Ingles volume-4
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The document discusses quantitative adjectives and indefinite pronouns in English. It provides examples of how to use some, any, no, every, none, and everybody/anybody/nobody in sentences. It explains that some is used in positive sentences and any is used in negative sentences. No is used in sentences with a negative meaning but an affirmative verb. Every can be used in affirmative, negative, or interrogative sentences. The document also includes exercises testing the use of these words.
![LÍNGUAINGLESA
9Editora Bernoulli
ENEM EXERCISES
Texto para as questões 01 e 02
Ecuador opens its doors to senior scientists
Ecuador to become “the retirement destination
of brilliant minds”
[MONTEVIDEO] Ecuador’s president Rafael Correa
has announced a US$1.7 million plan to attract senior
Ecuadorian scientists living abroad and senior scientists
from the developed world – whether active or retired –
to come and work in Ecuador.
Under the “Prometheus Old Wiseman” plan, announced
last week (7 August), 48 scientists will be invited to
come to Ecuador for up to a year to teach universities,
or collaborate in research centres or state-owned
companies.
Initially the aim is for 30 Ecuadorian scientists living
abroad to return home to teach, at an estimated cost of
US$735,000 to the government, who will pay the airfares
for the scientists and their families, and living costs.
Under the second part of the programme, backed by a
further US$981,000 sum of government funding, around
18 foreign scientists will be invited to Ecuador.
“According to a 2009 survey, only 29 per cent of the
universities in Ecuador have a research programme,”
Manuel Baldeón, head of the National Secretariat for
Science and Technology (Senacyt) told SciDev.Net.
Baldeón said that Prometheus aimed to turn
Ecuador into a haven for top scientists from around
the world and that the government is ready to provide
“all that is necessary” to lead the country into becoming
“the retirement destination of brilliant minds”.
HIRSCHFELD, Daniela. Available at: <http://www.scidev.net/
en/news/ecuador-opens-its-doors-to-senior-scientists.html>.
Accessed: Aug. 16th
, 2010. (Adapted).
01. According to the text, the Ecuadorian government has
decided to make investments to develop the country’s
universities, which still need to broaden their research
programs. The “Prometheus Old Wiseman” plan was
ellaborated in order to make these changes possible
through
A) forging the scientists to teach only at Ecuador’s
universities.
B) introducing the plan to the scientists.
C) being invited by the scientists to work in Ecuador.
D) calling in older scientists to live and work in Ecuador.
E) promising to deepen into an Ecuador’s research.
02. The Ecuadorian plan will be implanted gradually.
In its first phase, it
A) will consider 48 scientists to come to Ecuador for up
to a year to teach universities.
B) will invite 30 scientists living abroad to return to
Ecuador.
C) will be spending an estimated cost of US$735,000 to
the government.
D) will be backed by a further US$981,000 sum of
government funding.
E) will attract foreign senior scientists from the developed
world.
HAVING FUN
Human Body
01. COMPLETE the arrows with the words on the table.
Eye Brain Nose
Mouth Neck Chest
Ear Head Shoulder
Kidney Small Intestine Diaphragm
Pancreas Esophagus Heart
Lung Large Intestine Anus
Stomach Arm Liver
d
Quantitative Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-9-320.jpg)
![16 Coleção Estudo
05. Which factor is a reason for happiness?
A) equality
B) love
C) poverty
D) violence
06. The “World Values Survey” has been conducted for
A) almost 20 years.
B) about 27 years.
C) less than 20 years.
D) more than 40 years.
07. Brazil ranks among
A) the countries not mentioned.
B) the bottom three countries.
C) the top three countries.
D) the countries in between.
TEXT II
Milton Campos-MG–2010
Presenting the future from a magazine article.
Future is arriving any minute now.
Are you ready for it?
EDUCATION
Some futurists predict that doctors will be able to
place tiny computer chips into people’s brains to increase
learning ability.
Everyone will learn very quickly, and education will
continue throughout life. Virtual reality technology will
become common. On a typical school day, the geography
class will be visiting Antarctica, while the history class
boards Sputnik, the ancient Russian space capsule.
FUCHS, Marjorie; BONNER, Margaret. Focus on Grammar,
A high-intermediate course for reference and practice.
01. In the sentence “Some futurists predict that doctors will
be able to place tiny [...]” the underlined words DON’T
mean the same as
A) anticipate / capable
B) foretell / clever
C) forecast / efficient
D) procrastinate / unskilled
02. Read the statements below:
I. Learning capability may be increased from brain
computer chips insertion.
II. Education will be presumably fostered from time to
time.
III. The so-called devoted students won’t tend to learn
more quickly, since they’re already devoted ones.
According to the statements, check
A) if only I is incorrect.
B) if only II and III are incorrect.
C) if only III is correct.
D) if I and II are correct.
03. In futurists’ view, virtual-reality technology won’t
certainly be
A) shared.
B) avoided.
C) approaching history and geography on a single day.
D) giving room to numberless of pupils at the same time.
TEXT III
UFMG–2007
Available at: <http://cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=1880>.
Accessed: Apr. 2006.
01. The cartoonist wants the reader to believe that Senator
Krupt
A) has been paid by the press.
B) has done something wrong.
C) has gained people’s trust.
D) has got a rather unfair trial.
02. The word they in this cartoon refers to the
A) lies. C) press.
B) means. D) senators.
TEXT IV
Fatec-SP–2010/2
Football’s red card
The world’s most valuable sports team is drowning in debt.
English football powerhouse Manchester United (Forbes
estimates its worth at $1.8 billion) had to raise some $800
million in a bond issue last month, which is still $340 million
shy of its total debts. Man U needed the bond to pay off
the millions that American businessman Malcolm Glazer
borrowed to purchase the team in 2005. But in the first three
weeks since the bond was issued it lost nearly 10 percent of
its value, a sign that, even though Man U’s revenues reached
a record $444 million last year, the market is growing wary
of debt, particularly the European variety.
Man U isn’t alone. Debt levels have also skyrocketed
among rivals like Liverpool, calling into question the
business model of English Premier League football.
Each year the three worst teams are banished to a
lower league, where vital broadcasting revenues are
dramatically reduced. This puts huge pressure on clubs
to compete for the best players, who now regularly fetch
more than $50 million a year. Unlike in the U.S., there’s
no system of collective bargaining to restrain wages.
Frente A Módulo 14](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-16-320.jpg)
![LÍNGUAINGLESA
17Editora Bernoulli
As a result, the total salary bill for the Premier League has
risen more than 20 percent since 2008. This has created a
vicious cycle of rising debt among clubs that must spend
extravagantly on players to ensure increased revenue.
Any team attempting to be frugal becomes more likely
to end up with lower revenue. It’s become a game of
who can spend the most, and it probably won’t end well.
01. De acordo com o texto, o Manchester United
A) possui uma dívida atual de mais de 300 milhões.
B) doou parte de sua dívida, 444 milhões, para outros
clubes europeus.
C) foi vendido para um empresário americano neste ano.
D) pagou cerca de 340 milhões de sua dívida.
E) recebeu 800 milhões em títulos como pagamento de
uma dívida.
02. Assinale a alternativa em que há um exemplo de grau de
comparação.
A) “But in the first three weeks since the bond was issued
it lost nearly ten percent of its value […]”
B) “Each year the three worst teams are banished to a
lower league […]”
C) “English football powerhouse Manchester United had
to raise some […]”
D) “Man U isn’t alone.”
E) “This has created a vicious cycle of rising debt among
clubs […]”
TEXT V
Mackenzie-SP–2007
NEWSWEEK
01. The cartoon implies that
A) traveling naked can be funnier and faster if you go
by plane.
B) due to security problems, everyone is supposed to
travel naked from now on.
C) nowadays people would rather travel naked than
well-dressed.
D) the fact that you don’t wear any clothes will simplify
security procedures.
E) waiting in line is no longer a problem for naked people.
GrammarExpress
02. According to Dara, in the cartoon,
A) eating too much in bed was recommended by her
doctor for it can help her fall asleep.
B) having a heavy meal in bed instead of before bed is
the right thing to do.
C) she’s been sleeping too much and dreaming with heavy
food.
D) heavy meals have been recommended by her doctor.
E) if you have heavy meals in bed, you can gain weight.
ENEM EXERCISES
Texto para a questão 01
The six-year molars
The six-year molars are the first permanent teeth.
