Indian constitution

CONTENTS
1.What Is Constitution Anyway?

2.Why Do We Need Constitution?

3.The History of Constitution of India.

4.The Framing of Constitution of India.

5.The Preamble to Constitution of India.

6.What Is The constitution of India?
7.Main Characteristics of Constitution of
India.
The First Book of Constitution of India is
8.Conclusion Located at Parliament Library Building,
New Delhi, India.
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India.
The First Book of Constitution Located at
8.Conclusion Parliament Library Building, New Delhi

3

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for
games (like- soccer), for social clubs and for adults in the workplace. There are
also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling
us what we should and should not do.
For example- In the game of soccer, a referee has "full authority to enforce the Rules
or Law of the Game on the Players”, when a player do something against the Rules
referee takes action like send-off a player, as shown in images below.

should Should not Red-card
4

Some rules that are made by the legislatures (also known as Lok sabha/Rajya
Sabha in India), for there own country, are called “Law”.
We need Laws in Society so our society can regulate and work properly. They
are designed to protect us and our property and to ensure that everyone in
society behaves the way that the community expects them too.

Laws tell us what to expect as a consequence of our actions. Laws have been
the glue that has kept society together. Without laws there would be complete
anarchy.

5

I) In General-
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All other laws have to
conform to the Constitution. The constitution contains laws concerning the
government and its relations with the people.
A constitution is concerned with 2 main aspects:-
a) The relation between the different levels of government and
b) Between the government and the citizens.

Constitution
...
Government
… The People

6

Role of Constitution in relationship between Government and its people:-

CONSTITUTION

GOVERNMENT THE PEOPLE

LEGISLATIVE Makes Laws

JUDICIARY Interprets Laws

EXECUTIVE Enforces Laws

Fig.- Role of Constitution in relationship between Government and its people
7

II) Technical Definitions-

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents
according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules
together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are
written down into a single collection or set of legal documents, those
documents may be said to comprise a written constitution.

or

The document containing laws and rules which determine and describe the
form of the government, the relationship between the citizens and the
government, is called a Constitution.

8

III) An observation-

“The Constitution is not an instrument for the government to restrain the
people, it is an instrument for the people to restrain the government.” --Patrick
Henry

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

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India.
New Delhi, India.
10

In General-
I. We need a constitution to govern a country properly.

II. The constitution defines the nature of political system of a country.

III. sometimes we feel strongly about an issue that might go against our larger
interests and the constitution helps us guard against this.

IV. All the 3 organs of government (executive, legislature and judiciary)
functions within the constitution. All the 3 organs of government, including
ordinary citizens, derive their power and authority (i.e. Fundamental Right)
from the constitution. If they act against it, it is unconstitutional and
unlawful.

So constitution is required to have authoritative allocation of power and
function, and also to restrict them within its limit.
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12

To perform following Functions we need Constitution-

I. The first function of a constitution is to provide a set of basic rules that
allow for minimal coordination amongst members of a society.

II. The second function of a constitution is to specify who has the power to
make decisions in a society. It decides how the government will be
constituted.

III. The third function of a constitution is to set some limits on what a
government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in
the sense that government may ever trespass them.

IV. The fourth function of a constitution is to enable the government to fulfill
the separations of a society and create conditions for a just society.
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India.
New Delhi, India.
14

A Look at Ancient India-
India is a home of ancient “Indus valley civilization” which goes back to 3300–
1300 BC (mature period 2600–1900 BC). India is a world famous for its ancient
history and culture.

Shiva Pashupati & Swastika Seals from the Indus Valley

The time Before 500 AD is widely accepted as era of Ancient India. The earliest
anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia date from
approximately 30,000 years ago.
But regarding to Constitutional History, India goes back to only 3rd Century
BC(269 BC to 231 BC) in the time of the Emperor “Ashoka The Great.”
15

Indian Constitutional History
Emperor Ashoka Maurya established constitutional principles,
1.324 BC - 185 BC
Engraved them in major rocks, pillar and on minor rocks for public
to take reference. Also known as Edicts of Ashoka.

2.1599AD-1765AD East India Company takes total administrative control by
gaining right of taxation in Bengal after Battle of Plassey (1757).

East India Company takes total unified control over the whole of
3.1765AD-1858AD India from a single center in Calcutta. But its rule ended with the
Revolt of 1857.

