History and development of animation assignment

HISTORY AND
DEVELOPMENT OF
ANIMATION

INTRODUCTION
I am Emma Smith and I work for Aardman as a Stop Motion Animator.
This presentation is about the history and development of animation, it
will include the different techniques, format and styles used in the
animation it will also include the different pioneers and how they have
developed animation and stop motion. It will include both early pioneers
and contemporary. It will also include different forms of media which
animation appears in and also different crossovers between things such as
gaming and TV shows.

ANIMATION TECHNIQUES
TRADITIONAL ANIMATION
• This is an animation technique where each of
the frames are drawn by hand.
• This was a very popular type of animation in
cinemas until computer animation.
• In traditional process the animators would draw
the sequences on sheets of transparent paper.
• Peg bar is a tool used in traditional animation
so that the drawing is held in place.
• The animations where usually drawn on a light
table, this made it able for the drawer to see his
previous drawings through it.
(This is from this website:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation
And also this
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbrdCAsYq
U )

2D VECTOR-BASED ANIMATION
• This type of animation can create rigs
for the character instead of having to
draw them repeatedly, it can also use a
puppetry tool for the movements.
• It doesn’t always require drawing either.
• It focuses on creating characters,
storyboards and backgrounds in 2D.
(This information is from these links:
https://learn.org/articles/What_is_2D_Animation.ht
ml
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbrdCAsYq

3D COMPUTER ANIMATION
• 3D animation is the most common used
animation in the modern day.
• It is more similar to playing with puppets as
you move the figure around and move all
the individual body parts.
• The body parts of all the characters are also
always present unlike 2D animation as they
can only show one angle of the character at
once.
• The frame rate is also different to the other
animations as it is 24 fps as the characters
always have to look like there moving even
when stood still 2D animation can get away
with this more then 3D.
(This is from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbrdCAs
YqU)

MOTION GRAPHICS
• Motion graphics are animations and
footage used to create the illusion of
motion in any video.
(https://videohive.net/category/motion-
graphics)
• Motion graphics is different from other
types of animation as it does not use a
character or story.
• It is usually used for adverts and other
promotional purposes. Can also be
used for film openings and logos.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbrdC
AsYqU)

STOP MOTION
• Stop motion combines live action film
making with traditional character animation.
• It is done through photos and only moving
the character or object in small amounts.
• It has similarity's to traditional animation but
it uses real life material instead of drawings.
• Claymation (which is the most popular),
Puppets, cut outs (using construction paper),
silhouette animation (one of the oldest types
of stop motion), and Lego characters and
dolls/figures, and pixilation (using real
people instead of puppets)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbrdCAs
YqU)

STOP MOTION TECHNIQUES
STOP FRAME
• Stop motion/stop frame is a technique
to make any object look as if it is
moving on its own. It is done by moving
the object in small steps between
photographed frames so it looks as if it
comes to life.
• It is a film relation to animated films
involving models, puppets and other
things, individual photos are taken of
each of these.
(https://www.thefreedictionary.com/stop
-frame)
• Stop frame is very popular in films
and TV shows. Some examples where
it is used are Wallace and Gromit,
Nightmare before Christmas, Morph,
South Park, etc.
• Stop frame is very effective as it
brings the inanimate objects to life,
the clay characters or puppets come
to life through the small movements
used, this is a very popular type of
animation used. (

FRAME RATE
• Frame rate is the occurrence at which a
camera can produce repetitive images
called frames. Which is known as
frames per second.
• The standard frame rate is 24/25 frames
per second.
• The frame rate is important as if there is
less frames the footage may look a bit
jumpy or jerky.
• Computer games will often run between 30
frames per second.
• When games have been created at 60FPS
the illusion can sometimes be lost.
(http://uk.ign.com/articles/2014/11/05/unders
tanding-frame-rate-and-its-importance)
• Call of duty: Ghosts is 60FPS, this
disappointed people as it didn’t hold a
‘steady frame rate’.
(http://gearnuke.com/call-duty-ghosts-ps4-
reviews-point-technical-frame-rate-issues-
game/)

PERSISTENCE OF VISON
• Persistence of vison refers to the
optical illusion whereby multiple
discrete images in the human mind
and believed to be the explanation for
motion perception in cinema and
animated films.
(https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3Wkn
FiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6u
co/wiki/Persistence_of_vision.html)
• Persistence of vision makes the separate images
create a continuous motion in our minds
between each frame.
• Physical film and digital cinema systems,
modern theatrical films run as 24 frames per
second.
• An example of this is the Zoetrope as it creates
the illusion of motion. This was one of the early
examples of persistence of vision.
(https://andreacollo.wordpress.com/2013/09/30
/a-weird-example-of-persistence-of-vision/)
• This is effective as it makes the animations look
as though they are moving through the
individual images which is important for the
viewers.