They are the “keystone” of the dental arch. They are
also extremely susceptible to decay. Parents have to
understand that these teeth are very important. Over
25% of 6 to 7-year-old children have beginning cavities
in one of the molars. The early loss of one of these molars
causes serious problems in childhood and adult life. It is
never easy for parents to make kids take care of their
teeth. Even so, parents have to insist and never give up.
Módulo do Ensino Integrado
01. (Enem–2010) O texto aborda uma temática inerente ao
processo de desenvolvimento do ser humano, a dentição.
Há informação quantificada na mensagem quando se diz
que as cáries dos dentes mencionados
A) acontecem em mais de 25% das crianças entre seis
e sete anos.
B) ocorrem em menos de 25% das crianças entre seis
e sete anos.
C) surgem em uma pequena minoria das crianças.
D) começam em crianças acima dos 7 anos.
E) podem levar dezenas de anos para ocorrer.
Degrees of Comparison](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-17-320.jpg)
![LÍNGUAINGLESA
21Editora Bernoulli
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Exemplos:
– The boys have been swimming for ten minutes and
so has John.
– Alice hasn’t been reading since 8:00 a.m. and neither
have you.
Past Perfect Tense
Exemplos:
– The girls had forgotten to say hello and so had the
boys.
– The student hadn’t gone out and neither had the
teacher.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Exemplos:
– The students had been working hard and so had
Peggy.
– The swimmers hadn’t been swimming in the pool and
neither had the coach.
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner são os advérbios de modo e geralmente
são formados pela junção do adjetivo com o sufixo -ly.
Exemplos:
– Quickly = rapidamente
– Slowly = vagorasamente
– Sadly = tristemente, infelizmente
CONSOLIDATION
01. COMPLETE the questions with the correct tag questions.
A) He is a neat guy, ?
B) There are many people here, ?
C) They play sports, ?
D) He must play the guitar very well, ?
E) Close the window, ?
F) Let’s go home, ?
G) They will miss the bus, ?
H) It is nearly 8 o’clock, ?
I) The weather was good, ?
J) Don’t open the door, ?
02. TRANSFORM the adjectives in brackets into adverbs.
A) He talked ________________ to me. [kind]
B) He could answer the exam very _________. [easy]
C) My father drives _____________. [careful]
D) They are behaving _______________ .[bad]
PROPOSED EXERCISES
01. (FMU-SP / Adaptado) Qual das alternativas NÃO completa
a frase a seguir corretamente?
Give me a can of beer, _____________?
A) can’t you D) won’t you
B) can you E) do you
C) will you
02. (UEMA) Complete: “You like English, __________”?
A) don’t you D) does you
B) do you E) are you
C) like you
03. (CEUMA) Complete the sentences with question tags and
then mark the CORRECT alternative:
I. I’m afraid I’m a little late, ______________?
II. She left at 10 o’clock, _________________?
III. He likes apple pie, __________________?
A) am I - doesn’t she - didn’t he
B) aren’t I - didn’t she - doesn’t he
C) I am - did he - does he
D) aren’t I - didn’t she - didn’t he
E) aren’t I - doesn’t she - like he
04. (ITA-SP) Sarah ___________ classes lately, has she?
A) didn’t attend D) haven’t attended
B) hadn’t attended E) doesn’t attend
C) hasn’t attended
05. (FMU-SP) We cannot have the report typed for tomorrow,
_________?
A) cannot we D) haven’t we
B) can’t we E) can we
C) have we
06. (FCMMG) Complete CORRECTLY:
They haven’t developed a diet to reduce weight gain,
____________?
A) do they D) said he
B) have they E) should he
C) did he
07. (UCSal-BA) He shouldn’t have said that, _________?
A) hasn’t he D) said he
B) doesn’t he E) should he
C) did he
08. (CESCEM-SP) Your daughter has developed a temper
lately, ____________?
A) doesn’t she D) wasn’t she
B) isn’t she E) didn’t she
C) hasn’t she
Tag Questions and Adverbs](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-21-320.jpg)
![24 Coleção Estudo
07. Exemplification is used by the author of the text to develop
his argumentation. In paragraph 7, through the use of
exemplification, the author
A) lists types of social behavior which may positively
affect cross-cultural communication.
B) may lead people to misunderstand other people’s
social conventions.
C) can get a balanced view of the literary and cultural
contributions of a particular society.
D) may lead people to appreciate other people’s
literatures.
E) does not affect social interaction.
08. In Text II, the cartoon shows people from different
continents, consequently from different cultures,
interacting in real time on the Internet. Mark the excerpt
from Text I which may establish a link with Text II.
A) “In some cultures “yes” means “I hear you” more
than “I agree.” (lines 9-10)
B) “Paying attention to customs and cultural differences
can give someone outside that culture a better chance
of assimilation and acceptance.” (lines 24-26)
C) “Stereotyping can have intense negative effects,
especially when educators or managers make fewer
attempts to involve those of other cultures […].”
(lines 42-44)
D) “Don’t be afraid to ask questions as most people
respond very positively to inquiries about their
culture.” (lines 58-60)
E) “When the exterior is peeled off, there are not many
differences after all.” (line 71-72)
TEXT II
AFA-SP–2008
Available at: <www.cartoonstock.com>.
01. According to the cartoon, the businessman
A) took advantage of a chaotic situation.
B) took a decision to benefit the company.
C) created a strategy to achieve a goal shared by everyone.
D) decided to change the situation of sales.
TEXT III
UFMG
Traveling
Tosomeextent,travelingentailsfantasizing.Wedream
of finding someone interesting away from vigilant
neighbors, from family control, from our own
self-criticism. There is nothing necessarily wrong with
that fantasy nor with its realization.
Now traveling is more rewarding[1]
, much more
complex than that. It means coming out of hiding,
getting out of the rut, looking around ourselves, seeing
the world, opening our minds to new dimensions of
human existence. At a certain moment in our life, that
may include an opening to new relationships, seen as
rewarding experiences. On the other hand, traveling
may develop our ability to stay alone, to face up to our
fears, to meet the unknown head on, without turning
to others for safety. It means being able to survive
without old habits. While traveling for pleasure, a
workaholic may feel the same withdrawal symptoms
that plague those who cease to take addictive drugs.
Traveling tests and helps develop our independence. It
makes us feel that the ground under our feet is within
ourselves, not outside.
Getting in touch with another culture also elicits
fantasies involving “the stranger”. Foreigners evoke
many different emotions. One of them is the magic that
surrounds someone from a distant, mysterious world.
Only everyday life can disentangle reality from magic.
Yet, magic and enchantment do have a place in life.
In a sense, traveling distinguishes us from reptiles.
Alligators, for instance, are intent exclusively on
survival; they never leave their territory, they never
relinquish safety and protection. Merely surviving is
not enough for us humans.
We want to live, and that sometimes entails going
out to distant places in search of adventure. Traveling,
like any other human experience, may provide
an opportunity to prepare even for death. If we
succeed in coming out of hiding and living in different
environments, perhaps we will be less disturbed when
our body no longer is part of our luggage and only our
essence departs for the great adventure. Traveling
is being confident about the fact that our life can be
lived wherever we are.
AZEVEDO, Maria de Melo. Traveling, sex, and fantasies.
Ícaro, n. 189, May 2000, p. 20. (Adapted).
Frente A Módulo 15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-24-320.jpg)
![LÍNGUAINGLESA
25Editora Bernoulli
01. According to the text, traveling does NOT mean
A) being independent.
B) opening minds.
C) seeing the world.
D) transmitting culture.
02. The author distinguishes people from reptiles pointing
out that people
A) are more worried about survival.
B) demand safety and protection.
C) do not move outside their habitat.
D) wish to explore new territories.
03. Traveling and death are similar experiences because both
require us to
A) deny fantasies.
B) face the unknown.
C) search for adventure.
D) take our luggage.
04. Another ADEQUATE title for this text could be:
A) Fantasies of Love
B) Reasons for Traveling
C) Searching for Mystery
D) Traveling in Safety
05. “Now traveling is more rewarding” [1]
To keep the same meaning, the word now could be
replaced by
A) but. C) then.
B) first. D) thus.
TEXT IV
UFTM-MG–2010
Leia o cartoon e responda às questões de números 01 e 02.
Available at: <www.comics.com/the_buckets/>.
01. Dentro do contexto do cartoon, a mulher parece não
entender a pergunta que lhe é feita porque
A) a pergunta soa muito machista e sem graça.
B) ela não vê diferença entre um e outro tipo de filme.
