Hawthrone experiment

Hawthrone experiment

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  SUBMITTED TO :SUBMITTED BY : DR. INDIRA SHARMA SHIVANGI TOMAR
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  The Hawthorne Effectrefers to the fact that people will modify their behavior simply because they are being observed. The effect gets its name from one of the most famous industrial history experiments that took place at Western Electric's factory in the Hawthorne suburb of Chicago in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
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   Hawthorne experimentsgive rise to a new Movement which is known as human relations Movement. Researchers started investigating the reasons For human behavior at work. The credit fir the development of the human relations approach is given to Elton Mayo. Other individuals who contributed are Maslow And McGregor.
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   For thehuman relations approach , there are Many contributors. But the first intensive and systematic analysis Of human factor in organizations was made In the form of Hawthorne experiment. Hawthorne studies were conducted by Elton mayo and fritz Roethlisberger in the 1920 With the workers at the Hawthorne plant of western electric company
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  The Hawthorne plantof western electric Company was manufacturing telephone system Bell. It employed about 30,000 employees at the time of experiments . Although company provides benefits like pension ,sickness benefits and other recreational benefits ,there was great deal of Dissatisfaction among the workers and productivity was not up to that mark . In 1924, a team led by Elton mayo (psychologist) and Roethlisberger (sociologist) investigated the real causes Behind this phenomenon. They conduced various researches in 4 phases from 1924-1932 .
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   Part 1– illumination experiments (1924- 1927)  Part 2 – relay assembly test room study (1927-1929)  Part 3- mass interviewing program (1928- 1930)  Part 4-bank wiring observation room experiment (1932)
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  Part 1. Illuminationexperiment  Illumination experiments were conducted to find out how varying levels of amount of light at the work place ( a physical factor ) Affected productivity. Assumption was that higher illumination increases productivity.
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   The researchesfound they as the increased the illumination in the experimental group both group increased production.  When the intensity of illumination was decreased, the production continued to increase in both the groups  The production in the experimental group decreased only when the illumination was decreased to the level of moon light.  Thus, it was concluded that illumination did not have any effect on the productivity .
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   It wasdesigned to determine the effect of changes in various job conditions on group productivity  Researches set up a relay assembly test room, which involved assembly of telephone relays  A group of 6 women were selected  The out put depended on the speed and continuity with which the women work. The experiment started with introducing various changes (duration raised from 4 to 6 weeks)
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  Changes 1. Intensive systemwas changed. - Each girl’s extra pay was based on the other 5 rather than output of the large group - Productivity increased as compare to before. 2 . Two , five minutes rest one in morning and other in evening session were introduce it was later increased to 10 minutes . - The productivity increased 3. The rest period was reduced to 5 minutes But the frequency was increased. - the productivity decreased slightly
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  The girls complainedthat frequent rest intervals affected the rhythm of the work. 4. The number of rest was reduced to 10 minute each But in the morning coffee or soup was served With sandwich And in the evening, snack was provided . -productivity increased 5. Change in working hours and workday were introduced Like eliminating Saturday work Allowing women to leave one hour early from 5:00 Pm to 4:00 pm . - productivity increased
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   As eachchange was introduces absenteeism decreased morale increased and less supervision was required .  Now, the researchers decided to revert back to original position, that is no rest no benefits  Surprisingly , productivity increased further instead of going down .  It was concludes that productivity increased not because of positive changes in physical factors but because of a change in the girls attitude towards work and their work group.  They developed a feeling of stability and sense of belongingness .
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  Part 3 :MASS INTERVIEWING PROGRAMME Reason for conducting :- to study the human behavior in the company. NO. of interviews conducted :- it was conducted with the 30,000 employees Theme Determine employees attitude towards company ,supervision ,insurance plans , Promotions and wages .
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   The methodwas changed to direct interviewing to non-direct interviewing  Here, interviewer was asked to listen instead of talking ,arguing or advising .  The interview program gave valuable insights About human behavior in the company like  workers behavior was influenced by group behavior The position of worker is a reference from which the worker gives meaning to events, features like hours of work, wages, etc. The social demand of a worker are influenced by social experience in groups both inside and the work plant.
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  4. BANK WIRINGOBSERVATION ROOM EXPERIMENT WORKERS INVOLVED IN EXPERIMENT :- 14 male workers . Work given :- the men was engaged in the assembly of terminal for the use in telephone exchanges . Where more productive group will get the bonus Conclusion ; -As a social being, they are members of a group And the management should try to understand group attitudes And group psychology .
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   It wasconducted to analyze the functioning Of small group and its impact on individual behavior. The hypthosis was that in order to rarn more, workers produce more . Also to get the group bonus, theywould help each other to produce more . Workers decided the target for themselves which was lower than the company target . This study suggested that informal relationships Are an important factor in determining the human behavior .
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   Fear ofunemployment  Fear of raising the standards  Protection of slower workers  Satisfaction on the part of management
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   Organization isa social system  System is composed of many interacting groups  Many informal groups emerged a work place  They have great impact on the behavior of the members  Workers don’t always behave rationally (emotions, feelings ,values ,play an important role )  Monetary gains alone cannot motivate workers  Workers participation in decision making boosts moral and productivity