energy sources
- 43. HUBER Sludge Turner SOLSTICE Materials and Methods
- 44. Methods ● Chose a location for the solar dryer ● Determined volume needed in solar dryer to hold flow of biosolids ● Calculated a mass flow rate of biosolids two standard deviations above the mean Materials and Methods ● s = standard deviation ● N = number of observations ● xi= observed values ● x = average value
- 46. Materials ● Terragator ● Biosolid storage tank ● Simpson Research Farm fields Materials and Methods: Land Application
- 47. Methods ● Measured current pathogen concentration in biosolids with lab testing of MPN ● Selected lands within Simpson Research Farm based on EPA & SC DHEC regulations ● Collected soil samples within Simpson Research Farm ● Calculated acceptable biosolid volume to be land applied based on nutrient concentrations in the soil & biosolids, area of land, and agronomic rate of crop ● Chose pathogen reduction method ○ Alternative 1. thermally treated biosolids D = 131,700,000 / (100.14t) ● Chose VAR ● Land apply biosolids with terragator Materials and Methods: Land Application
- 49. Materials: California Pellet Mill CL Type 3 Materials and Methods: Gasification
- 50. Materials and Methods: Gasification Materials: All Power Labs PP20 Power Pallet
- 51. Methods Materials and Methods: Gasification ● Quantified mass flow rates of biosolids through the process ● Determined the amount of wood chips necessary for pelletization ● Observed a storage tank was needed for the wood chips ○ Derived dimensions ○ 4 purchases of wood chips over the year ● Measured moisture content of wood chips at the Cherry Crossing Compost Facility ● Calculated the outputs of gasification ● Estimated the amount of energy produced
- 52. Methods: Feedstock Parameters ● mp= mass of solids before pelletization (lb) ● mb= mass of biosolids (lb) ● mwc= mass of wood chips (lb) ● mw = mass of water (lb) ● mT= total mass (lb) ● ⍴T= total density (lb/ft3) ● ⍴w = density of water (lb/ft3) ● ⍴wc= density of wood chips (lb/ft3) ● ⍴b = density of biosolids (lb/ft3) ● mG= mass of pellet before gasification (lb) Materials and Methods: Gasification
- 53. Methods: Energy Production Materials and Methods: Gasification ● Qcombustion= energy of combustion (kwh) ● mgas= mass of gas (kg) ● ΔHcombustion= heat of combustion of the gas (kJ/kg) ● η = efficiency of the engine (-) ● ηgenerator= efficiency of the generator (-) ● C = equivalent cost of energy ($) ● P = price of electricity ($/kWh)
- 54. Results
- 55. Land Application
- 56. Results: Land Application Process Flow Diagram
- 57. Fecal Coliform Tests Dewatered SludgeSecondary SludgePrimary Sludge Fecal Coliform (MPN/g dry wt) Primary Digester 597,000,000 Secondary Digester 1,720,000 Dewatered Sludge 10,600,000 ● Do not meet Class B classification ○ 10.6 million MPN > 0.5 million MPN Results: Land Application
- 58. Soil Sampling Area Simpson Research Farm Pendleton, SC Lot 29 (fertilizer) Lot 23 (no fertilizer) Results: Land Application
- 59. Soil Testing Soil pH P (lbs/A) K (lbs/A) Ca (lbs/A) Mg (lbs/A) Zn (lbs/A) Mn (lbs/A) Cu (lbs/A) B (lbs/A) Na (lbs/A) NO3-N (lbs/A) Lot 23 (no fertilizer) 5.76 3.67 302.00 920.00 279.00 3.50 32.00 0.47 0.60 10.00 1.67 Lot 29 (fertilizer) 5.98 24.60 125.00 1454.00 373.00 5.31 39.80 1.68 0.46 16.40 32.90 Results: Land Application
- 60. Solar Drying System ● Incoming biosolids 951 tons of 18% dry weight ● Solar dryer uses combination of convection, conduction, and radiation ○ Dries solids from 18% to 90% dry weight ● Products ○ 190 tons of Class A biosolids (90% solids) ○ 761 tons of water ● Achieves pathogen & vector reduction ○ Heat biosolids to min. of 50℃ for at least 20 minutes ○ Dry biosolids with unstabilized solids to at least 90% ○ Dry biosolids without unstabilized solids to at least 75% solids Results: Drying of Biosolids D = 131,700,000 / (100.14t) t = 50°C, D = 13.17 days Entering Water Mass (tons) Retained Water Mass (tons) Lost Water Mass (tons) Press 8387.82 779.82 7,608.00 Solar Dryer 779.82 19.02 760.80