C) a palavra flick não tem sentido para ela.
D) o homem espera que ela saiba demais.
E) ela nem sempre é consultada sobre esse assunto.
02. De acordo com a opinião expressa pelo homem,
no segundo e terceiro quadrinhos, pode-se concluir que
A) as mulheres ferem os sentimentos dos homens em
filmes “feitos para mulheres”.
B) os homens gostam de ouvir a opinião das mulheres
na hora de escolher filmes.
C) as mulheres apreciam mais o gênero romântico ou
drama.
D) os chamados “filmes masculinos” não ferem os
sentimentos de outras pessoas.
E) os filmes “feitos para homens” são mais agressivos
do ponto de vista físico.
TEXT V
UNIFAL-MG–2009
Looking for that first job
Question: I am a fifteen-year-old high school student
about to go into my sophomore year of high school. I have
not been able to acquire any work experience whatsoever,
ironically because I don’t have any work experience! What
05 is a good way for me to find a first job?
Answer: Good for you to be proactive with your job
search and income earning at a young age. You are right,
it is tough to get experience when employers are usually
able to find people with experience. What you are facing
10 is what most of us experienced in our early job searches,
and with persistence we eventually landed our first jobs.
Unless you have family connections to a business where
you can gain some experience, looking for work starts
with creating a plan and getting prepared. Utilizing all
15 available resources will be very helpful.
Many employers are prepared to hire people that have
no previous experience for their entry-level positions.
However, you will find there is still competition for
these roles and you will need to be able to convince an
20 employer you are the best candidate for the position.
You will need a polished résumé and cover letter that
indicates your strengths and suitability for a position.
Résumés and cover letters are an essential part of your
job-hunting tool kit. They are the most common instruments
25 job seekers use to get their foot in the door.
Tag Questions and Adverbs](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-25-320.jpg)
![26 Coleção Estudo
Early in your search you will need to determine the
type of position you would like and then what the
best entry position might be to help you get there.
With this information your next step is to look at
30 companies that you would be interested in working
for that have these types of entry-level positions.
Many jobs are not advertised. You can tap into this “hidden”
job market by networking, knocking on doors, seeking
out free employment programs and services, searching
35 on the Internet, attending job fairs, and marketing
yourself.
Follow-up is an important element of every job search
strategy. Re-connecting with a potential employer by mail
or phone can be very effective.
40 If you are interested in offering a service – babysitting,
yard-work, painting, etc. – you could make up a flyer and
deliver it around your community. It may not be long-term
work but it does help you start to build your experience
and can provide potential references for you.
Available at: <http://working.canada.com/resources/story.
html?id=e67a7d14-32d7-439c-9d20-9e0e82c02518>.
Accessed: Oct. 23rd
, 2008.
01. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA de acordo com o texto.
A) “tough” (line 8) means the same as “hard”.
B) “eventually” (line 11) has the same meaning as
“occasionally”.
C) “best” (line 20) establishes an equality.
D) “hidden” (line 32) expresses a verb form.
E) “long-term work” (lines 42-43) means working from
9:00 am to 5:00 pm.
02. No trecho “However, you will find [...]” (line 18), o termo
grifado pode ser substituído por
A) therefore.
B) provided that.
C) in spite of.
D) unless.
E) but.
03. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA de acordo com o texto.
A) Employers can find experient people to hire.
B) Candidates for entry-positions are often high school
students.
C) Part of job search strategy is to let potential employers
know your weaknesses.
D) It is easier to find a job in your own community.
E) Employers demand high qualifications for the position
offered.
04. O termo “job search” (lines 6-7) tem o mesmo
sentido que
A) “find a first job“ (line 5).
B) “landed our first jobs“ (line 11).
C) “job-hunting” (line 24).
D) “re-connecting with a potencial employer” (line 38).
E) “offering a service” (line 40).
05. O fragmento “Unless you have family connections to a
business where you can gain some experience, looking for
work starts with creating a plan and getting prepared.”
(lines 12-14) apresenta a ideia de que
A) é necessário que você tenha parentes envolvidos em
seu primeiro trabalho para ter sucesso.
B) é necessário criar um plano de visitação às indústrias.
C) a procura pelo primeiro trabalho envolve a elaboração
de um planejamento e preparar-se para o mesmo.
D) você pode adquirir experiência mesmo antes do início
do curso superior.
E) as empresas familiares geralmente não admitem que
parentes sejam contratados.
06. De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que
apresenta o que é preciso fazer para encontrar um
emprego.
A) Publish an advertisement in a newspaper.
B) Use all possible resources to go into the job market.
C) Choose the right kind of work you would like to do.
D) Be polite with people who have connections with you
as a desirable attitude.
E) Convince employers of big companies to give you a
job.
07. De acordo com as informações do texto, assinale a
alternativa CORRETA. Most young people
A) must look for a job.
B) face difficulties in acquiring work experience.
C) should look for a job in the business area.
D) want to start working and earn money.
E) need to be able to change the line of events.
08. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA, de acordo com o texto.
A) It is unnecessary to have a résumé if you do not have
formal working experience.
B) Position offered for a first job is usually badly paid.
C) Jobs are offered through employment agencies.
D) There are opportunities for entry-level positions,
although there is competition.
E) Independent of what company is offering the job, you
should apply for it.
Frente A Módulo 15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-26-320.jpg)
![LÍNGUAINGLESA
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06. (UFV-MG) The word actually, in the sentence “There are
actually many expenses such as books, dormitory costs
and laboratory fees”, means
A) at the moment. D) now.
B) in fact. E) today.
C) these days.
07. (UEL-PR) I won’t go to bed _______ I finish my book report.
A) to
B) but
C) for
D) until
E) because
08. (UFMA) Qual o significado da palavra sublinhada?
The Teatro Amazonas is a magnificent Opera House in
Manaus. Therefore, you shouldn’t miss it.
A) Todavia
B) Portanto
C) Entretanto
D) Mesmo assim
E) Muito embora
09. (UFV-MG) “Yet the truth is that something happened to
Worden as he orbited the Moon alone.”
An APPROPRIATE synomym for yet in the sentence
above is
A) already. D) till.
B) almost. E) however.
C) again.
10. (FMABC-SP–2010) No trecho a seguir “In the history of
the virus, laboratory-related infection has been a primary
method of transmission; therefore, utmost caution is
needed when handling the virus in a laboratory setting”,
a palavra therefore pode ser substituída, sem mudar o
sentido, por
A) so.
B) such.
C) furthermore.
D) nevertheless.
E) however.
11. (FMABC-SP–2010) No trecho “Though the animal reservoir
is as yet unknown, a rodent found throughout the
region surrounding the small village of Sabiá has been
implicated”, a palavra though significa, em português,
A) portanto. D) então.
B) tal como. E) aliás.
C) embora.
12. (UFF-RJ–2010 / Adaptado) Discourse markers are
linguistic expressions which often indicate the author’s
attitude or intention in the text. In “Not only did he
invent the incandescent light bulb, Edison also created
the electricity power industry required for the bulb […]”
not only and also are used to
A) inform that his inventions had been patented.
B) consider both inventions unimportant.
C) view Edson’s inventive mind as a strategic tool.
D) highlight Edison’s inventive mind.
TEXT I
Milton Campos-MG–2010
Medics Bulletin Board
Last episode shows Dr. Miles shaking hands with a sick
patient, and then eating an apple, ____________ first
washing his hands.
Come on now! You ________ be a rocket scientist to
know that you can get sick that way. The writers had
better check their facts.
01. To fill in the former blank space, ONLY one alternative
is possible. Please, tick it.
A) besides C) obviously
B) without D) whether
02. To fill out the latter blank from the above text, tick
A) needn’t.
B) have to.
C) mustn’t.
D) are supposed to.
03. In the sentence “The writers had better check their facts”,
what is implied is a position of _________ from the part
of the writer.
A) advisability / disapproval
B) caution / agreement
C) viability / dissatisfaction
D) likelihood / approval
04. “[...] first washing HIS hands”.
The word in capital letters refers back to ______________
hands.
A) the sick patient’s
B) the writer’s
C) the physician’s
D) a scientist’s
Conjunctions and Connectors](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-33-320.jpg)
![LÍNGUAINGLESA
35Editora Bernoulli
08. All of the following are considered alternative therapies,
EXCEPT
A) homeopathy.
B) music therapy.
C) herbal medicine.
D) allopathic treatment.
