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Hatcheries advances in design and construction
Hatcheries have advanced significantly in design and construction methods over time. There are many different types of hatchery designs that have been developed for fish seed production. Some key hatchery components include broodstock tanks, breeding tanks, hatching tanks, larval rearing tanks, and water supply systems. Modern hatchery design aims to simulate natural riverine environments through systems like the Chinese-style hatchery, which incorporates breeding, hatching and rearing in an integrated facility with high water reuse rates. Recirculating aquaculture systems are also now commonly used in hatcheries for their water conservation and biosecurity benefits.
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Hatcheries advances in design and construction
- 1. Hatcheries: Advances in designand construction Presentedby… Mr.MangeshM.Bhosale DPF(P)16001(AQC) FisheriesCollege&ResearchInstitute, TNFU,Ponneri
- 2. Aquaculture & DevelopmentProcess • It is an ancient farming enterprise • Practised from more than 2500 years • The ever first attempt was for hobby • Later for nutrition • Need for alternative food for man & Population growth Definition: Reasons for development • Civilization - demanded more nutritious food • Agriculture – development of allied fields • Resources utilization • Health conscience and • Employment and earning
- 3. Hatcheries • The country’sfish seed production- 211 million fry (1964-65), increased to 17,000 million fry (2013) • A quantum jump from the 1980s – due to introduction of Chinese type of carp hatchery and refinement of the technology of induced breeding, coupled with usage of ready-to-use fish spawning agents (Hormones) • West Bengal- ranked first in fish seed production and supply; Assam 2nd ranked Different Types of Fish Hatcheries
- 4. Hatchery proper • India– seed revolution by Dwivedi and Zaidi (1983) 1.Hatching pits • The earliest device of hatching carp eggs, used in bundh-type breeding system of Bengal, comprised pits. Pits of 3’x 2’x 1’ are dug in multiple rows and their inner walls are plastered with mud • About 30,000-40,000 eggs can be kept for hatching in each pit 2. Chittagong type hatchery pits • Similar to hatching pits but each provided with a double-walled (inner mosquito netting material and outer muslin cloth) cloth linings • The outer cloth is kept a few inches above the earthen bottom of the pits 3. Earthen pot hatchery • Comprised of earthen pots arranged at different levels one draining into the other kept at a lower level • Provides a flowing current of water, cooled by surface evaporation of the porous earthen pots in which the carp eggs are hatched
- 5. 4. Double-walled hatchinghapa • One of the common device to serve as outdoor hatchery • Installable in a pond or in the margin of a river • The newly hatched hatchlings wriggle out through the round meshes of the inner wall and collect themselves in the outer whole cloth enclosure 5. Floating hapa • Similar in principle to the double walled hatching hapa, a floating hapa is mounted on a wooden frame to which it is securely tied such that the whole unit drifts in water • Advantage - it can be used on rocky substrates, often found in reservoirs and can be towed to deeper water to obtain better exchange of water
- 6. 6. Tub hatchery •Introduced in the Madhya Pradesh State • Hatchery furnishes running water to hatch eggs in galvanized iron units with adjusted levels such that water flows by gravity through interconnecting siphons • Each tub is fitted with double walled hapas and eggs are constantly bathed in a gently flowing water current 7. Cemented cistern hatchery • Used at Nowgong dry bundhs in Madhya Pradesh and situated generally below the dam sites, each cemented cistern (tank) commonly measures 2.4 x 1.6 x 0.45m • Inlet situated at different levels at the opposite ends of the cistern • Arranged in rows wherein water flows by gravity and each cistern can hatch about 3,000,000 eggs at a time
- 7. 8. Glass jarhatchery • The credit goes to Bhowmick • The hatching are automatically transferred to storage hapa spawnery, within the hatchery building itself • Components of Bhowmick’s glass jar hatchery : • Overhead tank: • Fish breeding tank: • Incubation & hatching jars: Each jar accommodate 50,000 water hardened and swollen eggs at a time. The water flow rate maintained is 600-800 ml/minute • Spawnery: comprises two cement tanks (1.8 x 0.9 x 0.9 m each) which can hold a nylon hapa (1.65 x 0.8 x 1.0m) projected above the tank and hence deeper than the tank and has an overhead shower for spray • To hold the newly hatched spawn.
