Hot sec10 slide-suzaki
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This document proposes replacing the logical sharing of guest OS components through dynamic linking and symbolic links with physical sharing through memory and storage deduplication on virtual machines. It discusses vulnerabilities in logical sharing and how self-contained binaries integrated with deduplication can improve security while reducing resource usage. Experimental results on Gentoo show that while statically compiling binaries increases size, deduplication recovers over 40% of physical memory and storage. Some overhead is introduced but vulnerabilities are eliminated. Further research directions involve increasing code sharing safely and defending against new deduplication attacks.
![Solution, and further problems
• The problems are solved by static-link, but it increase
consumption of memory and storage.
– Fortunately, the increased consumption is mitigated by new
technique, deduplication.
– SLINY[USENIX’05] developed deduplication in Linux kernel.
– It looks the problems are solved …
• Two trends
– Current applications assume dynamic-link and are not re-compiled
as static-link easily .
– Current virtualization offers us deduplication.
• SLINKY uses special Linux kernel. It is not applied on any OSes.
• Using virtualization, guest OS only has to consider the solution
without regard to physical consumption.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hotsec10-slide-suzaki-100811194759-phpapp02/85/Hot-sec10-slide-suzaki-7-320.jpg)
![Storage Deduplication
• Used by CAS (Content addressable Storage)
– data is not addressed by its physical location. Data is addressed by
a unique name derived from the content (a secure hash is used as
a unique name usually)
– Same contents are expressed by one original content (same hash)
and addressed by indirected link.
• Plan9 has Venti [USENIX FAST02]
• NetApp Deduplication (Data Domain) [USENIX FAST08]
• LBCAS (Loopback Content Addressable Storage) [LinuxSymp09]
Virtual Disk CAS Storage Archive
Indexing
Address SHA-1
0000000-0003FFF 4ad36ffe8… New block is
0004000-0007FFF 974daf34a… created with
0008000-000BFFF 2d34ff3e1… new SHA-1
000C000-000FFFF 974daf34a…
…
… sharing
Deduplication](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hotsec10-slide-suzaki-100811194759-phpapp02/85/Hot-sec10-slide-suzaki-13-320.jpg)
![Memory Deduplication
• Memory deduplication is mainly used for virtual machines.
• Very effective when same guest OS runs on several virtual machines.
• On Virtual Machine Monitor
– Disco[OSDI97] has Transparent Page Sharing
– VMWare ESX has Content-Based Page Sharing [SOSP02]
– Xen has Satori[USENIX09] and Differential Engine[OSDI08]
• On Kernel
– Linux has KSM (Kernel Samepage Merging)
from 2.6.32 [LinuxSymp09] Guest Physical Memory
VM1 VM2 VM(n)
• Memory of Process(es) are deduplicated
• KVM uses this mechanism
• These targets are virtual machines, but our
proposal uses memory deduplication on a
single OS image, which increase same pages
with copy of libraries (self-contained binary). Real Physical Memory](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hotsec10-slide-suzaki-100811194759-phpapp02/85/Hot-sec10-slide-suzaki-14-320.jpg)
![Effect of Storage Deduplication
• Storage usage (static) and total read data at boot (dynamic) .
• Statifier expanded storage consumption from the view of
GuestOS on both cases, but Deduplication reduced physical
storage consumption in static and dynamic.
• Smaller chunk is easy to be deduplicated but time overhead is
large.
Static Dynamic (
(boot)
)
normal statifier normal statifier
On Loopback 3,754MB 7,075MB 151.7MB 341.0MB
(Guest OS View) (1.88) (2.25)
4352MB
268,454
LBCAS 16KB [278,499] --- ----
[4195MB]
(1.04)
83,863 304MB
74,679 218MB
LBCAS 64KB [5241MB] [4,866]
[4667MB] [3,481]
(1.12) (1.40)
6723MB 505MB
22,806 390MB
LBCAS 256KB [26,892] [2,019]
[5701MB] [1,560 ]
(1.18) (1.29)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hotsec10-slide-suzaki-100811194759-phpapp02/85/Hot-sec10-slide-suzaki-18-320.jpg)
![Conclusion & Discussion (2/2)
• Deduplication will be mainly used on IaaS type (multi-tenants)
Cloud Computing.
• Two directions of research
• Increase code sharing
– “R t
“Return-Oriented P
O i t d Programming” style b
i ” t l becomes popular?l ?
» Tools: Return Oriented Rootkit [USENIX Security 09]
• Keep security
– Code sharing will increase a chance to attack
– Attack for deduplication will be presented in Rump Session of USENIX
Security.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hotsec10-slide-suzaki-100811194759-phpapp02/85/Hot-sec10-slide-suzaki-22-320.jpg)
Hot sec10 slide-suzaki
- 1. Moving from Logical Sharing of Guest OS to Physical Sharing of Deduplication on Virtual Machine Kuniyasu Suzaki, T hiki Y i K K i S ki Toshiki Yagi, Kengo Iiji Iijima, N Nguyen Anh Quynh, C ill A th A hQ h Cyrille Artho Research Center of Information Security National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology & Yoshihito Watanebe Alpha Systems Inc.