09. Most people who look for alternative therapies come from
the following groups, EXCEPT
A) immunodeficiency syndrome patients.
B) women with high-risk pregnancies.
C) patients who have had cancer.
D) those who suffer back pain.
10. “This is defined as therapeutic practices which are not
currently considered an integral part of conventional
allopathic medical practice.” In this sentence, found on
paragraph 2 of the text, the relative pronoun which refers to
A) therapeutical practices.
B) biomedical explanations.
C) medical practice.
D) the National Library of Medicine.
TEXT III
UFMG
Exercise can be bad for you
Feeling guilty because you missed an aerobics class?
Relax. Punishing yourself over missed work-outs is a
sign you need to reassess your approach to exercise,
experts say. It might not be healthy. Jonathan Mond,
senior research officer in the department of psychological
medicine at Canberra Hospital, has conducted a survey[2]
of women’s exercise and eating patterns which revealed
some problems: overexercise, exercise for the wrong
reasons, and too much guilt. And it[1]
has uncovered
the truth about exercise, hardly anyone does it[1]
for
enjoyment.
In his study of 230 women aged 18 to 45, Dr. Mond
found 70 per cent exercised regularly and 12 per cent
exercised for at least an hour every day. Among the 169
who exercised regularly, 10 per cent did so for 10 hours
a week or more. One woman exercised 33 hours a week.
The survey examined the relationship between exercise
and eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia.
It also asked: when is exercise bad for your health?
It found women who always felt guilty after they missed
a regular exercise session were most likely to rate highly
on measures for eating disorders. About 12 per cent of
regular exercisers were in this category.
Also vulnerable to eating disorders were the 20 per cent
of women who said that a very or extremely important
reason for exercise was to “improve their body shape or
tone” or to “improve their appearance or attractiveness”.
These women were the most likely to have dysfunctional
attitudes to eating and weight – to put an unhealthy
emphasis on appearance, be preoccupied with food and
be constantly restricting their intake.
HORIN, Adele. The Age. Apr. 24, 2004. (Adapted).
01. Dr. Mond’s survey was about women’s
A) views about diets and sports.
B) attitudes to eating disorders.
C) reasons to do heavy exercise.
D) work-out and eating habits.
02. The text says that feeling guilty for missing work-outs
can indicate you
A) have an unhealthy attitude to exercise.
B) avoid reassessing your work-out sessions.
C) can relax when taking exercises.
D) punish yourself by doing extra work.
03. The survey findings revealed the
A) relationship between exercise and lack of pleasure.
B) connections exercise can have with eating disorders.
C) effects of regular exercise on weight loss.
D) signs for reassessing attitudes towards exercising.
04. The two pronouns it [1]
refer to, respectively,
A) overexercise and enjoyment.
B) guilt and truth.
C) hospital and eating.
D) survey and exercise.
05. The word below that does NOT substitute for the word
survey [2]
is
A) research.
B) investigation.
C) report.
D) study.
Conjunctions and Connectors](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ingles-volume-4-190327044411/85/Ingles-volume-4-35-320.jpg)
Ingles volume-4
- 2. 2 Coleção Estudo Sumário-LínguaInglesa Frente A 13 3 Quantitative Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns Autor: Bruno Porcaro 14 11 Degrees of Comparison Autor: Bruno Porcaro 15 19 Tag Questions and Adverbs Autor: Bruno Porcaro 16 29 Conjunctions and Connectors Autor: Bruno Porcaro
- 3. FRENTE 3Editora Bernoulli MÓDULOLÍNGUA INGLESA QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Use some in positive sentences: I’m going to buy some eggs. There is some ice in the ice box. They made some mistakes. She said something. I saw somebody (or someone). Use any in negative sentences: I’m not going to buy any eggs. There isn’t any ice in the ice box. They didn’t make any mistakes. She didn’t say anything. I didn’t see anybody (or anyone). Some (algum, alguns, alguma, algumas) e derivados são usados: some / something somebody / someone / somewhere A) Em orações afirmativas. – He has something to give you. – I need to go somewhere tonight. B) Em orações interrogativas quando se espera uma resposta afirmativa ou em orações que indiquem uma sugestão, oferecimento ou pedido. – Would you like some help? – Would you like somebody to help you? Any (qualquer, algum, nenhum) e derivados são usados: any / anything anybody / anyone / anywhere A) Em orações afirmativas (no sentido de “qualquer”). – Eat any fruit you want. – You can do anything you need here. – Anybody is able to do this exercise. B) Em orações interrogativas (no sentido de “algum”). – Have you got any questions? – Did you say anything? – Did anyone call me today? C) Em orações negativas (no sentido de “nenhum”). – I don’t want any help from you. – Lucy didn’t dance with anybody yesterday. – They haven’t gone anywhere recently. No (nenhum) e derivados são usados: no / nothing nobody / no one / nowhere A) Em orações com sentido negativo, mas com o verbo na afirmativa, pois a negação está no próprio quantitative adjective ou indefinite pronoun. – She has no money with her at the moment. – Nobody knows where Joan is now. – My colleagues have nowhere to go this weekend. Every (cada, todo) e derivados são usados tanto em orações afirmativas como em negativas e em interrogativas. every / everything everybody / everyone / everywhere – I looked for you everywhere last week. – Unfortunately, I didn’t buy everything I needed last month. – Did everybody have fun on his vacation? Quantitative Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns 13 A
- 4. 4 Coleção Estudo OBSERVAÇÃO Quando os indefinite pronouns são o sujeito em orações afirmativas, são seguidos de verbo na 3ª pessoa do singular. Exemplos: – Everybody is happy today. – Nobody knows where you are. None significa “nenhum” Não confundir com no one (ninguém). None equivale a no + substantivo. Compare estas duas respostas: – “Do you have any money?” – “No, I have no money.” – “No, I have none.” CHECK IT OUTC “Everybody”, que significa “todo mundo”, em português, foi o primeiro single da carreira de Madonna. Escrita pela própria cantora, a música foi um sucesso na parada dance e chegou ao terceiro lugar, vendendo 250 mil cópias. Na parada geral da Billboard, o single chegou ao 107° lugar. wikipedia.org CONSOLIDATION 01. PREENCHA as lacunas das frases a seguir: I. There can be success without training. II. The success has been characterized by strategies. III. There isn’t possibility that we may eliminate practice. 02. PREENCHA corretamente todas as lacunas das frases a seguir. I. There is ____________ at the kitchen. Can you ask the maid to see who it is? II. I lost my car keys ________________ in this room. Can you help me find it? III. I’m sorry but we can’t help you. There is ____________ we can do to help you. 03. ESCOLHA outra maneira de dizer “There isn’t anything like friendship”. _________________________________________ 04. (FUVEST-SP) REESCREVA completando com some, any, someone ou anyone Call ________________ day you like. There’s always ___________ in to receive visitors. PROPOSED EXERCISES 01. (UNESP) _________________ said she is right. A) Somebody B) Anybody C) Anyone D) Something E) Anything 02. (FCMSC-SP) “Nurse, is there any message for me?” “No, doctor, _________________.” A) something B) anything C) anyone D) no one E) none 03. (FUVEST-SP) Choose another way of saying “There isn’t anything really like that”. A) There is nothing really like that. B) There aren’t many things really like that. C) There aren’t no things really like that. D) There is anything hardly really like that. E) There are a few things really like that. 04. (UFBA) He doesn’t prefer to add ______ to his life. A) something B) anything C) nothing D) somebody E) everybody 05. (Milton Campos-MG) Prejudice is _________ nasty. I see __________ point keeping _________. _________ should avoid it. A) something - no - no one - Somebody B) everything - any - some - Everybody C) nothing - some - none - Someone D) anything - any - any - Body E) something - no - any - Everybody 06. (FCC-BA) The room is empty. There is __________ in it. A) anybody B) somebody C) nobody D) anything E) something Frente A Módulo 13