‘BIRD IN A CAGE’
• To make a ‘bird in a cage’ you cut out
two equal circles so that you can draw
the bird on one and the cage on the
other, once you have drawn those they
need to be stuck together with them
being upside down from each other.
String or elastic bands are then
attached so the image can be spun to
then create the illusion of the bird
being inside the cage. So the two
separate images begin to look like one
whole image.

‘BIRD IN A CAGE’
• The ‘bird in a cage’ is effective as it makes two
separate images become one. This is very
interesting and fascinating as all it requires is
for it to be spun to make those images join
together, it tricks the mind into thinking the
images are not separate. It is persistence of
vision as this causes the human mind to
believe the two images are one when they
blend together.
• The limitations to this animation though are
the fact that this can only be seen by one
person and it doesn’t create any form of
sequence it mostly just merges two separate
images to make them look like one, so it
makes a separate bird and cage look as
though the bird is inside the cage.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2DGPN6
y2oc

WEATHER CYCLE
• For our weather cycle we cut out paper
with raindrops, clouds, lighting and a sun
on it. We used a stop motion app to
create the video. We moved the pieces
of paper and took pictures of each
individual movement to create a
sequence. The stop motion app then
helped for this to play as one video, we
could then change the frame rate of this
which changed the length of time and
made the video run more smoothly and
efficiently. It also made the video
shorter as the movement of the images
where a lot quicker.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5D2
KNUQkCTk

CLAYMATION
• When doing the Claymation using stop frame
it proved to be rather challenging as it was a
struggle to create the characters and make
them proportionate and smooth. Without a
metal frame underneath the Morph style
characters where not fully stable and couldn’t
always stand up on there own or slowly
started to droop down while moving them
and taking images of them. The images often
had to be taken rather quickly so that the
character didn’t fall over during the image.
This did happen a couple of times though
which made it hard to get them back in place
accurately at some points which could of
potentially caused jumps in the video and
make it not run as smoothly.
• To make the Claymation we modelled the clay
into what character we wanted and then
slowly moved them for each picture so we
could create the illusion that they where
moving on there own, there are some jumpier
parts where images had to be removed due
to hands being in the picture. The clay itself
proved hard to mould properly, some parts
where bumpy so during the images being
taken we had to smoothen out rough
patches, this often had to be done after some
of the movements especially with the arms.
Through all this I discovered that Claymation
is very time consuming even when creating a
very simple and basic animation.

CLAYMATION ANIMATIONS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7
24lwDc6X4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
W0-ckU9Pjbk

RANGE AND DEVELOPMENTS OF STOP
MOTION
• There where many pioneers who helped in the development of animation, they
created different ways for people to watch and animation and also different styles.
There are both the early pioneers and the contemporary. These helped develop
animation and some came up with new ideas all together. Also how we got from
simple methods of animation to the animation we are more likely to see today. The
early pioneers created animations for anyone to enjoy where as when movies where
being made more they had more of a specific audience type especially with films like
‘King Kong’.

JOSEPH PLATEAU THE
PHENAKISTISCOPE
• The phenakistoscope was the first device
considered to demonstrate the illusion of
movement, the phenakistoscope was made of
a disc with 16 similar pictures but slightly
altered to look like movement when the disc
is rotated.
• The way in which it looks like the pictures
moving is they are viewed through a slit in a
rotating wheel, this "separates" the individual
pictures from each other and as they rotate
fast enough as the differences between the
images "blur" into each other due to
persistence of vision it creates the illusion of
movement
• The problem with this is it was only able to be
viewed by one person at a time.
• http://www.tiki-
toki.com/timeline/entry/288092/The-history-
of-animation/