- 61. Water Activity Results: Drying of Biosolids
- 62. Storage Tank Calculations for storage tank dimensions ● Projected amount of biosolids produced in future = 951 tons ● Volume of 90% dry biosolids produced = 8,135.7 ft3 ● Required storage volume = 2,711.9 ft3 ● Storage tank dimensions Choose radius = 10 ft V = π * r2 * h 2,711.9 ft3 = π * (10 ft)2 * h h = 8.6 ft Tank Aerial view of CU WWTP Results: Land Application V = 2,828 ft3 r = 10 ft h = 9 ft
- 63. ● Eligible fields within Simpson Research Farm ○ 90.54 acres of Bermuda pasture ○ 530.34 acres of Fescue pasture ● Agronomic rate of nitrogen for Bermuda and Fescue grasses ○ 1.66 tons of CU WWTP dry biosolids/acre/yr ● Application rates ○ Maximum 150 tons dry biosolids/yr to Bermuda pastures ○ Maximum 881 tons dry biosolids/yr to Fescue pastures ○ Maximum 1,031 tons dry biosolids/yr to Simpson Research Farm ● Application schedule ○ Fall: apply to Bermuda pastures ○ Spring: apply to Fescue pastures Application of Biosolids Results: Land Application
- 64. Take Home Messages Pros & Cons of Land Application Pros ○ Increases porosity of soil ■ Increases infiltration rate ■ Increases water holding capacity ■ Decreases rate of runoff ○ Addition of vital nutrients to soil ■ C, N, P ○ Capable of land applying 1,030 tons of dry biosolids/yr ■ Accommodates an increase in student population Cons ○ Possible nutrient leaching into groundwater ○ Potential runoff into nearby bodies of water due to extreme weather events ○ Effects of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and microplastics on soil unknown ○ Purchase 2,828 ft3 storage tank necessary
- 65. Gasification
- 66. Process Flow Diagram Results: Gasification
- 67. Dryer ● Incoming biosolids at 951 tons of 18% dry weight ● Solar dryer uses combination of convection, conduction, and radiation ○ Dries solids from 18% to 95% dry weight ○ 2-3 week retention time ● Products ○ 180 tons of solids ○ 771 tons of water Entering Water Mass (Tons) Retained Water Mass (Tons) Lost Water Mass (Tons) Press 8,387.82 779.82 7,608.00 Solar Dryer 779.82 9.01 770.81 Results: Gasification
- 68. Wood Chip Storage ● 20 lbs/hr wood chip addition to biosolids to satisfy lignin and moisture equations ● Total amount of wood chips per year ○ 86 tons (171,180 lbs) ○ Density of 30 lbs/ft3 get total volume ○ Purchase 4 times a year ● Storage tank volume of 1,413 ft3 (10,570 gal) ○ 11,000 gal storage tank purchased Results: Gasification
- 69. Wood Chip Lab Testing ● Moisture content of the wood chips ● Concluding the wood chips would be 83% dry ○ It rained soon before the sample ○ Only wood chips from the top will be sent to the pelletization process ○ Surrounded storage facility Results: Gasification Sample Percent Solid Dry Wood Chips from the Front 81% Dry Organic Matter from the Front 83% Wet Wood Chips from the Front 48% Wet Organic Matter from the Front 35% Dry Wood Chips from the Back 79% Dry Organic Matter from the Back 80% Wet Wood Chips from the Back 63% Wet Organic Matter from the Back 64%
- 70. Pelletizer ● Inputs projected from 2019 flow of biosolids ○ Total mass flow: 61 lbs/hr with 15% lignin and 91% solid content ○ Solids: 41 lbs/hr with 10% lignin and 95% solid content ○ Wood chips: 20 lbs/hr with 25% lignin and 83% solid content ● Product ○ Pellets production of density 41 lbs/ft3 at 61 lbs/hr ■ Pelletizing rate of equipment is between 30 - 200 lbs/hr Results: Gasification
- 71. Gasifier ● Feedstock ○ Density of feedstock: 651 kg/m3 ● Batches ○ Volume of vessel: 0.33 m3 ○ Number of batches: 1,079 cycles ○ Batches per day: 3 cycles ○ Duration of batch: 8 hrs ○ Operates 350 days of the year ● Recycling waste ○ Solar dryer ■ Water vapor inlet to pyrolysis chamber to reduce solid content to 70% to 90% to prevent overheating ○ Waste heat utilized for dryer ○ Supplemental electricity to power dryer and pelletizer Results: Gasification