- 5. LÍNGUAINGLESA 5Editora Bernoulli 07. (PUC-SP) You must lose __________ time in adjusting yourself to your new powers. A) not B) nor C) no D) none E) any 08. (UFSCar-SP) I cannot teach _____________ more classes this week. A) some B) any C) no D) none E) one 09. (ESBI-MG) “Who are you going to vote for in the next election? __________, I don’t believe in __________ of the candidates.” A) Some - any B) Nothing - some C) Somebody - any D) Nobody - any E) Neither - some 10. (OSEC-SP) “Did you see anybody in the garden yesterday?” “No, I saw ___________ there.” A) anyone B) anybody C) somebody D) nobody E) someone 11. (Mackenzie-SP) Assinale a alternativa CORRETA. A) There are no matches left. We must buy some more. B) There aren’t any matches left. We must to buy any more. C) There aren’t no matches left. We must buy any more. D) There is not any matches left. We must to buy some more. E) There aren’t not any matches left. We must buy some more. 12. (UFSCar-SP) They ___________ dictionaries. A) haven’t much B) have no any C) haven’t some D) have no some E) haven’t any TEXT I UFTM-MG–2006 Treatments: Acupuncture Fares Well in Headache Experiment A new study, using what the researchers said was an unusually large number of volunteers, has found evidence that acupuncture may alleviate tension headaches. The findings appear in the online version of the journal British Medical Journal. “Acupuncture is widely used for the treatment of tension-type headaches, but its effectiveness is controversial,” wrote the researchers from several German universities. To test how well it actually works, the researchers sought out volunteers who reported having had tension headaches for at least eight days a month in the previous three months. They were divided into three groups. One received a traditional form of acupuncture. A second was given light needling away from the classic acupuncture points, the intention being to simulate acupuncture. Members of the third group were told that they were on a waiting list and given no treatment. Doctors trained in acupuncture gave the treatments, consisting of twelve 30-minute sessions over 8 weeks at 28 clinics in Germany. Afterward, a review of the results for 270 patients found that those who received traditional acupuncture reported about seven fewer days with headaches in the month after treatment than in the month before. The improvement, the researchers said, was “clearly clinically relevant.” But the finding was complicated by the fact that those patients given what had been intended to be simulated acupuncture improved almost as much. The needling may still have provided benefit by altering circulation, for example, or generating neurophysiological and neurochemical responses. Or, the researchers said, acupuncture and minimal acupuncture may be associated with “particularly potent placebo effects.” NAGOURNEY, Eric. The New York Times, Aug. 16, 2005. Available at: <www.nytimes.com>. Quantitative Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns
- 6. 6 Coleção Estudo 01. The volunteers who participated in the research A) went to 30 acupuncture sessions to relieve tension headache. B) were separated into three groups and only one group was treated traditionally. C) reported an improvement in headache and associated it to placebo effects. D) were included in a waiting list and then treated in three groups. E) were treated at 28 clinics and those who received traditional treatment went to Germany. 02. The review of the results demonstrated that A) those who had undergone traditional treatment showed a relevant improvement. B) the doctors were well trained in acupuncture procedures. C) the 270 patients who had received a light needling away from classic points improved as well. D) there was no significant difference among the three groups treated. E) the sessions were not long enough for the simulated acupuncture sessions. 03. The last paragraph of the text – The needling may still have provided benefit by altering circulation, for example, or generating neurophysiological and neurochemical responses. Or, the researchers said, acupuncture and minimal acupuncture may be associated with “particularly potent placebo effects.” – means that A) acupuncture is responsible for the cure of tension headache. B) there is no evidence for alternative treatments. C) acupuncture is useless as treatment even if it is widely used. D) although acupuncture may help to alleviate tension headache, its effectiveness is controversial. E) doctors trained in traditional acupuncture procedures were crucial to achieve positive results. 04. In the sentence of the third paragraph – Afterward, a review of the results for 270 patients found that those who received traditional acupuncture reported about seven fewer days with headaches in the month after treatment than in the month before. – the word afterward indicates A) time sequence. B) alternative. C) controversy. D) agreement. E) result. TEXT II UNESP–2010 Hey Jet Fans; Don’t Count Your Chickens Just Yet! This has been quite the off-season for us Jets fans. After a heart breaking end to the 2008 season, we have seen our team make for some seemingly huge strides. Eric Mangini has moved on to Cleveland... gas can and matches in hand. Rex ‘Son of Buddy’ Ryan has stepped into the head coaching role, bringing defensive stars Bart Scott and Jim Leonhard with him. These additions immediately put the Jets defense back on the radar. More importantly, he brought a bit of swagger and a bit of a chip on his shoulder. Something this team has been sorely lacking for way too long. Sports are as much about ego and attitude as they are about physical skills and attributes. The monotone stylings of Eric Mangini did nothing to impress or inspire players, media or fans. Things certainly seem to be looking up for this team and its fans. Or are they? Despite all outward appearances, this is a team that is still only one bad break away from disaster. Several key positions are still floating in limbo. The Jets are way too thin at way too many positions to truly be successful. Both the defensive and offensive lines, parts of the secondary and, of course, the tight ends are so thin that one injury could sink the entire boat. Despite all appearances, I’m actually extremely optimistic about the coming season. There are a lot of good things happening with this team too. Unfortunately, there are also a lot of questions. Available at: <http://www.ganggreennation. com/2009/5/16/877030>. (Adapted). 01. O título do texto contém parte de um provérbio em inglês, provérbio este conhecido também no Brasil. Pelo conteúdo do texto, pode-se inferir que o provérbio foi utilizado no título porque A) no futebol, não se pode utilizar cálculos matemáticos para prever o resultado de uma partida. B) o novo goleiro do time certamente não vai “engolir frangos”. C) a configuração de um time de futebol não garante que o time vai ser vencedor. D) um time de futebol não pode contar com jogadores que sejam fracos. E) o número de gols que o time fará depende da atitude positiva de seus jogadores. Frente A Módulo 13
- 7. LÍNGUAINGLESA 7Editora Bernoulli 02. A função de Eric Mangini no time Jets era de A) jogador atacante. D) fisioterapeuta. B) jogador da defesa. E) técnico. C) jogador da reserva. 03. No contexto do artigo, a expressão sink the entire boat, no penúltimo parágrafo, é utilizada para enfatizar as informações apresentadas no parágrafo sobre a A) impossibilidade de o time vencer. B) pequena possibilidade de o time vencer. C) fragilidade do time. D) possibilidade de o time vencer. E) aparência física dos jogadores. 04. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA. A) O time de futebol americano Jets saiu-se bem na temporada de 2008. B) Bart Scott e Jim Leonhard não são considerados bons jogadores. C) O autor do texto considera que o time certamente será vencedor. D) Ainda não se sabe quais jogadores assumirão posições importantes no time. E) O time de futebol americano Jets reúne todas as chances de vencer na próxima temporada. 05. Utilizou-se a oração there are also a lot of questions no final do texto porque A) há problemas no time Jets que precisam ser solucionados. B) não se sabe se o time jogará na próxima temporada. C) os jogadores do time Jets não estão em boas condições físicas. D) os torcedores não veem o time com bons olhos. E) os torcedores questionam a configuração atual do time. TEXT III FGV-SP–2011 Uncertain Science 1 Blame economic worries, another freezing winter, or the cascade of scandals emerging from the world’s leading climate-research body, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). But concern over global warming has cooled down dramatically. In über-green Germany, only 42 percent of citizens worry about global warming now, down from 62 percent in 2006. In Britain, just 26 percent believe climate change is man-made, down from 41 percent as recently as November 2009. And Americans rank global warming dead last in a list of 21 problems that concern them, according to a January Pew poll. 2 The shift has left many once celebrated climate researchers feeling like the used-car salesmen of the science world. In Britain, one leading scientist told an interviewer he is taking anti-anxiety pills and considered suicide following the leak of thousands of IPCC-related e-mails and documents suggesting that researchers cherry-picked data and suppressed rival studies to play up global warming. In the U.S., another researcher is under investigation for allegedly using exaggerated climate data to obtain public funds. In an open letter published in the May issue of Science magazine, 255 American climate researchers decry “political assaults” on their work by “deniers” and followers of “dogma” and “special interests.” 3 This is no dispute between objective scientists and crazed flat-earthers. The lines cut through the profession itself. Very few scientists dispute a link between man-made CO2 and global warming. Where it gets fuzzy is the extent and time frame of the effect. One crucial point of contention is climate “sensitivity” – the mathematical formula that translates changes in CO2 production to changes in temperature. In addition, scientists are not sure how to explain a slowdown in the rise of global temperatures that began about a decade ago. 4 The backlash against climate science is also about the way in which leading scientists allied themselves with politicians and activists to promote their cause. Some of the IPCC’s most-quoted data and recommendations were taken straight out of unchecked activist brochures, newspaper articles, and corporate reports – including claims of plummeting crop yields in Africa and the rising costs of warming- related natural disasters, both of which have been refuted by academic studies. THEIL, Stefan. Uncertain Science. Newsweek, June 7, 2010. 01. The first sentence of the article MOST likely mentions “economic worries,” “another freezing winter,” and “the cascade of scandals” in order to A) explain some of the factors that have made global-warming research so imprecise. B) list some possible reasons for the public’s decreasing preoccupation with global warming. C) expose some potential flaws in the arguments of those who do not consider global warming a serious problem. D) offer an alternative theory about why global warming has become such a serious problem in the last thirty years. E) justify the defensive attitude that many global-warming specialists have adopted in reaction to the growing resistance to their research findings. Quantitative Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns
- 8. 8 Coleção Estudo 02. The Pew poll mentioned in paragraph 1 MOST likely supports which of the following statements? A) The percentage of people in Germany and Britain who are worried about global warming is higher than that in the United States. B) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is now distrusted by a majority of the people in Germany, Britain, and the United States. C) Among the citizens of industrialized countries, Germans are still the most concerned about global warming. D) Americans believe that at least 20 things are a greater cause for worry than global warming is. E) In comparison with the inhabitants of countries around the world, Americans are probably the least concerned about global warming. 03. The “shift” mentioned in the first sentence of paragraph 2 MOST likely refers to the A) change in public opinion from a strong preoccupation with global warming to a significantly lesser preoccupation. B) public’s refusal to believe that the global-warming process has slowed down during approximately the last 10 years. C) discovery that several important climate researchers may have manipulated data to make global warming look more serious than it really is. D) humiliation that many members of the scientific community have recently suffered because of their global-warming research. E) public contempt now being directed at many of the world’s most important climate researchers. 04. Which of the following probably BEST expresses the controversy related to the IPCC? A) IPCC researchers refused to consult other organizations and institutions before publishing their conclusions about the seriousness of global warming. B) IPCC researchers allegedly used unethical methods to make global warming appear more problematic than it may really be. C) A handful of IPCC researchers misappropriated public funds for their own personal use. D) IPCC researchers suppressed global-warming information in order to avoid damaging the reputations of certain large corporations. E) The IPCC convinced the public that global warming was a man-made phenomenon rather than a natural one. 05. In paragraph 3, the sentence “The lines cut through the profession itself” MOST likely means approximately the same as which of the following? A) The global-warming controversy essentially puts the scientific community on one side and the public on the other. B) The connection between man-made CO2 and global warming is the only thing on which scientists are in agreement. C) Even members of the scientific community are unable to agree on certain important issues related to global warming. D) Many scientists now refuse to believe that climate “sensitivity” is related to CO2 emissions. E) The global-warming controversy has evenly divided the scientific community, with each side accusing the other of dishonesty and conflict of interest. 06. According to the information in the article, which of the following questions MOST likely is no longer relevant? A) Just how much of a problem is global warming? B) When can we expect the consequences of global warming to start becoming disastrous? C) How do we calculate accurately the effect that greater or lesser amounts of man-made CO2 will have on temperature? D) Why has the world warmed at a slower rate for approximately the last 10 years? E) Why is African agriculture suddenly producing much less food? 07. According to the information in the article, the IPCC A) released thousands of e-mails and documents in an attempt to destroy the arguments of rival scientists. B) made fraudulent claims about the seriousness of global warming in order to receive research money from the governments of several countries. C) sent a letter signed by 255 of its scientists to protest what it considered unfair and unsupported criticisms of its research. D) presented to the public information that had come from non-IPCC sources and that had never been verified. E) worked secretly with certain academic institutions in order to refute some serious criticisms of global warming. Frente A Módulo 13
- 9. LÍNGUAINGLESA 9Editora Bernoulli ENEM EXERCISES Texto para as questões 01 e 02 Ecuador opens its doors to senior scientists Ecuador to become “the retirement destination of brilliant minds” [MONTEVIDEO] Ecuador’s president Rafael Correa has announced a US$1.7 million plan to attract senior Ecuadorian scientists living abroad and senior scientists from the developed world – whether active or retired – to come and work in Ecuador. Under the “Prometheus Old Wiseman” plan, announced last week (7 August), 48 scientists will be invited to come to Ecuador for up to a year to teach universities, or collaborate in research centres or state-owned companies. Initially the aim is for 30 Ecuadorian scientists living abroad to return home to teach, at an estimated cost of US$735,000 to the government, who will pay the airfares for the scientists and their families, and living costs. Under the second part of the programme, backed by a further US$981,000 sum of government funding, around 18 foreign scientists will be invited to Ecuador. “According to a 2009 survey, only 29 per cent of the universities in Ecuador have a research programme,” Manuel Baldeón, head of the National Secretariat for Science and Technology (Senacyt) told SciDev.Net. Baldeón said that Prometheus aimed to turn Ecuador into a haven for top scientists from around the world and that the government is ready to provide “all that is necessary” to lead the country into becoming “the retirement destination of brilliant minds”. HIRSCHFELD, Daniela. Available at: <http://www.scidev.net/ en/news/ecuador-opens-its-doors-to-senior-scientists.html>. Accessed: Aug. 16th , 2010. (Adapted). 01. According to the text, the Ecuadorian government has decided to make investments to develop the country’s universities, which still need to broaden their research programs. The “Prometheus Old Wiseman” plan was ellaborated in order to make these changes possible through A) forging the scientists to teach only at Ecuador’s universities. B) introducing the plan to the scientists. C) being invited by the scientists to work in Ecuador. D) calling in older scientists to live and work in Ecuador. E) promising to deepen into an Ecuador’s research. 02. The Ecuadorian plan will be implanted gradually. In its first phase, it A) will consider 48 scientists to come to Ecuador for up to a year to teach universities. B) will invite 30 scientists living abroad to return to Ecuador. C) will be spending an estimated cost of US$735,000 to the government. D) will be backed by a further US$981,000 sum of government funding. E) will attract foreign senior scientists from the developed world. HAVING FUN Human Body 01. COMPLETE the arrows with the words on the table. Eye Brain Nose Mouth Neck Chest Ear Head Shoulder Kidney Small Intestine Diaphragm Pancreas Esophagus Heart Lung Large Intestine Anus Stomach Arm Liver d Quantitative Adjectives and Indefinite Pronouns
- 10. 10 Coleção Estudo ANSWER KEY Consolidation 01. I. no II. some III. any 02. I. someone / somebody II. somewhere III. nothing 03. There is nothing like friendship. 04. any – someone Proposed Exercises 01. A 07. C 02. E 08. B 03. A 09. D 04. B 10. D 05. E 11. A 06. C 12. E Text I 01. B 02. A 03. D 04. A Text II 01. C 02. E 03. C 04. D 05. A Text III 01. B 02. D 03. A 04. B 05. C 06. E 07. D Enem Exercises 01. D 02. B Having Fun 01. d Brain Head Ear Neck Esophagus Heart Lung Diaphragm Stomach Pancreas Small intestineLarge intestine Kidney Liver Arm Chest Shoulder Mouth Nose Eye Anus GLOSSARY ● Colleague = colega de sala, colega de trabalho ● Recently = recentemente ● Unfortunately = infelizmente ● Vacation = férias SXC Frente A Módulo 13
- 11. FRENTE 11Editora Bernoulli MÓDULOLÍNGUA INGLESA COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES Main structure Adjective Comparative v Superlative bom good better (than) (the) best mau bad worse (than) (the) worst muito much more (than) (the) most muitos many more (than) (the) most pouco little less (than) (the) least longe far farther / further (than) (the) farthest / furthest velho old older / elder (than) (the) oldest / eldest perto near nearer (than) (the) nearest tarde late later (than) (the) latest último last laster (than) (the) last feliz happy happier (than) (the) happiest tímido shy shyer (than) (the) shyest grande big bigger (than) (the) biggest animado exciting (more) exciting (than) (the most) exciting inteligente intelligent (more) intelligent (than) (the most) intelligent fantástico fantastic (more) fantastic (than) (the most) fantastic incrível incredible (more) incredible (than) (the most) incredible notável outstanding (more) outstanding (than) (the most) outstanding Os graus comparativo e superlativo de adjetivos e advérbios em inglês seguem certas regras comuns, isto é, as regras se aplicam tanto para os adjetivos quanto para os advérbios. Grau comparativo de superioridade A) Adjetivos e advérbios de 1 ou 2 sílabas: Adj + -er + than Exemplos: – Tokyo is larger than Mexico City. (large) – A plane is faster than a helicopter. (fast) – She is a better student than her brother. (good) – Doug is very sick today. He’s worse than yesterday. (bad) – Susan plays the piano better than Lucy. (well) Good é adjetivo / well é advérbio. • Quando o adjetivo terminar em -y, substitui-se o y por i e acrescenta-se -er. Exemplos: – sexy - sexier SXC – lively - livelier – rainy - rainier – easy - easier – happy - happier Degrees of Comparison 14 A