- 8. 9. Transparent polythenejar hatchery • Identical to Bhowmick’s glass jar hatchery except that the breakable hatching jars are replaced by transparent polythene containers 10. Galvanized iron jar hatchery • This hatchery resembles Bhowmick’s glass jar hatchery except that the hatchery glass jars are replaced by galvanized iron jars • The galvanized iron jar hatchery is cheaper than glass jar or polythene jar hatchery 11. Shirgur’s bin hatchery • This hatchery consists of a rectangular aluminum container (54’’ x 16’’ x 22’’) provided with circulating water (243 L/min) in which are placed cylindrical egg vessels (12’’ diameter and 12’’height) which holds about 200,000 carp eggs at a time 12. Hanging dip net hatchery • This hatchery comprises conical 1/16’’ cloth dip nets (65 cm dia. top and 46 cm dia. bottom) provided with a 50mm brass spray head at the bottom of each dip net • Such dipnets are hung in hatchery tanks of 3.3 x 1x 1m • The water flow rate is 1-1.5 l /min during hatching and about 100,000 eggs can be hatched in each container • After hatching, the hatchlings pass through the meshes of the dip net and get collected in the tank where they are allowed to remain for 3 days before being transferred to nursery pond • Such units were installed in Orissa State
- 9. 13. Circular cisternhatchery • Consists of a galvanized iron circular cistern (tank) of 1 m3 capacity with a series of inlet facets placed at 45 at a height of 5 cm from ground level such that when connected to water supply, water moves in a circular fashion • The overflowing water is allowed to leave the cistern from an outlet placed at the top by a monofilament 60 mesh/ linear inch • The hatchlings are left behind in the cistern till their transfer to nursery pond 14. Chinese type of hatchery • Developed by Chinese • The system simulates some aspects of riverine environment and has proved itself a very successful method of breeding carps where commercial production of carp seed is required
- 10. 15. Low densitypolythene (LDPE) hatchery • S.N. Dwivedi, a former director of C.I.F.E., Bombay was instrumental in introducing LDPE material, like moulded plastic, is made in one piece, has no joints in fish hatcheries • This hatchery comprises overhead tanks, cooling tower and compressors for aeration. It combines breeding and hatching facilities • Each vertical hatching jar of capacity 40 L can hold 0.2-0.25 million developing eggs
- 11. Recent trends andstatus of freshwater fishculture technology in India 2/13/2017 11 Chinesetypeofcarphatchery
- 12. A modern hatcherywhich incorporates all the essential components and where ecological conditions are simulated is sometimes referred to as eco-hatchery The components of a hatchery proper are : (i) Ante-tank: • The purpose - temporarily hold selected broodfish and to acclimatize them prior to injection. Normally located inside hatchery(10m x 20m x 1.5m) . • Divided into two identical twins of 5m x 20m can hold 25 sets of broodfish comprising female to male in the ratio of 1:2 • Can be used for stocking fry or fingerlings prior to sale and for treatment of diseased or infected fry, fingerling and/or broodfish (ii) Fish Breeding Tanks: • Depending upon the system adopted, the same breeding tank can sub serve as a hatching as well as larval rearing tank for about 3 days after hatching (iii) Hatching Tanks: • The hatching tank can itself serve as a larval rearing tank (iv) Larvae holding tank or spawnery:
- 13. • The merits: • Stimulates some characteristics of a riverine habitat where the fish naturally belong • Very efficient hatching (almost100%) • Combines breeding, hatching and larval rearing and suitable for commercial scale operation • The demerits : • Requirement of water is high • Concrete structures are expensive to install and once installed, subsequent modification becomes virtually impossible
- 14. Infrastructure of eco– hatchery complex for carp seed production • Important prerequisite • Due to lack of infrastructural facilities, realization of fish seed in nursery/rearing ponds is poor • Modern carp eco-hatchery is the most appropriate system to produce seed of IMCs and exotic carps • It is an integrated one, with infrastructure for broodfish care, breeding tank, hatching/incubation tank, spawn and fry rearing, packing and marketing of seed, water supply system and buildings Figure : . Top view of a Chinese type of circular breeding tank, with an overhead shower
- 15. Figure: Breeding cageprepared inside a breeding cage (left) and removal of spent brooders from the cage (right) Figure : A view of a Chinese type of circular hatching tank, with the inner chamber covered with nylon netting (left) and a battery of circular hatching tanks in operation (right)
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- 18. Most common culturedspecies: Male (top) and female O. aureus Male (top) and female Tilapia O. mossambicus
- 19. Male (top) andfemale Red Tilapia Male (top) and female Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
- 20. Environmental requirements 1. Salinity:All tilapia are tolerant to brackish water. 15 to 20 ppt 2. Water Temperature: 85 to 88⁰ F 3. DO conc.: survive routine dawn DO of <0.3 mg/L 4. pH: can survive in pH - 5 to 10 but do best in range of 6 to 9 Importantrequirementsand Characteristicsof Sexually Mature Tilapia 4 to 6 months WEIGHT : 5 to 100 grams LENGTH : 10 to 12 cm SPAWNING TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM 25 to 30⁰C MINIMUM 21⁰C EGG PRODUCTION PER FEMALE 100 g female tilapia – 100 eggs per spawning 100-600 g female tilapia – 1000 to 1500 eggs per spawning. BEST SIZE FOR BROODSTOCK 100 to 200 g
- 21. Spawning Process The followingsequence characterizes the mating behavior of Tilapia. 1. Brood stock become acclimated to their surroundings 3 to 4 days after stocking. 2. Males define and defend territories on the bottom, and form a nest by cleaning a circular area 20 to 30 cm. Wide. In ponds with soft bottoms, the nest excavated 5 to 8 cm deep by digging with the mouth. 3. The female is attracted to the nest where the male courts her. 4. The female lays her eggs in the nest after which they are fertilized by the male. 6. The female picks up the fertilized eggs in her mouth and leaves the nest. The male continues to guard the nest and attract other females for mating. Courtship and mating require less than a day.