- 2. Contents • Vulnerability of logical sharing (Dynamic-Link Shared Library and Symbolic Link) • Propose replacement of logical sharing by physical sharing – Physical sharing • Deduplication on Memory and Storage – Self-contained binary • It is NOT static-Link binary. • Experimental results • Conclusions with discussing topics
- 3. Logical Sharing • Logical sharing is OS technique to reduce consumption of memory and storage. – “Dynamic-Link Shared Library” for memory and storage – “Symbolic Link” for storage • Unfortunately, they include vulnerability caused by dynamic management. d i t – Search Path Replacement Attack – GOT (Global Offset Table) overwrite attack – Dependency Hell – Etc.
- 4. Search Path Replacement Attack • Dynamic-link searches a shared library at run time using a search path. – Search path is defined by environment variables. • Example: “LD_LIBRARY_PATH” – It allows us to change shared libraries in any directories. • Unfortunately, the search path is easily replaced by an attacker and leads to malicious shared libraries. – Caller program has no methods to certify libraries. • Static-link solves this problem but it wastes memory and storage.
- 5. GOT Overwrite Attack • ELF format has GOT (Global Offset Table) to locate position-independent function address of shared library. The value of GOT is assigned at run time. – GOT is created on Data Segment and vulnerable for overwrite attack. • Static link solves this problem but it wastes memory and storage. Program Library Call Routine Code Code Segment Segment PLT PLT Data Data GOT GOT Segment Segment Attack
- 6. Dependency Hell (DLL Hell in Windows) • Dependency Hell is a management problem of shared libraries. – Package manager maintains versions of libraries. However, the version mismatch may occur, when a user updates a library without package manager. – Caller program has no methods to certify libraries libraries. • Dependency Hell is escalated by symbolic-link, because most shared libraries use symbolic-link to manage minor updates. – /lib/libc.so.6 -> libc-2.10.1.so – # ln –s libc-2.11.1.so libc.so.6 • Static link solves this problem but it wastes memory and storage.
- 7. Solution, and further problems • The problems are solved by static-link, but it increase consumption of memory and storage. – Fortunately, the increased consumption is mitigated by new technique, deduplication. – SLINY[USENIX’05] developed deduplication in Linux kernel. – It looks the problems are solved … • Two trends – Current applications assume dynamic-link and are not re-compiled as static-link easily . – Current virtualization offers us deduplication. • SLINKY uses special Linux kernel. It is not applied on any OSes. • Using virtualization, guest OS only has to consider the solution without regard to physical consumption.
- 8. Static-Link is not easy • Current applications deeply depend on dynamic-link shared libraries for flexibility and for avoiding license contamination problems. • We tried to re-compile /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, and /usr/sbin dynamic-linked binaries (1,162) with static-link on Gentoo. – 185 (15.9%) binaries are re-compiled with static-link. • Binary packages make it difficult to re-compile, because they are not easy to get all source code. – Commercial applications make problem more difficult.
- 9. Self-Contained Binaries • Self-contained binary translator • It is developed to bring a binary to another machine. • It integrates shared libraries into an ELF binary file. – Advantage • Prevent Search Path Replacement Attack and Dependency Hell, Hell because it integrates all libraries. libraries • Mitigate GOT Overwrite Attack, because the addresses are prefixed for each execution. – Disadvantage • Consume more memory and storage than static-link • Tools – Statifier, Autopacage, Ermine for Linux – VMWare “ThinApps(was Thinstall)” for Windows
- 10. Statifier (1/2) • Statifier includes shared library into an ELF binary. • On Normal binary ① _dl_start() of ld-linux.so • Reallocate dynamic link libraries and map them ② _dl_start_user() of ld-linux.so • Call initialization functions in libraries • Statifier creates self-contained binary – Take snapshot before _dl_start_user() and analyze relocation information of functions of libraries from /proc/PID/maps. – The libraries and relocation information are embedded into the binary.
- 11. Statifier (2/2) • Self-Contained Binary – Relocation information and shared libraries are loaded by the starter of statifier. • Includes special libraries: linux-gate.so, ld-linux.so – The ELF binary has no INTERP segment to call ld-linux.so – ldd command shows no dynamic-link shared libraries • However, Statifier makes a larger binary than static link.
- 12. Deduplication • Technique to share same-content chunks at block level (memory and storage). • Same-content chunks are shared by indirect link. – It is easy to implement when a virtual layer exists to access a block device device. – Some virtualizations include deduplication mechanism.