WILLIAM HORNER THE ZOETROPE
• In the 19th century William Horner created
the Zoetrope, this was used to provide
entertainment. It didn’t require a mirror so
more then one person could view it at a
time.
• This was a drum which had images inside
of it. When it is spun it creates an illusion of
continuous motion when looking into the
slot. This making it look as though it is
moving. Traditional cinema projectors work
on the same illusion by stopping the film
frames.
• Due to this being an early development
there wasn’t much of an animation
compared to what we see now, it was just a

CHARLES EMILIE REYNAUD THE
PRAXINOSCOPE
• Emilie Reynaud made the first projected
animated cartoon and created the
Praxinoscope in 1877.
• This was the first ever movie projector it was
able to display the movies on the wall for
audiences to see.
• The first film was Pauvre Pierrot which was
developed in 1810. in 1888 a larger version of
Praxinoscope was created and named the
Theatre optique and premiered Pauvre Pierrot
in Paris 1892. this consisted of 500
individually pained images.
• As this was an early development the
animation didn’t run as clearly and smoothly
as more modern animations do.

EDWARD MUYBRIDGE AND THOMAS
EDISON THE KINETOSCOPE
• This was created in 1881, it was a large box
which people would stand and look inside of
it to view motion picture. This was only able
to be viewed by one person at a time.
• It created an illusion of movement by
conveying a strip perforated film with
sequential images on it.
• The first public demonstration of the
Kinetoscope was held at Brooklyn Institute of
arts and sciences.
• The issue with this was that it was only able to
be seen by one person at a time so people
couldn’t enjoy the animations together.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoscope

LUMIERE BROTHERS THE
CINEMATOGRAPH
• The brothers wanted to overcome the
issue of the peephole Kinetoscope.
• they developed and invented the
Cinematograph, this was much smaller
and used a lot less film. It used 16fps
whereas the kinetoscopes used 48fps.
• The cinematograph was a motion picture
camera which was also served as a
projector. It was one of the biggest
movements in development and
animation.
• With this development it made it able to
be viewed by multiple people at a time
but due to the FPS the animation didn’t
run as smoothly as modern animations.

WILLIS O'BRIEN
• Willis O’Brien was known for his work on ‘The
lost world’ (1925), ‘King Kong’ (1933) and
‘Mighty Joe Young’ (1949)
• In his early short films he created his own
characters from clay. He then went on to
create more detailed stop motion models
with a rubber skin and a complex metal
armature. They also had the ability to look as
though they where breathing.
• The stop motion animations where
painstaking and difficult and ended up taking
a lot of time to create them.
• O'Brien's films also became slightly audience
specific as some of it was only suitable for
some ages as parts of them may of scared
audiences who where to young for the films.

RAY HARRYHAUSEN
• Ray Harryhausen was mentored by Willis
O’Brien. Harryhausen was best known for his
visual effects when producing stop motion
animation known as ‘Dynmation’.
• Work which he is mainly remembered for was
his work on ‘Mighty Joe Young’ in 1949 when
working with O’Brien.
• Another thing which he worked on was the
famous ‘Jason and the Argonauts’ in 1963.
• These types of animations where much more
audience specific as the style suited a more
male audience and the animations where not
as suitable for children.
• The Claymation animation was again very
time consuming and the animations didn’t
run as smoothly as you'd see a modern
animation created now.

JAN SVANKMAJER
• Svankmajer is a surrealist animator and he is
well known for his Claymation.
• He used stop motion to create surreal
‘nightmarish’ animations showing distortion
of objects.
• He is known for using exaggerated sounds
which creates a very strange effect especially
in eating scene. Some examples of his work
are ‘Meat love’ and ‘Darkness, light darkness’.
Both of these including exaggerated sounds.
• One of them uses clay and the other uses
meat. These link to O’Brien and Harryhausen
as they all create different stop motion
animations.
• The main issue with Svankmajers work was
that it didn’t run as well as more modern
animations due to further development.

