Information Technology Fundamentals
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This document provides an overview of an introductory information technology course. It discusses the course code, reference books, and definitions of key concepts like data, information, and computer components. It also summarizes the five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence.
Information Technology Fundamentals
- 1. Information Technology Fundamentals Course Code: ICT-1101 Reference books: 1. Introduction to Information Technology - ITL Education Solutions Limited 1. Computer Fundamentals - Dr. M. Lutfar Rahman; Systech publication
- 2. Information • Its derived from Latin word “informatio”. • Information (shortened as info or info.) is that which informs, i.e. an answer to a question. • From which knowledge and data can be derived.
- 3. What is Data? • Data is "raw material" - it needs to be processed before it can be turned into something useful. • Hence the need for "data processing". • Data comes in many forms - numbers, words, symbols. • On its own - it is not very useful.
- 5. What is Information? • Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it.
- 6. Why we need information?
- 7. Why we need information?
- 8. Information Technology • Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.
- 9. What is Computer? • A computer is a general-purpose electronic device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.
- 10. Major components of computer
- 11. Major components of computer
- 12. Major components of computer All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: • Memory: Enables a computer to store data and program. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives. • Input device: The input device is through which data and instructions enter into a computer. Usually keyboard and mouse. • Output device: Output device lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Usually a display screen, printer etc. • Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually process data and executes instructions.
- 13. Evolution of computer • Computer evolution starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day — and beyond — with artificial intelligence. • There are five generations in computer history.
- 14. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes The first generation computers used • Vacuum tubes for circuitry, • Magnetic drums for memory, • Very large in size, often taking up entire rooms, • They were very expensive to operate, • Using a great deal of electricity, • Generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. A UNIVAC computer
- 15. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes A UNIVAC computer
- 16. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes • First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. • Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, • Output was displayed on printouts. • The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.
- 17. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. • The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. • Still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, • Punched cards for input • Printouts for output
- 19. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. • High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. • Magnetic drum to magnetic core technology for memory. • IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401 are 2nd generation computer.
- 20. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits • Transistors were placed on IC(integrated circuit) , a silicon chips(semiconductors), which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. • Instead of punched cards and printouts, keyboards and monitors was introduced. • Interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at a time. • Smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. • Use High level programming language. • Magnetic core and solid states as main storage. • PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360 and IBM 370
- 21. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits IBM 360
- 22. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors • The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. • Very small size, now fit in the palm of the hand. • Computers could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. • Many high-level languages were developed in the fourth generation such as COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL and C language. • Development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. • IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11 and APPLE II.
- 24. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence • Fifth generation computer based on artificial intelligence, are still in development. • Voice recognition, • They will be able to recognize image and graphs, • The use of parallel processing, • Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology, • The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
- 25. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Editor's Notes
- #18: The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.