This period of the British Raj was the time when the Constitution
4.1858AD-1947AD
of India took shape.

Finally Constitution of India, created in independent India by its
5.1950AD own free people, was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came
into effect on 26 January 1950. As we know it and use it today.
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1) The Edicts of Ashoka (324 BC - 185 BC) established constitutional
principles for the 3rd century BC Maurya king's rule in Ancient India.
The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of
Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of
the Mauryan dynasty.

Fragment of the 6th Pillar, in Brahmi, View of the Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali.
sandstones. British Museum.

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2) East India Company (1599AD-1765AD)- In 1600, the East India Company
came to India as a trading company from Britain. In 1765, it became an
administrative power after gaining the Right of Taxation in Bengal after
defeating the Nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey (1757).

Established in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth View of East India House

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3) East India Company (1765AD-1858AD)- During this period, the company
established a unified control over the whole of India from a single center in
Calcutta. Different Acts and Laws were forced by company during this period
just so company could remain in power and authority. But the company came
under increasing control by parliament of Britain and its rule ended with the
Revolt of 1857.

Different battles all over the India.
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4) British Raj(1858AD-1947AD)- This period of the British Raj was the time
when the Constitution of India took shape. The main stages of its evolution
were:

I. The Act for the Better Government of India (1858)- This put India directly under the control
of the British government. It set up the office of the Secretary of State, member of the British
parliament, who would be in charge of Indian government. In India, the Governor-General,
working under the Secretary of State, led the administration.

Flag of British India (Known as star of India) Left Hunting of Indian Tigers, Right Famines and epidemics in the British Raj
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II. Indian Councils Act (1861)- A separate legislative council was set up to assist the Governor-
General in making laws. Indians could be appointed to the council, but only on the discretion of
the Governor-General.

III. Indian Councils Act (1892)- As a result of Indian demands, the sizes of the executive and
legislative councils were increased. More Indians were appointed to these Councils, and the
principle of election was introduced.

IV. Indian Councils Act (1909)- This act increased the sizes of the councils again, and also gave
the legislative council the power to discuss certain matters and to ask questions. More people
were elected to the councils.

V. Government of India Act (1919)- This introduced 'diarchy' (partial responsible government) at
the provincial level. Elected Indians were given charge of some areas of government (e.g.,
industry, education) at the provincial level.

21

VI. Government of India Act (1935)- This introduced 'provincial autonomy': responsible
government at the provinces with elected Indians in charge of the administration, and
responsible to the elected legislatures. A federal government was proposed, though it did not
come into effect. At the centre, 'diarchy' was introduced.
VII. Indian Independence Act (1947)- The British gave up control of the Government of India to
two dominions - India and Pakistan. For the time being till the constitution was made, both of
them would be governed in accordance with the Government of India act 1935.

The Partition of British India was based on the prevailing religions, Photo of Refugees at railway station in Punjab
broadly as shown in this map of 1909.
22

5) Constitution of India(1950AD)- The Constitution was enacted by the
Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26
January 1950.

The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj
declaration of independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of
India officially became the modern and contemporary Republic of India and
it replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the country's fundamental
governing document.

Conscious efforts were made to have consensus on different issues and
principles and thereby avoid disagreement. The consensus came in the
form of the ‘Objectives Resolution’ moved by Jawahar Lal Nehru in the
Constituent Assembly on December 17, 1946 which was almost
unanimously adopted on January 22, 1947.
23

In the light of these ‘Objectives’ the Assembly completed its task by November
26, 1949. The constitution was enforced with effect from January 26, 1950.
From that day India became Republic of India.

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CONTENTS





India.
New Delhi, India.
25

The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of
India. Following India's independence from Great Britain, its members
served as the nation's first Parliament.
This body was formed in 1946 for the purpose of making independent India's
constitution. The assembly passed a resolution in 1947 January defining the
objectives of the constitution:-
1) To set up a Union of India comprising British India and the princely states.
2) To set up a federal form of government with separate state and central governments.
3) To set up a democracy in which all power is derived from the people:
I) where all people are guaranteed justice, equality and freedom;
II) where minorities, depressed classes and the tribal's rights are protected;
4) To protect the integrity of India and her sovereign rights over land, sea and air.
5) To help India attain its rightful place in the world - and work for peace and welfare of all
mankind.
26

Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first president (temporary) of the
Constituent Assembly when it met on December 9, 1946. Later, Dr. Rajendra
Prasad became the President of the Constituent Assembly and Dr. Bhimrao
Ambedkar became the Chairman of its drafting committee on December
11,1946 .