THE QUAY BROTHERS ‘THE BROTHERS
QUAY’
• The quay brothers are identical twins Stephan
and Timothy Quay.
• They brought life to inanimate objects in dark
and curious worlds. They have a unique brand
of stop-motion puppet animations for 30
years.
• There pieces included a lot of dark humour.
One of there pieces of work is ‘Street of
Crocodiles’ from 1968.
• There theme of work links to some of
Svankmajer’s work. Some of there work seems
to be inspired by ‘Cabinet of dreams’ by
Svankmajer.
• There pieces where audience specific as they
where dark and not really suitable for
younger people.
• The dark animation style just wasn’t
appropriate for everyone which prevented

TIM BURTON
• One of Tim Burtons first established
animations was Vincent in 1982.
• Burton originally worked for Disney but his
gothic horror ideas where not very suitable
for Disney.
• He developed his career by developing his
love for producing animation to take part in
directing movies, one of his most well known
films is ‘Beetle Juice’.
• Burton has produced a range of different
gothic style films, including ‘Nightmare
before Christmas’.
• There is defiantly a link to The Quay brothers
as they both do gothic themed animations.
• These animations where also audience
specific as they where not really suitable for
young children as they may scare them.

AARDMAN ANIMATION
• Aardman animation is the animation studio
which created ‘Wallace and Gromit’, ‘Shaun
the sheep’, ‘Morph’ and other Claymation
animations.
• Peter Lord and David Sproxton began their
animation partnership in school.
• When they created ‘Chicken Run’ it took 4
and a half years to film and produce. This
shows that the Claymation animations major
disadvantage is that it is very time consuming.
• Aardman have also had a lot of involvement
in a lot of different TV adverts. We are a
highly popular animation studio creating all
different types of animation.
• The Animations we create are suitable for
different audiences, some are more childlike
and others are for an older audience. Films we
make are for family's to watch and enjoy.

FORMS OF MEDIA IN WHICH
ANIMATION APPEARS
Due to the development of animation, it is now used in a range of different forms. It has
become something we will often see used on TV regularly in TV shows, adverts, idents,
music videos and films. We also see it when using our phones and on websites and also
when playing computer games. Animation has become a highly used thing and has gone
from just being used for films and TV to being used in a range of different forms. It is a
really effective thing used and for people to watch as it is always interesting and eye
catching and is something we are now used to seeing on a regular basis.

TV ANIMATION
• Animation is popular in in TV, there are many
different animated TV shows what people will often
watch.
• There is a range of different animation styles used
for cartoons which people watch on a day to day
basis on TV. They use different styles of animation
methods. Such as traditional animation, 2D and 3D
animation, motion graphics and stop motion.
• Some TV shows also where created from popular
games. ‘Sonic underground’ is an example of a TV
show influenced by a popular game.
• Some of the TV programs often look colourful and
creative which can stand out to audiences and
spark there imagination, for example ‘Adventure
time is a very popular kids cartoon which is full of
colour and a lot of creative an interesting
characters. This TV show also has multiple games
created for it.

COMPUTER GAMES
• Computer games are a very popular version
of animation, they use a range of different
styles of animation in them as some games
are created to become more realistic and
others are supposed to be more cartoon like.
• Older animated games such as ‘Sonic the
hedgehog’ are very cartoon like and
pixelated. This game character has also had
multiple TV shows created for it.
• ‘Star wars battlefront 2’ is a more modern
game and has great graphics as the
animation is to try and make it as realistic as
possible, the game runs at 60fps making it a
smoother running game. This game was
produced due to the Star Wars films and
there is also a TV show.
• ‘Assassins creed’ is also a game which looks
realistic, there is a film which was created as
well due to these games.

MUSIC VIDEOS
• Music videos also include different types of
animation. Some use a more cartoon style
animation and others merge real life and
animation together.
• Tame Impala created a video for ‘Feels like we
only go backwards’ this animation consists of
a lot of moving colours which are very eye
catching.
• Melanie Martinez creates a lot of creepy and
weird videos, one which includes animation is
‘Mad Hatter’ this has an ‘Alice in wonderland’
theme to it. She is largely inspired by Tim
Burton, she also includes a gothic style in her
music videos as he does.
• People use animation in there music videos
and audiences often like the different and
creative styles especially in videos like
Martinez’s music videos as she includes

THE FUTURE OF ANIMATION
• The future of animation seems as though there are still going to be further
developments, animation has already drastically changed and improved since the first
pioneer but developments are still being made regularly. Animation in games is
becoming more and more realistic. Animation is still used massively in all different
types of areas as well. Animations popularity will keep on increasing and will advance
to new levels for viewers to watch and enjoy. Models are being created in quicker and
easier ways, Claymation could possibly start being created through robotic structures,
rather then people moving them by hand. The developments are advancing a lot due
to the technology available, so overall animations future is good and it will still consist
of being highly popular to viewers.

History and development of animation assignment

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