FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF REPORTED SPEECH

FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF REPORTED SPEECH

• 4.
  There are twoways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person:  Direct Speech  Indirect Speech(or Reported Speech) Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him. Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”. Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
• 5.
  • In directspeech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person. • Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she
• 6.
  Examples. In allof the following example the reporting verb is “said”. • He said, “I work in a factory (Direct speech) • He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect speech) • They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech) • They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)
• 7.
  • Reported Speech.The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech. • Now, we will study about the rules of reported speech.
• 9.
  Fundamental rules forREPORTED SPEECH. • Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks. • Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech. • Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. • In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”. Example. Direct speech: He said, “I am happy” Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. Direct speech: I said to him, “you are
• 10.
  1. Change inthe tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change. • Examples. Direct speech: He said, “I am happy” Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed) Direct speech: He says, “I am happy” Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t change) Change in tense is made according to rules of indirect speech which are given in table in
• 11.
  Table for changein tense of reported speech for all TENSES. • TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH Present simple tense into Past simple Present Continuous tense into Past continuous Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous Past simple into Past Perfect Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect into Past Perfect Future simple, will into would Future Continuous, will be into would be Future Perfect, will have into would have
• 13.
  PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENTchanges into SIMPLE PAST DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH He said, “I write a letter” He said that he wrote a letter. She said, “he goes to school daily” He said that she went to school daily. They said, “we love They said that they
• 14.
  PRESENT TENSE PRESENT CONTINUOUSchanges into PAST CONTINUOUS DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH He said, “he is listening to the music” He said that he was listening to the music. She said, “I am washing my clothes” She said that she was washing her clothes.
• 15.
  PRESENT TENSE PRESENT PERFECTchanges into PAST PERFECT DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH She said, “he has finished his work” She said that he had finished his work. He said, “I have started a job” He said that he had started a job. I said, “she have eaten I said that she had
• 16.
  PRESENT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSchanges into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock” He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock. She said, “It has been raining for three days.” She said that it been raining for three days.
• 17.
  Past TENSE SIMPLE PASTchanges into PAST PERFECT DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH He said to me, “you answered correctly” He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said, “they went to cinema” John said that they had gone to cinema. He said, “I made a He said that he had
• 18.
  PAST TENSE PAST CONTINUOUSchanges into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH They said, “we were enjoying the weather” They said that they had been enjoying. He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” He said to me that he had been waiting for me. She said, “I was not laughing” She said that she not been laughing.
• 19.
  PasT TENSE PAST PERFECTchanges into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change) DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH She said, “She had visited a doctor” She said that she had visited a doctor. He said, “I had started a business” He said that he had started a business. I said, “she had eaten the meal” I said that she had eaten the meal.
• 20.
  FUTURE TENSE FUTURE SIMPLETENSE WILL changes into WOULD DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH He said, “I will study the book” He said that he would study the book. She said, “I will buy a computer” She said that she would buy a computer. They said to me, “we will send you gifts” They said to me that they would send you gifts.
• 21.
  FUTURE TENSE FUTURE PERFECTTENSE WILL BE changes into WOULD BE DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” I said to him that I would be waiting for him. He said, “he will not be flying kite” He said that he would not be flying kites. He said, “I will be working hard” He said that he would be working hard.
• 22.
  FUTURE TENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUSTENSE WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH He said, “I will have finished the work” He said that he would have finished the work. She said, “they will have passed the examination” She said that they would passed the examination.
• 23.
  • Examples. Direct speech:He said, “Mathematics is a science” Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science. Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east” Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east. (Tense didn’t change because reported speech is a universal truth thought its reporting verb belongs to past tense) • Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense.