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Hydrocarbons1_grade_9_science lesson_detailed
- 1.
- 2. Organic • Refers tonot just something related to life but has become more associated with the element typically present in organic compounds – carbon. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • The study of carbon and its compounds.
- 3. Organic Compounds • Proteins •Sugars • Starches • Fats • Vitamins
- 4. What is sospecial about Carbon? • It has its own branch of study for its compounds. • There are more carbon compounds than all the compounds of all other elements combined. • About 95% of compounds known today contain carbon.
- 5. The Uniqueness of Carbon •It has an ability to bond with each other to form molecules in straight chains and branched chains and to form rings or cyclic structures.
- 6. Carbon • Its Lewisstructure can be written as: C TETRAVALENT
- 7. Carbon • The bondingof carbon atoms may be in single (C–C), double (C=C) or triple (C=C) bonds. • Carbon mostly bond with nonmetals such as H, O, N, S, Cl, Br, I, F, P and Si.
- 8.
- 9. Hydrocarbon • Compounds containingonly carbon and hydrogen • It is the simplest organic compound. • It is classified into two main types: Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- 10. Aromatic Hydrocarbon • Thosethat contain benzene rings or similar structures.
- 11. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon • Thosethat do not contain benzene rings. • Their carbon skeletons may be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated Hydrocarbons – consist of single bonds Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – consist of atleast one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14. Alkanes • have thegeneral molecular formula CnH2n+2 • The simplest one, methane (CH4), is also the most abundant and major component of biogas.
- 15. Isomers • Came from:Iso = “same” and mer = “part” • These are substances that have the same number and kind of atoms – that is, the same molecular formula – but with different structural forms. NOTE: butane can exist in as n-butane (straight chained) or isobutane (branched chain)
- 16. Isomers • Because theirstructures are different, isomers are different substances and have different properties.
- 17. Facts to beremember: 1.Methane, Ethane and Propane, the first three alkanes, need not to be designated as n-alkanes since they have no corresponding isomers. 2. Starting from pentane. . . The name is derived from the Greek prefixes followed by the ending –ane. Example: C6H14 (six carbons) Hex + ane = Hexane
- 18. Facts to beremember: 3. The condensed structural formulas are “shortcuts” or abbreviated structural formula. Example: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)3CH3 4. The boiling point of alkanes increases as molecular size or the number of carbon atoms increases.
- 19. QUIZ Complete the table: Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula n- hexane n - heptane n – octane
- 20. Cycloalkanes • Hydrocarbons withonly single bonds that form a cyclic structure • Have the general formula CnH2n where n = 3, 4, 5 . . .
- 21.
- 22. Alkenes • Have thegeneral formula CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4 . . . • They are unsaturated because they contain atleast one carbon-carbon double bond • Alkenes serve as primary materials in the production of polymers used in manufacture of plastics and similar
- 23. Example of Alkenes Alkene Molecular Formula Condensed StructuralFormula Ethene C2H4 CH2=CH2 1 - butene C4H8 CH2=CHCH2CH3 2 - butene C4H8 CH3CH=CHCH3 2 - pentene C5H10 CH3CH=CHCH2CH3
- 24. Naming of Alkenes Greekprefix (no. of carbons) + ene NOTE: It is necessary to indicate the position of the carbon-carbon double bond. The numbering of carbons in the chain should be such, that the lowest possible number is assigned to the position of C=C bond.
- 25. Naming of Alkenes Numberingof C atoms in 2-pentene: CH2CH=CHCH2CH3 CH2CH=CHCH2CH3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 X
- 26. QUIZ Name the followingAlkenes: 1. CH3CH=CHCH2CH2CH3 2. CH3CH2CH=CH2 3. CH3CH2CH=CH2CH2CH2CH3 4. CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 5. CH3CH2CH2CH2=CH2CH2CH2CH3
- 27. QUIZ Name the followingAlkenes: 6. CH3CH2CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH3 7. CH3CH2CH=C=CH2 8. CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2CH2CH2CH3 9. CH2=CHCH2CH=CHCH3 10. CH3CH=CHCH2=CH2CH2CH2CH3
- 28. Alkynes • Have thegeneral formula CnH2n-2 where n = 2, 3, 4 . . . • They are unsaturated because they contain atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond • The simplest alkyne is ethyne better known as acetylene (C2H2)
- 29. Naming of Alkynes Greekprefix (no. of carbons) + yne NOTE: It is necessary to indicate the position of the carbon-carbon triple bond. The numbering of carbons in the chain should be such, that the lowest possible number is assigned to the position of triple bond.
- 30. Example of Alkynes Alkyne Molecular Formula Condensed StructuralFormula Ethyne C2H2 CH=CH Propyne C3H4 CH=CCH3 2 -butyne C4H6 CH3C=CCH3
- 31. Complete the tablebelow, supply the needed data. Alkyne Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed structural formula 2-butyne Pentyne
- 32. Seatwork Name the followingAlkynes: 6. CH3CH2CH2C=CCH2C=CCH3 7. CH3C=C=CCH2 8. CH=CCH2C=CCH2C=CCH3 9. CH=CCH2C=CCH2CH3 10. CH3C=CCH2C=CCH2C=CH
Editor's Notes
- #10 Serve as backbone of organic compounds .Naturally occurring fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas at coal.
- #11 Because come of these has strong odor such as naptelene.
- #12 May exist as branched, straight or cyclic chains. We may categorized aliphatic carbon as to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Saturated those with single chains such as alkanes, unsaturated such as alkenes and alkynes.
- #15 Saturated sya because it has a maximum number of hydrogens in its structure. n – refers to the number of carbon atoms. Methane- release sa mga nabubulok na bagay.
- #21 Hydrocrabons that can form ring structure.