- 13. Storage Deduplication • Used by CAS (Content addressable Storage) – data is not addressed by its physical location. Data is addressed by a unique name derived from the content (a secure hash is used as a unique name usually) – Same contents are expressed by one original content (same hash) and addressed by indirected link. • Plan9 has Venti [USENIX FAST02] • NetApp Deduplication (Data Domain) [USENIX FAST08] • LBCAS (Loopback Content Addressable Storage) [LinuxSymp09] Virtual Disk CAS Storage Archive Indexing Address SHA-1 0000000-0003FFF 4ad36ffe8… New block is 0004000-0007FFF 974daf34a… created with 0008000-000BFFF 2d34ff3e1… new SHA-1 000C000-000FFFF 974daf34a… … … sharing Deduplication
- 14. Memory Deduplication • Memory deduplication is mainly used for virtual machines. • Very effective when same guest OS runs on several virtual machines. • On Virtual Machine Monitor – Disco[OSDI97] has Transparent Page Sharing – VMWare ESX has Content-Based Page Sharing [SOSP02] – Xen has Satori[USENIX09] and Differential Engine[OSDI08] • On Kernel – Linux has KSM (Kernel Samepage Merging) from 2.6.32 [LinuxSymp09] Guest Physical Memory VM1 VM2 VM(n) • Memory of Process(es) are deduplicated • KVM uses this mechanism • These targets are virtual machines, but our proposal uses memory deduplication on a single OS image, which increase same pages with copy of libraries (self-contained binary). Real Physical Memory
- 15. Evaluation • Evaluate the effect of moving form logical sharing to physical sharing. – Effect of Statifier • Applied on binaries under /bin,/sbin,/usr/bin,/usr/sbin of Gentoo (installed on 32GB virtual disk for KVM virtual ( machine) – Memory Deduplication • KSM (Kernel Samepage merging) of Linux with KVM virtual machine (758MB). – Storage Deduplication • LBCAS (Loopback Content Addressable Storage)
- 16. Static Analysis of Statifier • Gentoo was customized by statifier. – The ELF (1,162) binaries under /bin (82 files), /sbin (74), /usr/bin (912), /usr/sbin (94) were customized by statifier. Original Statifier Increase (Dynamic-link) Total 87,865,480 3,572,936,704 40.66 Average 75,615 3,074,816 40.66 Max (gnome-open) 5,400 8,732,672 1617.16 Min (qmake) 3,426,340 6,094,848 1.78 • The disk image (includes non-statifiered files) was expnaded from 3.75GB to 7.08GB (1.88 times).
- 17. Effect of Memory Deduplication • Memory usage at the end of login • Statifier expanded memory consumption from the view of GuestOS, • but Deduplication reduced physical memory consumption. 80000 34.4% 4KB GuestOS View page 70000 60000 50000 GuestOS 93.0% 45 332 View Duplicated 40000 86056 8.9% Deduplicate 22 96 17.3% 30000 48 1 44 41 29732 Unique physical 20000 32706 30410 memory 2 9929 physical 25 291 10000 memory 0 Normal Gentoo Statifier Gentoo
- 18. Effect of Storage Deduplication • Storage usage (static) and total read data at boot (dynamic) . • Statifier expanded storage consumption from the view of GuestOS on both cases, but Deduplication reduced physical storage consumption in static and dynamic. • Smaller chunk is easy to be deduplicated but time overhead is large. Static Dynamic ( (boot) ) normal statifier normal statifier On Loopback 3,754MB 7,075MB 151.7MB 341.0MB (Guest OS View) (1.88) (2.25) 4352MB 268,454 LBCAS 16KB [278,499] --- ---- [4195MB] (1.04) 83,863 304MB 74,679 218MB LBCAS 64KB [5241MB] [4,866] [4667MB] [3,481] (1.12) (1.40) 6723MB 505MB 22,806 390MB LBCAS 256KB [26,892] [2,019] [5701MB] [1,560 ] (1.18) (1.29)
- 19. Trace of memory consumption Normal Gentoo Statifer Gentoo Loopback GuestOS View Physical Physical Mem View Mem View GuestOS View Auto Auto login login LBCAS (256KB) GuestOS View Physical GuestOS View Mem View Physical Mem View Auto Auto login login
- 20. Time overhead at boot • Statifier reduced the boot time, because it eliminated dynamic reallocation overhead. • Deduplication increased the boot time. The overhead of KSM and LBCAS was less than 37%. – The overhead is a penalty to remove the vulnerabilities of logical sharing. Without KSM With KSM Normal Statifier Normal Statifier Loopback 95s 84s 95s 105s Reduced LBCAS 107s 108s 115s 130s (256KB)
- 21. Conclusion & Discussion (1/2) • Self-Contained binaries strengthen OS security. – Prevent Search Path Replacement Attack, GOT (Global Offset Table) overwrite attack, Dependency Hell – Easy to apply on normal OS. It does not require source code and re-compile. – Increase consumption of memory and storage. • Deduplication mitigates the consumption of memory and storage caused by self-contained binary. – Encourage moving from Logical sharing to Physical Sharing • Deduplication is utilized to increase security on single OS.
- 22. Conclusion & Discussion (2/2) • Deduplication will be mainly used on IaaS type (multi-tenants) Cloud Computing. • Two directions of research • Increase code sharing – “R t “Return-Oriented P O i t d Programming” style b i ” t l becomes popular?l ? » Tools: Return Oriented Rootkit [USENIX Security 09] • Keep security – Code sharing will increase a chance to attack – Attack for deduplication will be presented in Rump Session of USENIX Security.