- 72. Gasifier Results: Gasification ● One of the two gasification agent intakes would be connected with this recycled air from the solar dryer ● The connected intake would pull in the wet air as necessary ● Amount of air recycled from the dryer is 52 lbs/hr ● With recycled air, the biosolids are now 81% solid ○ Within desired 70 to 90% solid content range
- 73. Gasification: Engine Results: Gasification Compound Percent Gas Produced Enthalpy (kJ/kg) H2 18.12% 141,584.00 CO 15.44% 10,100.00 CH4 9.20% 55,514.00 CmHn 0.50% ~ 50,285.00
- 74. Gasification: Generator Results: Gasification Compound Energy (kWh) H2 23,226.82 CO 1,411.84 CH4 4,623.89 CmHn 2,412.86 Total 31,675.41
- 75. Take Home Messages Pros & Cons of Gasification ● Pros ○ Turns a current waste material into an energy source ■ 31,675 kWh/year ■ Equivalent to $2,534 ■ Creates a clean gas ■ Potentially carbon neutral ○ Production of high heat biochar and ash ■ Brick and concrete formation ■ Soil remediation ● PFAS reduction ○ Carbon storage ■ 7.6 tons of C sequestered as biochar from 951 tons of biosolids ● Cons ○ Increased workload ■ Removal of biochar and ash ■ Additional employees required ■ Inconvenient working hours ■ Continuous operation for 350 days ○ Production of impurities ■ Tar gas ○ High levels of waste heat ■ Thermodynamically unfavorable ○ Large quantities of wood chips used ○ Regulations and handling ■ EPA emissions permits ■ Record keeping ■ OSHA worker health safety
- 77. Results Economic Analysis: Landfill Item Capital Cost Annual Cost Operating Cost Total Cost Press $0 $6,554 NA $6,554 Polymer $0 $11,844 $6,980 $18,824 Landfill Deposits 2018 NA $21,787 NA $21,787 Projected Landfill Deposits 2019 NA $30,661 NA $30,661 Total Cost 2018 $47,165 Total Cost 2019 $56,039
- 78. Results Economic Analysis: Land Application Item Capital Cost Annual Cost Operating Cost Total Cost Press $0 $6,554 NA $6,554 Starch Polymer $0 $1,215 $0 $1,215 Solar Dryer $1,000,000 NA $55,840 $1,055,840 Storage Tank (500 gal) $432 $0 $0 $432 Storage Tank (20,000 gal) $17,574 $0 $0 $17,574 Total Cost for First Year $1,081,615
- 79. Results Economic Analysis: Gasification Item Capital Cost Annual Cost Operating Cost Total Cost Press $0 $6,554 NA $6,554 Starch Polymer $0 $1,215 $6,980 $8,195 Solar Dryer $1,000,000 NA $55,840 $1,055,840 Solar Dryer Upgrades $350,000 $0 $0 $350,000 Wood chips $0 $151,475 $0 $151,475 Wood chip storage $7,899 $0 $0 $7,899 Pelletizer $0 $2,498 $0 $2,498 Gasifier $0 $812 $167,520 $168,332 Total Costs for First Year $1,750,793
- 80. Results Economic Analysis: Overview Landfilling Land Application Gasification Initial Investments $0 $1,018,006 $1,365,998 Annual Operational Cost $56,039 $63,609 $392,895 Annual Profit $0 $0 $2,534 Total Cost for First Year $56,039 $1,081,615 $1,756,359
- 82. Take Home Messages Recommendation ● Land application of biosolids for soil fertilization ○ Utilize a starch based polymer ○ Purchase an environmentally friendly solar dryer ■ Train operator to run solar dryer ○ Store dried biosolids in a tank until application at Simpson Research Farm● Rational ○ Gasification is too expensive, possibly dangerous, and produces toxic impurities ○ Organic fertilizer utilized instead of synthetic ■ Reduces anthropocentric inputs of nitrogen ○ Simpson Research Farm is capable of processing more biosolids than the projected amount produced at the CU WWTP ○ Costs $7,570 more per year to land apply than landfill Research regarding the effects of pharmaceuticals, hormone disruptors, microplastics and PFAs on the environment MUST be conducted before the biosolids are land applied.