First president (temporary) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha (Left) on December 9, 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Middle) the President
of the Constituent Assembly and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar (Right) the Chairman of its drafting committee as on December 11,1946
.
27

The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by the elected
members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the
Princely States. To these were to be added a representative each from the four Chief
Commissioners Provinces of Delhi, Ajmer- Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan.

First day (December 9, 1946) of the Constituent Assembly. From right: B. G. Kher and Sardar Vallabhai Patel;
K. M. Munshi is seated behind Patel.
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Borrowed features of constitution of India
1.From U.K. - Nominal Head – President, Cabinet System of Ministers, Post of PM, Parliamentary Type of Govt.,
Bicameral Parliament, Lower House more powerful, Council of Ministers responsible to Lower House, Provision
of Speaker in Lok Sabha.

2.From U.S.A- Written constitution, Appointment of Vice President, Fundamental Rights, Supreme court,
Head of the state known as president, Provision of states, Judicial review

3.From Australia- Concurrent List, Centre-State relationship, Language of the Preamble

4.From USSR- Fundamental Duties, Five year plan

5.From Germany- Emergency provisions

6.From Japan- Law on which the Supreme Court functions

7.From Canada- Federal System and Residuary powers

8.From South Africa- Procedure of constitutional amendment

9.From Ireland- Concept of Directive Principles of state policy.

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For the time being till the constitution was made, India would be
governed in accordance with the Government of India act 1935.

The Assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a
period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution.
It was finally passed and accepted on Nov 26, 1949. In all the 284 members of
the Assembly signed the official copies (Original) of the Indian Constitution.

After many deliberations and some modifications over 111 plenary sessions in
114 days, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two copies (Final) of the
document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950

Same day the Assembly unanimously elected Dr, Rajendra Prasad as the
President of India. which came into effect on Jan 26, 1950, known and
celebrated as the Republic Day of India.
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The 63rd Republic Day Celebrations on 26th January
2012 at New Delhi, India
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CONTENTS



4.The Framing of Constitution of India


India.
New Delhi, India.
32

The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the
guiding purpose and principles of the document.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India
into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and
to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity
of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November,
1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION.

33

The first words of the Preamble - "We, the people" - signifies that power is
ultimately vested in the hands of the People of India. So far the Preamble
has been amended only once in 1976 by 42nd amendment (change) which
inserted the words Socialism, Secularism and Integrity. A brief description
of these concepts are as follows (in the order they come in Preamble)-

1. Sovereign- It means free to follow internal and external Policies.

2. Secular- It means no particular Religion is preferred.

3. Socialist- It means no concentration of Power and Money.

4. Democratic- It means rule by elected representative of the People of India.

5. Republic- It means no room for hereditary ruler or monarch.
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The preamble-page, along with other pages of the First and original Book of Constitution of India,
was designed (Art) and decorated (Frames) solely by renowned painter Beohar shakha.

Hindi (Left) and English (Middle) versions of Preamble as available in the First book of Constitution of India (Right).
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Purpose of Having a Preamble:
The Preamble to our Constitution serves two purposes: -
A) It indicates the source from which the Constitution derives its authority;

B) It also states the objects, which the Constitution seeks to establish and
promote.

The Preamble seeks to establish what Mahatma Gandhi described as The
India of my Dreams, "…an India in which the poorest shall feel that it is their
country in whose making they have an effective voice; …an India in which all
communities shall leave I perfect harmony. There can be no room in such an
India for the curse of unsociability or the curse of Intoxicating drinks and drugs.
Woman will enjoy as the same rights as man."

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India.
New Delhi, India.
37

(i) Constitution of India In General:-
Constitution of India is considered to be the supreme law of the country, as it
puts forth the framework of fundamental political principles. It establishes the
structure, procedures, powers and duties of the government and mentions the
fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens.
The Constitution declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist Democratic, and
Republic with a parliamentary form of government.
The Indian Constitution shows Federal as well as Unitary System.

1. Federal System- powers are divided and/or shared between state and
central governments

2. Union System- power concentration in central government with weak state
Government
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Both features are listed below:-
Federal Features-
1. Supremacy of the Constitution,
2. Division of power between the Union (central Governments) and State, and
3. The existence of an independent judiciary in the Indian Constitution.

