In depth presentation about the muscoskeletal system
- 1. Musculoskeletal System Part 1.A: Skeletal System
- 2. Scope I. II. III. Skeleton Cartilage Bone A.Axial Skeleton • Skull •Vertebral Column •Thoracic Cage B. Appendicular Skeleton •Pectoral (Upper limb) •Pelvic (Lower limb)Joints
- 3. CARTILAGE
- 4. Cartilage • • • • Primarily made up of water Contains no nerves or blood vessels Special type of dense regular connective tissue Surrounded by: •Perichondrium
- 5. Three Types of Cartilage •Hyaline cartilage •Flexibility and mobility •Elastic cartilage •Contains more stretchy elastic fibers • Fibrocartilage •Highly compressible with great tensile strength
- 6. Growth of Cartilage • • • Flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis Grows in twoways. Appositional growth - > cartilage- forming cells secretes new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue • Interstitial growth -> lacunae-bound chondrocytes -> divide and secrete new matrix, within. expanding the cartilage from
- 7. BONE
- 8. Bones • Serves as: •Support • Protection •Anchorage •Mineral storage •Blood cell formation •Triglyceride (fat) storage •Hormone production
- 9. Bones • Classify by location •Axial skeleton •Appendicular skeleton • Shape •Long bones •Short bones •Sesamoid bones •Flat bones •Irregular bones
- 10. Gross Anatomy
- 12. Bones • Hematopoietic Tissue • Red marrow • • Infants: medullary cavity Adults: long bones (red marrow Yellow marrow) à
- 13. Bone Markings • provide a wealth of information about howthe bone is attachedto muscles and ligaments; worktogether • Categories: 1.Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
- 14. Bone Markings • Categories: 1.Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment 2.Surfaces that form joints
- 15. Bone Markings • Categories: 1.Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment 2.Surfaces that form joints 3. Depressions and openings for blood vessels and nerves.
- 17. BONE FORMATION
- 18. Bone Formation • • Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification - bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage - bone develops from a fibrous membrane
- 19. Bone Formation -Endochondral ossification A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model 1. Mesenchymal cells → Osteoblasts →Osteoid → Collar a. Chondrocytes within the shaft hypertrophy → Primary Ossification center b. 2. Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities hypertrophied chondrocytes calcify → chondrocytes die and the matrix begins to deteriorates → Cavities
- 20. Bone Formation -Endochondral ossification 3.The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms • Cavities →invaded by collections of elements (periosteal bud) • Osteoclast partially erode cartilage matrix → osteoid produced around the calcified fragments → earliest version of spongy bones
- 21. Bone Formation -Endochondral ossification 4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. • primary ossification center enlarges, osteoclasts break down the newly formed spongy bone and open up a medullary cavity in the center of the diaphysis • secondary ossification centers develop in one or both epiphyses 5. The epiphyses ossify
- 22. Bone Formation -Intramembranous ossification 4. Compact bone replaces immature spongy bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow develops. Ossification centers develop in the fibrous connective tissue membrane 1. 2. Osteoid is secreted and calcifies. 3. Immature spongy bone and periosteum form.
- 23. BONE REMODELLING
- 24. Bone remodeling • •Responds to: Constituted by: • • • • Resorption Deposition Hormones Stress-sensing osteocytes
- 25. Bone remodeling –Resorption -PTH
- 29. Describe the fracture A. A.Incomplete, displaced, open B.Incomplete, displaced, close C.Incomplete, nondisplaced, open D.Incomplete, nondisplaced, close A B NORMAL for reference
- 30. Clinical Corner -Fractures Incomplete Displaced Closed / simple NORMAL for reference A B
- 31. Describe the fracture B. A.Complete, displaced, open B.Incomplete, displaced, close C.Incomplete, displaced, open D.Complete, displaced, close A B NORMAL for reference
- 32. A B Complete Displaced Closed / simple NORMAL for reference Clinical Corner -Fractures Incomplete Displaced
- 34. Bone Remodeling
- 35. BONE DISORDERS
- 37. Paget’s Disease • • Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption Pagetic Bone → newly formed bone
- 38. Musculoskeletal System Part 1.B: Skeletal System -Skeleton
- 39. Scope I. II. III. Skeleton Cartilage Bone A.Axial Skeleton • Skull •Vertebral Column •Thoracic Cage B. Appendicular Skeleton •Pectoral (Upper limb) •Pelvic (Lower limb)Joints
- 40. SKELETON
- 41. AXIAL SKELETON
- 43. Skull • Consist of: • • • • 8 cranial bones / cranium 14 facial bones Most are flat bones All except Mandible is united by Sutures Sagittal Suture
- 44. • • Cranial bones Cranium • • Unpaired 8 cranial bones composed of: •Paired • • • • • • Parietal Temporal Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
- 46. •Facial Bones: • • Paired 14 bones •Composed of: •Unpaired • • • • • • • • Mandible Vomer Maxillae Zygomatic Nasals Lacrimals Palatines Inferior nasal conchae
- 47. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- 49. Five regions • • • • • Cervical –7 vertebrae Thoracic –12 vertebrae Lumbar –5 vertebrae Sacrum -articulates with hip bone Cocyx - terminus
- 55. PECTORAL / SHOULDER GIRDLE
- 61. UPPER LIMB
- 62. ARM
- 66. FOREARM
- 70. HAND
- 72. PELVIC / HIP GIRDLE
- 75. LOWER LIMB
- 76. THIGH
- 80. LEG
- 83. FOOT