- 83. Sustainability Capstone Design LawsResearch Education ● Reduces landfill space ● Produces electricity ● Produces natural fertilizers pharmaceuticals microplastics hormone disruptors governmental regulations presentation ● Humans excrete waste ● Proper disposal and treatment of human wastewater is necessary for public and environmental health ● Gasification ● Land application ● Pelletization Take Home Messages Technology
- 84. ● Clemson University ● Dr. Christophe Darnault, Associate Professor ● Ms. Jazmine Taylor, Lecturer ● Dr. Tom O. Owino, Associate Professor ● Dr. Caye Drapcho, Associate Professor ● Tony Putnam, Clemson University Executive Director of Utility Services and Energy Management ● Matthew Garrison, Clemson University Waste Treatment Superintendent ● Harry Kirby, Clemson University Environmental ComplianceEngineer ● David “Buddy” Haines, Project Assistant and Composting Operations Manager ● Billy Bolger, Project Engineer ● Holly Elmore, CEO and Founder of Elemental Impact ● Doris Wilson, Chief Operator of City of ClemsonWWTP on Cochran Rd. ● Russell A. Hardy, CF, Forest Manager at Clemson Experimental Forest ● Garland M. Veasey, Director Research Farm Service, USDA NIFA Screener ● Matthew J. Fisher, Manager, Simpson Station ● Wayne King, ERTH Products CEO, Advisory Board Member of Elemental Impact, & former President of the U.S. Composting Council ● Kathy Kellogg Johnson, Kellogg Garden Products Chair and Chief Sustainability Officer ● Dr. Thomas Dodd, Exam Development Engineer & previous Senior Application Engineer ● Dr. Terry Walker, Professor ● Dr. Rui Xiao, Lecturer ● Ed Fritz, HUBER Technology Acknowledgments
- 85. Don’t waste your waste!
- 86. Thank you!