- 12. 12 Coleção Estudo B) Adjetivos e advérbios de 3 ou mais sílabas: More + adj + than Exemplos: – He is more intelligent than her. (intelligent) – This woman is more interesting than that one. (interesting) – These exercises are more difficult than the previous ones. (difficult) – English is more important than French. (important) SXC X SXC Grau superlativo de superioridade A) Adjetivos e advérbios de 1 ou 2 sílabas: The + adj + -est Exemplos: – São Paulo is the biggest city in South America. (big) – The Empire State Building is the tallest building in NY. (tall) MariaLy/CreativeCommons • Mantemos a troca de y por i também para o superlativo. Exemplo: – She is the sexiest girl here. (sexy) O superlativo para GOOD e WELL é BEST. O superlativo para BAD é WORST. Exemplos: – They are the worst players we have. (bad) – You are the best students I have. (good) ATENÇÃO! Tanto para o comparativo quanto para o superlativo, quando o adjetivo terminar com consoante precedida de vogal, ela é dobrada ao se passar o adjetivo para o comparativo ou superlativo. É o caso de big - bigger - biggest. Essa regra é também conhecida por consoante-vogal- consoante. Exemplos: Adjective Comparative Superlative quente hot hotter (than) (the) hottest magro, fino thin thinner (than) (the) thinnest B) Adjetivos e advérbios de 3 ou mais sílabas: The + most + adj Exemplos: – You have the most wonderful view of the city from here. (wonderful) – It is the most peaceful place I know. (peaceful) – Matrix is the most exciting film I’ve ever seen. (exciting) Exceções • Adjetivos com duas sílabas terminados em -le, -ow, -er e y admitem as duas formas: Adjective Comparative Superlative simples simple simpler (than) / (more) simple (than) (the) simplest / (the most) simple estreito narrow narrower (than) / (more) narrow (than) (the) narrowest / (the most) narrow inteli- gente clever cleverer (than) / (more) clever (than) (the) cleverest / (the most) clever • Quando o adjetivo terminar em -e, acrescenta-se apenas -r, para o grau comparativo, ou -st, para o superlativo. Adjective Comparative Superlative grande large larger (than) (the) largest largo wide wider (than) (the) widest Frente A Módulo 14
- 13. LÍNGUAINGLESA 13Editora Bernoulli • Quando o adjetivo monossilábico terminar em -y precedido de consoante, troca-se o y por i e acrescenta-se -er ou -est, como acontece com dissilábicos: Adjective Comparative Superlative seco dry drier (than) (the) driest sujo dirty dirtier (than) (the) dirtiest Mas shy (tímido) é diferente: Adjective Comparative Superlative tímido shy shyer (than) (the) shyest • Adjetivos de duas sílabas, com outras terminações, recebem more than ou the most. É o caso de famous, jealous, honest, modest, modern, nervous, rural. Exemplo: – He is more famous than Alice at school. Comparative Comparative of Equality / Comparative of Inequality Para expressar equivalência quanto a uma certa qualidade, usa-se: • as + adjetivo + as (positivo): – She is as beautiful as Luiza Brunet. • not so + adjetivo + as (negativo): – ... but she is not so clever as Bruna. Comparative of Inferiority and Superlative of Inferiority A) Para o comparativo de inferioridade: Less + adj + than Exemplos: – Mark is less tall than John. – Peter is less intelligent than Mary. B) Para o superlativo de inferioridade: The least + adj Exemplo: – George is the least intelligent student. Parallel Increase A) (the + adjective + -er + the + adjective + -er) Exemplo: – The hotter, the better. B) (the + adjective + -er + the more + adjective) Exemplo: – The older he is, the more intelligent he becomes. C) (the more + clause + the more + clause) Exemplo: – The more I meet people, the more l like my dog. D) (the more + adjective + the + adjective + -er) Exemplo: – The more efficient he is, the richer he becomes. CHECK IT OUTC “The more, the merrier” é um famoso ditado que, em português, quer dizer “quanto mais, melhor”. O adjetivo merry, assim como em Merry Christmas, quer dizer “feliz” ou “alegre”. CONSOLIDATION 01. REESCREVA colocando as palavras indicadas no grau adequado. A) He’s far (smart) than you think. _________________________________________ B) Jane was (beautiful) girl at the party. _________________________________________ 02. COMPLETE the following sentences by supplying the comparative (of superiority) form of the adverbs and adjectives in parentheses. A) Kate is ____________ her sister. (fat) B) Time seems to pass _____________ when we are young. (slow) C) That tree is ________________ this one. (big) D) This pencil is _____________ that pen. (expensive) E) He stayed _____________ he wanted. (long) F) This exercise is ____________________ that one. (difficult) G) Peter is ________________ Paul. (clever) H) Helen is ___________________ my sister. (pretty) I) She speaks English _______________ he. (good) J) This car is __________________ that one. (bad) Degrees of Comparison
- 14. 14 Coleção Estudo 03. (UFMG / 2ª etapa) COMPLETE the sentences with the appropriate words. (The first one is done for you as an example.) A) Oranges are ___richer___ in vitamin C than apples. B) The Sahara is the ____________ desert in the world. C) Pelé is the ____________ soccer player in the world. D) A feather is ____________ than a bar of iron. E) Fortaleza is ______________ to the Equator than Salvador. F) An atom is the ________________ unit of an element. G) The weather in Canada is generally ____________ than in Mexico. H) The giraffe has the ________________ neck of all mammals. I) Mount Everest is the world’s ____________ mountain. J) Gold is ____________ than silver. PROPOSED EXERCISES 01. (Milton Campos-MG) It’s said ________ one studies ________ he earns. Is it true? A) better / less D) the more / the less B) more / little E) the more / the least C) the most / the least 02. (Milton Campos-MG) It’s the most embarrassing thing that’s ever happened to me. The underlined phrase in the previous sentence can be replaced by the following alternatives, EXCEPT A) the unusual. B) the funniest. C) the most shocking. D) the best. E) the most shameful. 03. (UFV-MG) Select the CORRECT word or words to complete this sentence: “A cat can jump _________ a rabbit.” A) high as D) more high than B) higher than E) as high than C) highest 04. (UFMS) England is geographically _________ Scotland. A) large than C) large as E) largest B) the largest D) larger than 05. (UFScar-SP) His wife is ________ than his sister. A) prettier C) prettiest E) the prettiest B) very pretty D) pretty 06. (CESCEM-SP) No one was ________ than John when he heard a lie. A) angrier D) most angry B) so angry E) angry C) angriest 07. (VUNESP) He is ________ boy in town. A) so rich D) richest B) richer E) richest than C) the richest 08. (PUC-Campinas-SP) The first lesson in the book was certainly ________ than the others; but it was not ________ in the book. A) easier - the best D) easy - good B) easy - the better E) easiest - the better C) easiest - the best 09. (Milton Campos-MG) The scores aren’t very good but l guess it could be even _________. A) best D) worst B) worse E) badly C) worsen 10. (Milton Campos-MG) Revolutionary marxism has imploded in Russia _________ the world could expect. A) the quickest of B) so quickly as C) more quickly than D) much quickly than E) less quickly as 11. (FCC-BA) Landers feels much _________ today. A) good D) worse B) best E) worst C) bad 12. (PUC Minas) This summer is ________ last summer. A) hotter than D) hottest B) hottest than E) the hotter C) the hottest 13. (FGV-SP) Choose the RIGHT statement. A) She is the prettiest than her sister. B) She is much more prettiest. C) She is prettier than Vera. D) Jornal do Brasil is best than O Globo. E) Passat is the most fast car. 14. (PUC Minas) What remains to do is ________ than what has been done. A) the most important B) the more important C) most important D) not so important E) more important 15. (UFES) They killed _______ of all animals in the forest. A) the more stronger D) stronger B) the stronger E) the strongest C) strongest Frente A Módulo 14