Unitary Features-
1. Single Citizenship
2. Single Constitution
3. Power of union to override on the state matters
4. During emergency the system became virtually unitary
5. Changes in the names and boundaries of the states by the Parliament
6. Integrated Judiciary System
7. Centre appoints the Governors
8. Dependence of states on the centre for economic assistance and grants.
39

Both featuresof Constitution of India:- The Constitution, in its current form (March 2011),
(ii) Structure are listed below:-
consists of 1 preamble, 25 parts containing 450 articles, 12 schedules, 2 appendices and 97
amendments to date. Although it is federal in nature it also has a strong unitary bias.

Constitution of India
Fundamental Rights

Directive Principles

Fundamental Duties
Preamble 1 Parts 25

Articles 450

Amendments 97 Schedules 12 Appendices 2
40

Different elements of constitution are described as follows:-

1. Preamble (1) - The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief
introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of
the document.
2. Parts (25) – The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together
into the following Parts:
1. Part I – Union and its Territory
2. Part II – Citizenship.
3. Part III – Fundamental Rights.
4. Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy.
5. Part IVA – Fundamental Duties.
6. Part V – The Union.
7. Part VI – The States.
8. Part VII – States in the B part of the First schedule (Repealed).
9. Part VIII – The Union Territories
10. Part IX – The Panchayats.
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11. Part IXA – The Municipalities. (Part IXB – The Cooperative Societies -not effective yet)
12. Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
13. Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States.
14. Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
15. Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
16. Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States.
17. Part XIVA – Tribunals.
18. Part XV – Elections
19. Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes.
20. Part XVII – Languages
21. Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
22. Part XIX – Miscellaneous
23. Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
24. Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
25. Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals

3. Article (1-450) - It is subcategory of different Parts in the constitution which
contains detail information of the subject or the Title which an Article
represents.
42

4. Amendments (97) - Amendment of the Constitution of India is the process of
making changes to the nation's fundamental law. Changes to the Indian
constitution are made by the federal parliament. The procedure is laid out in
Part XX, Article 368, of the Constitution.

5. Schedules (12) - Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and
tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

6. Appendices (2) - They are extension to the constitution.

7. Fundamentals Rights (Part III- Article12-35) - The word fundamental
suggests that these rights are so important that the Constitution has separately
listed them and made special provisions for their protection. The Fundamental
Rights are so important that the Constitution itself ensures that they are not
violated by the government.
43

Fundamental Rights are different from other rights available to us. While
ordinary legal rights are protected and enforced by ordinary law,
Fundamental Rights are protected and guaranteed by the constitution of the
country.
The Constitution of India recognizes certain basic fundamental rights for every
citizen of India, such as:-
(a) Right to Equality

(b) Right to Freedom

(c) Right to Freedom of Religion

(d) Right against Exploitation

(e) Cultural & Educational Rights

(f) Right to Constitutional Remedies
44

Ordinary rights may be changed by the legislature by ordinary process of law
making, but a fundamental right may only be changed by amending the
Constitution itself. Besides this, no organ of the government can act in a
manner that violates them.
Any infringement of fundamental rights can be challenged by any citizen of
India in the court of law. The Constitution of India also prescribes some
fundamental duties on every citizen in India.

45

8. Fundamental Duties (Part IV Article 51A )- These Fundamental rights
have been provided at the cost of some fundamental duties. These are
considered as the duties that must be and should be performed by every
citizen of India. These fundamental duties are defined as:
It shall be the duty of every citizens of India: -

a. To abide by the Constitution.
b. To uphold & protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
c. To Cherish & follow the noble ideas which inspired our national struggle for freedom
d. To defend the country & render national service when called upon to do so.
e. To promote harmony & the spirit of common brotherhood.
f. To value & preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
g. To protect & improve the national environment.
h. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
i. To safeguard public property & to abjure violence.
j. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual & collective activity, so that the nations
constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor & achievement.