- 22. 7. Eggs areincubated for 2 to 5 days in the female’s mouth before they hatch. Young fry stay with their mother for an additional 5 to 7 days. They hide in her mouth when danger threatens. 8. A female guards her young for 5 to 7 days. They hide in her mouth when danger threatens. 9. The female will be ready to mate again about one week after she stops caring for the fry. 10. Fry from schools after leaving their mother and can be easily harvested with small mesh nest at this time. Large schools of fry may be seen 13 to 18 days after broodstock have been introduced to their new surroundings.
- 23. Sex Reversal Materials: Seven (7)inverted (mosquito) nets, Formula SRT-95 (hormone). Method: Place in the inverted nets (in the pond) the newly hatched fingerlings from the mouth of the mother tilapia. Feed them with the formula. Do this in 21 days. A kilo of hormone can feed 6,000 fingerlings.
- 25. Hatchery Technology for Prawnand Shrimps
- 26. Modern Shrimp Hatchery A.Broodstock/Maturation unit B. Spawning unit C. Hatching unit D. Larval rearing unit E. Artemia cyst hatching unit F. Algal culture unit
- 27. Broodstock/ Maturation unit • Healthybrood stock either from sea or ponds • Male - 200mm, 65 gms (6-8mnths) • Female – 240mm, 90-150gms (9-12mnths) • Transported in bags of 50L @ 4-6/bag • Acclimatization • Treat with 100ppm formalin for 0.5hr • 50ppm antibiotics for 10mins Maturation Tank • Circular, 4m dia and 1.25m height of black fibre glass sheet • Bottom with 10cm gravel, on which synthetic permeable cloth is placed • After this, a sand layer 5-10cm • In gravel, PVC pipes are concentrically fixed for aeration, filtration and drainage • 4-6 no.s /M2
- 28. Maintenance of Broodstock: FactorsAffecting Maturation • Water: 60-100am height and flow @10L/Min. • Salinity: 30-36 ppt (15-25 ppt also allowed) • Temperature: 21oC to 31oC • pH: 8-8.5 • Light Intensity: 100Lux (12/12) • Food and Feeding: 12-15% body weight (50% Protein) • Prophylyctic treatment: 4ppm antibiotic 3-4 days and for fungus formalin @50ppm for 2 hrs.
- 32. Spawning Unit • Madeby black fibre glass sheet into Cylindro-conical shape • Outlet at centre & water inlet from top • Perforated plastic sheet placed for spawner • Through perforation, eggs can sink into conical part, but female can’t • Eggs collected through outlet into egg concentrator • Is of 200mm PVC pipe and outlet of 100,micron mesh net
- 35. Why recirculate? • Conserveswater • Permits high density culture in locations where space and or water are limiting • Minimizes volume of effluent, facilitating waste recovery • Allows for increased control over the culture environment, especially indoors • Improved biosecurity • Environmentally sustainable Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are systems in which aquatic organisms are cultured in water which is serially reconditioned and reused.
- 36. Water Reuse Rates Openor Flow-through System Closed System 0% 100%50%25% 75% Semi- Closed System
- 37. Recirculating System Applications •Broodstock maturation • Larval rearing systems • Nursery systems • Nutrition and health research systems • Short-term holding systems • Ornamental and display tanks • High density growout of food fish
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