Flavonoids [Best one]
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Group of polyphenolic compounds found in plants. There are over 4,000 identified flavonoids found in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. Flavonoids have potential health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. They have a C6-C3-C6 carbon structure and are categorized into subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and others. Common food sources of flavonoids include tea, apples, soybeans, and citrus fruits.
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Flavonoids [Best one]
- 2. Group of polyphenoliccompounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable. They are more common in higher plants being abundant in families, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae, Leguminosae, Umbelliferae & Compositae. Flavonoids (named fromthe Latin word flavus meaningyellow, their colour in nature) are a class of plant secondary metabolites. • Polyphenoliccompounds thatare foundeverywhere in nature and are categorized, according to chemical structure, intoflavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins, anthocyanidins and chalcones • Over 4,000 flavonoids have been identified, many of which occur in fruits,vegetables and beverages (tea, coffee, beer, wine and fruitdrinks)
- 3. • The flavonoids have aroused considerable interest recently because of their potential beneficial effects on human health they have been reported to have antiviral, antiallergic, antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. Antioxidants are compounds that protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite.
- 4. The flavonoids are possessing 15 carbon atoms;two benzene rings joinedby a linear three carbon chain the skeletoncan be representedas the C6 - C3 - C6 system. The three-carbon (-C3-)may be included through an oxygen bond between the two phenyl rings into: 1- A five-membered heterocyclicring (furan) as in aurones. 2- A six-membered heterocyclicring (pyran) to give flavonoids which constitute the largest group.
- 5. Tea, Red wine, Apple, Tomato, Cherry and Onion Rutin, Myricetin,Flavonol Tea andAppleCatechin, GallocatechinFlavanols Thyme and ParsleyApigenin, ChrysinFlavones Soya bean and other legumesGenistein, GlyciteinIsoflavones Grape fruit and OrangeHesperidin, NarigeninFlavanones Lemon and sour orangeTaxifolinFlavanonols Flavonoids are present in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in • fruits • vegetables • nuts • seeds • stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey
- 6. The flavonoid aglycone consists of a benzene ring (A) condensed with a six membered ring (C) pyran ring , which in the 2-position carries a phenyl ring (B) as a substituent. The flavonoid glycosides: Glycosides → aglycone (non sugar part)+glycone (sugar part) When glycosides are formed, the glycosidic linkage can be located in positions 3 or 7 and may be L-rhamnose, D- glucose, galactose or arabinose .
- 7. Flavonoidshave been reported to exert a wide range of biological activities. These include: • Antioxidant Activity • Cardio-protective effects • Anti-carcinogenic effects • Gastro-protective effects • Treatment of Inflammation • Antimicrobial effects, and many more.
- 8. Oxidative damage could lead to a lot of degenerative diseases such as artherosclerosis, hypertension, cataracts etc. which occurs when the electron flow generates free radicals, such as O2- centred free radicals, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and including superoxide (O2˙¯), peroxyl (ROO˙), alkoxyl (RO˙), hydroxyl (HO˙) and nitric oxide (NO˙) radicals Indeed, the phenolic groups of flavonoids serve as a source of a readily available ‘‘H” atoms such that the subsequent radicals produced can be delocalized over the flavonoid structure
- 9. Influence of FlavonoidsCardiovascular diseasesS/N stress, inhibition of leucocyte leucocyte adhesion, myeloperoxidase, Artherosclerosis1 Decrease in oxidative stress.Arrhythmia2 Decrease in ROS burst, inhibition of platelet aggregation Acute Myocardialinfarction3 Decrease in oxidative stress (directROS scavenging) inhibition of metalloproteinase HeartFailure4 Vasodilatory properties, inhibition of NADPH oxidase, recovery of NO due to inhibitionof superoxide production Hypertension5
- 10. Flavonoids are potent bioactive molecules that possess anti-carcinogenic effects since they can interfere with the initiation, development and progression of cancer by the modulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis Some molecular mechanisms of action of flavonoids are given as follows : •cell cycle arrest (p53 proteins) • tyrosine kinase inhibition • inhibition of heat shock proteins.
- 11. The mechanism of action responsible for the antiulcer activity of flavonoids is their antioxidant properties, seen in garcinol, rutin and quercetin. It involves free radical scavenging, transition ,metal ions chelation, inhibition of oxidizing enzymes, increase of proteic and nonproteic antioxidants and reduction of lipid peroxidation
- 12. •A number of moulds and yeasts cause human and animal diseases. For example, species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Sporothrixare opportunisticpathogens and easily infect individuals with weak immune systems . •An isoflavone found in a WestAfrican legume, alpinum isoflavone, prevents schistosomal infection when applied topically . •Antibacterial flavonoids having sugar moiety form complexes with proteins by forming either covalent bond, hydrogen bond or hydrophobic effects. Their mode of action may be related to their ability to inactivate microbial adhesions, cell envelope transport proteins and others. •Quercetin has been reported to completely inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus
- 13. There are no official dosages for bioflavonoids . Doses in most supplements sold range from 30 to 200 milligrams a day which is acceptable for general maintenance . Clinical trials tend to be based on much higher doses of between 500 to 2000 mg (milligrams). For therapeutic purposes the range can be between 50 to 500 mg per day.
- 14. With the exception of green tea, research on flavonoids in general shows no known toxic effects. High doses do not appear to cause serious side effects, even for amounts as high as 100 grams a day. Excess intake is simply excreted in urine. The main symptom of flavonoid overdose is diarrhea. As for green tea, highly concentrated doses of it might contain too much caffeine for cancer and hepatitis patients, and for those people sensitive to caffeine
- 15. Structure function relationship of flavonoids is epitome of major biological activities. Medicinal efficacy of many flavonoids as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral agents is well established. Therapeutic use of new compounds must be validated using specific biochemical tests. Further achievements will provide newer insights and will certainly lead to a new era of flavonoid based pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of many infectious and degenerative diseases.