GRADE TWELVE background-of-the-study.pdf

Research methods are approaches or techniques used to collect,
analyze and interpret data in order to answer research questions
or achieve research objectives.
Research methods guide how a study is conducted, from
the formulation of research questions to data collection,
analysis, and interpretation of results.

an explanation of the context of study which
involves the current data or status of the problem,
existing studies about it and its history that paved
way to the development of the research problem.

Guidelines
:
1. It should clearly state the reason for conducting the study.
2. It should move from broad to specific.
3. It should state the current condition of the research
problem.

Reading Skills and Its Importance
Poor Reading Skills
Factors Affecting Poor Reading Skills in
General
School’s Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) result
Reason of the researcher Source: Jerry C. Perello, presented at Learning and
Development Activity for Schools Research
Committee Cum Crafting Research Write Ups, 2019.

Example of a Background of the Study

to guide people towards a better
understanding of phenomena, human
behavior, human interactions and
other events in daily life.

The statement of the problem has
two parts:
1. General statement of the
problem/Objective
2. Specific research questions

Guidelines in formulating specific question or sub-questions:
1. Begin the research questions with the “WHAT?” or “HOW”
explanation of the research design. (Qualitative
2. “WHY?” implies an explanation of an occurrence and suggests a
cause- and-effect type of thinking. (Quantitative)
3. Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.

4. Qualitative research uses exploratory and non-directional verbs.
The study will: discover (grounded theory); seek to understand
(ethnography); explore the process of (case study); describe the
experiences of (phenomenology); report the stories (narrative
research).
5. Quantitative research uses directional verbs such as: affect; effect;
influence; impact; cause; relation; relate; and determine.
6. Expect research questions to evolve and change during the study
in a manner consistent with the assumptions of the emerging
design.

7. Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature
or theory unless otherwise indicated by a qualitative strategy of
inquiry.
8. Specify the participants and the research site of the study, if
the information is not yet given.

Example of Specific Research Questions
Title of the Study: Perpetuity of Family-owned Business in the
Philippines: A Causal Model
1. What external factors in the enabling environment influence the family
business perpetuity in terms of political, economic, social, technological,
environmental and legal?
2. What internal factors in the enabling environment influence the family
business perpetuity in terms of succession, planning, family stability,
stewardship, family constitution, innovation, flexibility, philosophy of
commitment, productivity-based management, governance power, and
professional education?

a preconceived idea, assumed to be true
and is tested for its truth or falsity.
• null hypothesis
• alternative
hypothesis.

pinpoints the benefits certain groups of people will gain
from the findings of the study.

Example of Significance of the Study

This study focuses on the effects of verbal bullying to the
academic performance of grade 9 students in Jose C Payumo Jr.
Memorial High School S. Y. 2019-2020.
The result of this study will be valuable to the following:
To the students, this will provide them knowledge about the
forms of bullying and how to deal with it once encountered.

states the coverage of the study. It must answer the following
parameters as much as possible:

serves as an outline or a blueprint that you can follow in
doing your research.

Step by Step Guide on How to Write the
Conceptual Framework

lists down and defines the key terms as used in the
study in alphabetical order.
An operational definition
refers to a specific definition of concept in a
research study.

In order to enable better understanding of the study, the following
terminologies were operationally or conceptually defined:
Affixation. It is a morphological method whereby a bound morpheme,
an affix, is attached to a morphological base in order to create either
a different form of the morphological base or a new word with a
different definition.
Coinage. It refers to the invention or creation of a new word or phrase.
In this paper, this word may refer to any process that involves making
up of new terms, phrases and expressions that are not usually found
in the dictionary.
Example of Definition of Terms

GRADE TWELVE background-of-the-study.pdf

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