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Hypothesis
- 2. Meaning In ordinary context: Hypothesis means mere assumptions or supposition which are to be proved or disproved. In research context: Hypothesis is a formal question that is intended to resolve.
- 3. Definition Hypothesis may be defined as a proposition of a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group phenomenon either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts.
- 4. Hypothesis Defined An educated guess A tentative point of view A proposition not yet tested A preliminary explanation A preliminary Postulate
- 5. Definition by Various Authors “A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables”. (Kerlinger, 1956) “Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches – assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible”. (Eric Rogers, 1966) “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.”(Creswell, 1994)
- 6. Characteristics Related to problem Clear & Precise State relation Testable Specific & Simple Amenable with time “If a prisoner learns a work skill while in jail, then he is less likely to commit a crime when he is released. ”
- 7. Purpose Guides/gives direction to the study/investigation Defines Facts that are relevant and not relevant Suggests which form of research design is likely to be the most appropriate Provides a framework for organizing the conclusions of the findings Limits the research to specific area Offers explanations for the relationships between those variables that can be empirically tested
- 8. Components of Hypothesis To be complete the hypothesis must include three components: Variables Population Relation “Increased faculty’s efficiency will improve students' result”
- 11. Universal hypothesis It is one, which denotes that, the stated relationship holds for all specified variables for all times at all places. For example, “if brave soldiers are frequently rewarded for their better performance, they will perform better.” This relationship hold true for all time and all place.
- 12. Existential Hypothesis It is one in which the stated relationship is said to exist for atleast one particular case. For example, There are at least few corporate workers who are scrounger and may not perform better despite the fact that he is being awarded suitably for better performance.s
- 13. Null Hypothesis Null hypothesis always predicts that there is no relationship between the variables being studied. The researcher wishes to disapprove this hypothesis. It is denoted by H0 For example: “There is no relationship between smoking and lung cancer.”
- 14. Alternate Hypothesis The alternate hypothesis always predicts that there will be a relationship between the variables being studied. It is denoted by Ha Non Directional Directional Hypothesis Hypothesis
- 15. Continued If the hypothesis simply predicts that there will be a difference between the two groups, then it is a non- directional hypothesis. It is non-directional because it predicts that there will be a difference but does not specify how the groups will differ. “smoking leads to lungs cancer” If, however, the hypothesis uses so-called comparison terms, such as “greater,”“less,”“better,” or “worse,” then it is a directional hypothesis. It is directional because it predicts that there will be a difference between the two groups and it specifies how the two groups will differ “smoking will increase the chances of lungs cancer in a person than a person who do not smoke.”
- 16. Research Hypothesis This type of hypothesis is derived from some type of theory or some observation and examination. In other words, the hypothesis set upon the basis of theory or prior observation or on logical grounds.
- 17. Procedure for hypothesis testing
- 18. Flow diagram of hypothesis testing