46

9. Directive Principles (Part IV- Article36-51)- It provides the social and
economic base of a genuine democracy. The classification of these are as
follows-
1. Socio-economic Principles
2. Liberal Principles
3. Gandhian Principles
4. International principles
1. Socio-economic Principles
1. Article 38 of the Constitution of India shall endeavor to formulate such social system which will
secure social, economic and political justice to all in all the spheres of life.
2. Article 39(a) the state shall try to formulate its policy in such a manner so as to secure adequate
means of livelihood for all its citizens.
3. Article 39(b) the ownership of material resources would be controlled in such a manner so as to
sub serve the common good.
4. Article 39(c) the economy of the state will be administered in such a manner so that wealth may
not yet be concentrated in a few hands and the means of production may not be used against
the public interest.
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5. Article 41 of the Indian Constitution, the State will work within the limits of its economic viability
and progress, provide to the citizens the right to work, the right to education and general
assistance in the event of unemployment, old age, disease and other disabilities.
6. Article 42 of the Indian Constitution, the state will make provisions for the creation of just and
humane conditions of work. It will also ensure maternity relief.
7. Article 43 of the Indian Constitution, the state will ensure adequate wages, good life and rest to
the laborers. The state will also endeavor to make available to the laborers various sociocultural
facilities.

2. Liberal Principles
1. Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, the State shall endeavor to formulate and implement a
Uniform civil-code for all the people living throughout the territory of India.
2. Article 45 of the Indian Constitution, the State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care
and education for all the children until they complete the age of six years.
3. Article 47 of the Indian Constitution, the State shall strive to raise the level of nutrition and the
standard of living. Thus, it will endeavor to improve upon the health of the people.
4. Article 48 of the Indian Constitution, the State shall strive to organize agriculture and husbandry
on modern and scientific lines. It will also try to maintain and improve upon the breed of the
animals.
48

5. Article 50 of the Indian Constitution the state will try to separate the judiciary from the executive
in the case of public service.

3. Gandhian Principles
1. Article 40, State will strive to organize Panchayats in villages and will endow them with such
powers which enable them to act as units of self government.
2. Article 43, the state shall strive to develop the cottage industry in the rural areas both, on
individual or cooperative basis.
3. Article 47,the state will strive to ban the consumption of wine, other intoxicating drinks and all
such commodities which are considered injurious to health.
4. Article 48 reveals that State will ban slaughtering of cows, calves and other milk cattle.

4. International principles
1. Article 51(a)- The State will strive to promote international peace and security.
2. Article 51(b)- The State will strive to maintain just and honorable relations among various states
in the world.
3. Article 51(c)- The State will endeavor to promote respect for International treaties, agreements,
and law.
4. Article 51(f )- The State will strive to settle international disputes by arbitration.
49

(iii) Constitution of India and Government:- The Indian government is divided
Into three distinct but interrelated branches: Legislative, Executive and
Judiciary – have to function within their own spheres demarcated under the
Constitution. In other words, the doctrine of Separation of Powers has been
implicitly recognized by the Indian Constitution.

Government of India

Legislative Judiciary Executive
The Parliament of India =the The Supreme Court of India The President of India, Vice
President of India + the two Houses consists of a Chief Justice and 30 President, Cabinet, executive
Lok Sabha (House of the People) associate justices departments and agencies.
and Rajya Sabha (Council of
States).
50

(iv) The Basic Principles of the Constitution of India:-
A careful study of the Constitution will show that there are at least eight basic
principles which are embodied in it and which form the foundation of the
political system in India. These are:

(1) Popular sovereignty,
(2) Socialism,
(3) Secularism,
(4) Fundamental rights,
(5) Directive Principles of State Policy,
(6) Judicial independence,
(7) Federalism and
(8) Cabinet government.

51

(v) Procedure of Amendments of the Constitution of India:-
The basic structure of the Constitution is unchangeable and only such
amendments to the Constitution are allowed which do not affect its basic
structure or rob it of its essential character.
1. By simple majority of the Parliament: Amendments in this category can
be made by a simple majority of members present and voting, before sending
them for the President's assent.
2. By special majority of the Parliament: Amendments can be made in this
category by a two - third majority of the total number of members present and
voting, which should not be less than half of the total membership of the
house.
3. By special majority of the Parliament and ratification of at least half of
the state legislatures by special majority. After this, it is sent to the President
for his assent.
52

An amendment to the “Constitution of India” is an extremely difficult affair, and
normally needs at least “two-thirds(2/3)” of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
to pass it.

However, the Constitution of India is one of the most frequently amended
constitutions in the world. Many matters that would be dealt with by ordinary
statutes in most democracies must be dealt with by constitutional amendment
in India due to the document's extraordinary detail.