Editor's Notes
- #2: Devon
- #3: Devon
- #4: Devon
- #5: Parker Biological processes to remove dissolved and suspended solids
- #6: Parker There are aerobic digesters, but used to be anaerobic digesters
- #7: Patrick
- #8: Patrick
- #9: Patrick
- #10: Patrick
- #11: Graham
- #12: Graham
- #13: Graham Mention something about mass flows
- #14: Graham “As you will soon see, our project relates humans, technology and sustainability”
- #15: Patrick
- #16: Devon
- #17: Devon
- #18: Devon
- #19: Devon (Nitrogen Fixation increased by humans) Source: http://gembapadawan.blogspot.com/2012/01/how-to-reverse-2nd-law-of.html
- #20: Patrick
- #21: Patrick *don’t spend a lot of time on this slide
- #22: Patrick (pronounced chel-del) Kjeldahl N (TKN) is the sum of nitrogen bound in organic substances, nitrogen in ammonia (NH3-N) and in ammonium (NH4+-N)
- #23: Patrick
- #24: Patrick https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/podcast/jan15/os5-eutrophication.html
- #25: Graham Need to cite in paper https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2019-08-31---these-bugs-are-mass-murderers--why-flies-and-mosquitoes-are-the-most-harmful-insects-for-man-.B14BtVwHr.html
- #26: Graham Helminth ova = parasitic worms Need to put in paper https://www.bbc.com/news/health-13639241 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/171212 https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Polio-Virion-Infection.aspx https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322340.php
- #27: Graham https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-12/documents/plain-english-guide-part503-biosolids-rule.pdf
- #28: Devon
- #29: Devon
- #30: Devon
- #31: Parker
- #32: Parker Mention could be a slurry or uniform solid
- #33: Parker water content
- #34: Graham
- #35: Parker
- #36: Parker
- #37: Parker
- #38: Parker
- #39: Graham
- #40: Graham
- #41: Graham
- #42: Devon https://www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/en/departments/environmental_process_engineering/biomass_technologies/biomass_conversion_and_water_technology0/environmentally_friendly_water_treatment.html
- #43: Devon
- #44: Devon
- #45: Devon
- #46: Patrick
- #47: Patrick
- #48: Patrick
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- #50: Parker California Pellet Mill CL Type 3 Energy input 3-phase 60 Hz 230-460 volt current Creates cylindrical pellets Length is 2.5 times the diameter Produces 30-200 pounds of pellets per hour
- #51: Parker All Power Labs PP20 Power Pallet Feedstock holding tank Feedstock is 10-30% moisture Pyrolysis chamber Combustion, cracking, and reduction zone Biochar collector Cyclone (fine particles) Filter (tar gases) Internal combustion engine Generator Automatization of system Dimensions: 1.4 m x 1.4 m x 2.2 m NEW PICTURE (need) Find a diagram, blueprint of where components are located Calculate efficiency for the energy calculation so we can compare a fuel/feedstocks that the audience is familiar with
- #52: Devon Add some equations To determine if storage tanks are necessary, we got the peak flow from the tonnage reports of 2019 we looked at the volume necessary to hold 18% solid and 95% solids in the dryer Took the average because the dryer would be a gradient of the solids between 18% and 95% Did not account for the drying bed being a regulator of retention time (would decrease the flow rate out of the dryer) Obtained the amount of wood chips necessary to enter the pelletization process based off of the peak flow of biosolids Storage tank necessary for wood chips because it’s coming from a different feedstock If we know the overall amount of pellets for a year needed, then we said we only wanted to buy pellets four times We do not know how the pelletizer will actually pellet, but we know that the solar dryer can be used as a regulator and we do not assume that the pelletizer is the limiting step we assume that the maximum pelletization rate is used to see if storage is needed between the pellet and gasification Gasification has a range of operating times listed, but we used 8 hrs because it was proposed to us for a full operating time, even though we know that it would be less with a continuous process MENTION THAT WE HAVE TO BUY THAT PIECE TO MAKE IT A CONTINUOUS PROCESS If we want to use the maximum pelletization rate, and an 8 hr operating time of the gasifier, then we look at the accumulation of the pellets in a three month period (longest it would be at peak flow) to determine a storage size
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- #60: Patrick * Although these results are only from Lot 23 and Lot 29, we were informed that the soil throughout SRF is rather uniform.
- #61: Parker Percent solids ≥ 75% prior to mixing with other materials
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- #64: Patrick https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/lawn-care/how-much-fertilizer-to-apply-to-your-lawn/
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- #67: Parker The flow from the press is the peak flow of 2019. To get the storage tank of the wood chips we used the amount needed the whole year and said if we purchased WC four times throughout the year. The storage tank between pelletization and gasification was based on a three month build up of the maximum pelletization rate and the gasification rate
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- #74: Graham Figure of the engine
- #75: Graham Change the font so that the commas and periods can be seen Apply energy to university building? Mention how we use this power to power the pelletization process
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- #78: Devon The Landfilling process is continually increasing in price
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- #82: Devon Highlight the key findings,
- #83: Devon http://www.synagro.com/offerings/land-application/
- #84: Patrick At least one figure is something that we design; include elements from “our work”; add text boxes https://www.therebels.com/resources/fescue-what-you-need-to-know
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