53

(vi) Checks and Balances:-
The Indian Supreme Court and Election Commission are recognized as
the bedrock of Indian democracy; these two bodies stand up to the
enormous powers that the constitution invests in the central government in
general and to the unbridled powers of the Indian prime minister in particular.
The checks and balances that are provided by
the constitution also smooth out the strained
relations between the central government and
the states by limiting the central government's
ability to interfere in the states' affairs. Usually,
either the state government or a political party
may file an appeal or a writ petition in the
Supreme Court against a policy or practice of
the union or a state.
54

Although India's constitution follows the British parliamentary system, it is the
constitution and not the parliament of India that reigns supreme. As in the
United States, the Indian courts interpret the constitution and adjudicate the
laws passed by the parliament.

Although the parliament has the authority to amend
the constitution, India's courts have made sure that
the parliament does not change its fundamental
structure, which guarantees economic opportunities,
social justice, and religious and political freedom to
all its citizens. Although political corruption and
coercion are rampant in India—as they are in other
developing countries—the courts are judiciary
guarantors of India's freedom from oppression.

55

CONTENTS





India.
New Delhi, India.
56

7.Main Characteristics of Constitution of India.
The Constitution of India has some distinct and unique features as compared
to other constitutions to the world. As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of
the Drafting Committee puts it, the framers had tried to accumulate and
accommodate the best features of other constitutions, keeping in view the
peculiar problems and needs of our country. Main Characteristics of
Constitution of India are:-
1. Longest written constitution.
2. Partly Rigid and Partly Flexible
3. A Democratic Republic
4. Parliamentary System of Government
5. A Federation
6. Fundamental Rights
7. Directive Principles of State Policy
8. Fundamental Duties
9. Secular State
10. An Independent Judiciary
11. Single Citizenship
57

CONTENTS





India.
New Delhi, India.
58

8.Conclusion
A Constitution symbolizes independence of a country. Framework and structure
for the governance of a free country are provided in the Constitution. The
Constituent Assembly prepared the draft of the Constitution by keeping the
‘Objectives Resolution’ as the backdrop which reflected the aspirations of the
people of India.

The framing of the Constitution was completed on November 26, 1949 when the
Constituent Assembly formally adopted the new Constitution. The Constitution
came into force with effect from January 26, 1950.

The Constitution begins with a Preamble which declares India to be a Sovereign,
Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. The Preamble also mentions the goals
of securing justice, liberty and equality for all its citizens and promotion of natio-
nal unity and integrity on the basis of fraternity among the people assuring dignity
of the individual.
59

8.Conclusion
Picture shows the pages from
the Constitution of India, at
the PARLIAMENT MUSEUM,
Parliament Library Building,
New Delhi.

PARLIAMENT
MUSEUM : A high-
tech story-telling
Museum depicting the
continuum of the
democratic heritage in
India has been
dedicated to the
Nation by
Dr. A P J Abdul
Kalam, President of
India on 14th August
2006.

60

8.Conclusion
The Constitution of India has several distinctive features. It is the lengthiest
Constitution in the world and it is a combination of rigidity and flexibility. The
Constitution provides for a quasi-federal (It means a federal set up where
despite having two clear sets of government – central and the states, more
powers are given to the Central Government.) set up with a strong centre.

There is a clear division of powers between the Centre and the States. The
Supreme Court of India, is the apex court of India which will resolve the
disputes between the centre and state or between the states.

India has a parliamentary democracy. The Council of Ministers headed by the
Prime Minister enjoys the real powers and is responsible to the Parliament. The
Indian Constitution provides for Fundamental Rights which are justifiable. Ten
Fundamental Duties have also been added to the Constitution. The Directive
Principles of State Policy give a concrete shape to the welfare concept.
61

8.Conclusion
It is time to undertake a study of Indian Federalism with a view to valuate the
trends, frictions and difficulties which have developed in the area of inter-
governmental relations and to seek to evolve ways and means to meet the
challenging task of making the Indian federation a more robust, strong and
workable system so that the country may meet the tasks of self-improvement
and development.

The responsibility lies on not only the jurists and policy framers, but also the
citizens of the country to work in a harmonious manner for the development of
the country.

62

CONTENTS





India.
New Delhi, India.
63

Indian constitution

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