- 15. LÍNGUAINGLESA 15Editora Bernoulli 16. (UFMG) __________ you study _________ you will be. A) The more / the best D) The most / the better B) The most / the best E) More / best C) The more / the better 17. (PUC Minas) Peter works ________ the butcher. A) as hard D) the harder B) harder than E) the hardest C) the hard 18. (UFU-MG) Check the RIGHT alternative. A) John is better than Mary but worse than l. B) John is more better than Mary but worse than l. C) John is better than Mary but more worse than l. D) John is best than Mary but worst than l. E) John is the best than Mary but worst than l. 19. (UEMG–2010) In the sentence “Record sales consistently orbited, culminating in the biggest-selling album of all time, Thriller in 1982,” the biggest is A) a comparative. C) an adverb. B) a superlative. D) none of the above. 20. (IME-RJ–2011) A different and somewhat _____ approach than changing all the rules may work when a product fails to comply but still satisfies the purpose of the regulations. In these cases, minor adjustments may save a lot of the work done before. A) fast C) as fast as E) not fast B) faster D) fasting TEXT I UFOP-MG–2009 Denmark “world’s happiest nation” Denmark is the happiest country in the world, according to the latest World Values Survey published by the United States National Science Foundation. The annual study surveyed people in 97 countries to discover who is happiest. The survey asked people two simple questions about their happiness and their level of satisfaction with life. Puerto Rico and Colombia completed the top three happiest nations. Zimbabwe was found to be the least happy, with Russia and Iraq also in the bottom 10. The study was directed by University of Michigan professor Ronald Inglehart. He says that unlike other studies, which have focused on economic factors, his research has found that financial prosperity is not the only reason for happiness. “Our research indicates prosperity is linked with happiness. It does contribute,” he says, “but it is not the most important factor.” “Personal freedom is even more important, and it’s freedom in all kinds of ways. Political freedom, like with democracy and freedom of choice.” A happier world The world is becoming a happier place overall, according to the survey, which has been conducted since 1981. Dr. Inglehart says that gender equality is also an indicator of happiness, as is rising social tolerance. He says that both of these things have risen dramatically in recent years. The world’s wealthiest nation, the United States, was found to be the world’s 16th happiest country, behind Switzerland, Canada and Sweden. The study also found that the countries at the bottom of the list all struggle with widespread poverty or authoritarian governments. Zimbabwe, which is gripped by hyperinflation and has recently seen a controversial presidential election marred by violence, was found to be the least happy nation amongst the countries covered by the survey. Available at: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/in_ depth/7487143.stm>. Accessed: Sept. 04, 2008. 01. Choose the alternative that completes the following statement. One of the reasons that make the __________ people the happiest in the world is their __________. A) American – authoritarian government B) Danish – economic prosperity C) Canadian – social importance D) Puerto Rican – cultural level 02. The ranking of the U.S.A. in the results of the survey indicates that A) the U.S.A. are a happier country than Sweden is. B) Canada is not as happy as the United States are. C) economic wealth alone does not determine happiness. D) freedom of speech is the only guarantee of happiness. 03. The CORRECT statement is: A) Over a hundred different countries participated in this research. B) Canada is among the top ten happiest countries in the world. C) This research on happiness was developed in Denmark. D) Zimbabwe is among the unhappiest countries of the study. 04. Complete the statement with one of the alternatives. Different kinds of freedom are _________ economic prosperity for people to be happy. A) as influential as B) less influential than C) more influential than D) not to be compared with Degrees of Comparison
- 16. 16 Coleção Estudo 05. Which factor is a reason for happiness? A) equality B) love C) poverty D) violence 06. The “World Values Survey” has been conducted for A) almost 20 years. B) about 27 years. C) less than 20 years. D) more than 40 years. 07. Brazil ranks among A) the countries not mentioned. B) the bottom three countries. C) the top three countries. D) the countries in between. TEXT II Milton Campos-MG–2010 Presenting the future from a magazine article. Future is arriving any minute now. Are you ready for it? EDUCATION Some futurists predict that doctors will be able to place tiny computer chips into people’s brains to increase learning ability. Everyone will learn very quickly, and education will continue throughout life. Virtual reality technology will become common. On a typical school day, the geography class will be visiting Antarctica, while the history class boards Sputnik, the ancient Russian space capsule. FUCHS, Marjorie; BONNER, Margaret. Focus on Grammar, A high-intermediate course for reference and practice. 01. In the sentence “Some futurists predict that doctors will be able to place tiny [...]” the underlined words DON’T mean the same as A) anticipate / capable B) foretell / clever C) forecast / efficient D) procrastinate / unskilled 02. Read the statements below: I. Learning capability may be increased from brain computer chips insertion. II. Education will be presumably fostered from time to time. III. The so-called devoted students won’t tend to learn more quickly, since they’re already devoted ones. According to the statements, check A) if only I is incorrect. B) if only II and III are incorrect. C) if only III is correct. D) if I and II are correct. 03. In futurists’ view, virtual-reality technology won’t certainly be A) shared. B) avoided. C) approaching history and geography on a single day. D) giving room to numberless of pupils at the same time. TEXT III UFMG–2007 Available at: <http://cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=1880>. Accessed: Apr. 2006. 01. The cartoonist wants the reader to believe that Senator Krupt A) has been paid by the press. B) has done something wrong. C) has gained people’s trust. D) has got a rather unfair trial. 02. The word they in this cartoon refers to the A) lies. C) press. B) means. D) senators. TEXT IV Fatec-SP–2010/2 Football’s red card The world’s most valuable sports team is drowning in debt. English football powerhouse Manchester United (Forbes estimates its worth at $1.8 billion) had to raise some $800 million in a bond issue last month, which is still $340 million shy of its total debts. Man U needed the bond to pay off the millions that American businessman Malcolm Glazer borrowed to purchase the team in 2005. But in the first three weeks since the bond was issued it lost nearly 10 percent of its value, a sign that, even though Man U’s revenues reached a record $444 million last year, the market is growing wary of debt, particularly the European variety. Man U isn’t alone. Debt levels have also skyrocketed among rivals like Liverpool, calling into question the business model of English Premier League football. Each year the three worst teams are banished to a lower league, where vital broadcasting revenues are dramatically reduced. This puts huge pressure on clubs to compete for the best players, who now regularly fetch more than $50 million a year. Unlike in the U.S., there’s no system of collective bargaining to restrain wages. Frente A Módulo 14
- 17. LÍNGUAINGLESA 17Editora Bernoulli As a result, the total salary bill for the Premier League has risen more than 20 percent since 2008. This has created a vicious cycle of rising debt among clubs that must spend extravagantly on players to ensure increased revenue. Any team attempting to be frugal becomes more likely to end up with lower revenue. It’s become a game of who can spend the most, and it probably won’t end well. 01. De acordo com o texto, o Manchester United A) possui uma dívida atual de mais de 300 milhões. B) doou parte de sua dívida, 444 milhões, para outros clubes europeus. C) foi vendido para um empresário americano neste ano. D) pagou cerca de 340 milhões de sua dívida. E) recebeu 800 milhões em títulos como pagamento de uma dívida. 02. Assinale a alternativa em que há um exemplo de grau de comparação. A) “But in the first three weeks since the bond was issued it lost nearly ten percent of its value […]” B) “Each year the three worst teams are banished to a lower league […]” C) “English football powerhouse Manchester United had to raise some […]” D) “Man U isn’t alone.” E) “This has created a vicious cycle of rising debt among clubs […]” TEXT V Mackenzie-SP–2007 NEWSWEEK 01. The cartoon implies that A) traveling naked can be funnier and faster if you go by plane. B) due to security problems, everyone is supposed to travel naked from now on. C) nowadays people would rather travel naked than well-dressed. D) the fact that you don’t wear any clothes will simplify security procedures. E) waiting in line is no longer a problem for naked people. GrammarExpress 02. According to Dara, in the cartoon, A) eating too much in bed was recommended by her doctor for it can help her fall asleep. B) having a heavy meal in bed instead of before bed is the right thing to do. C) she’s been sleeping too much and dreaming with heavy food. D) heavy meals have been recommended by her doctor. E) if you have heavy meals in bed, you can gain weight. ENEM EXERCISES Texto para a questão 01 The six-year molars The six-year molars are the first permanent teeth. They are the “keystone” of the dental arch. They are also extremely susceptible to decay. Parents have to understand that these teeth are very important. Over 25% of 6 to 7-year-old children have beginning cavities in one of the molars. The early loss of one of these molars causes serious problems in childhood and adult life. It is never easy for parents to make kids take care of their teeth. Even so, parents have to insist and never give up. Módulo do Ensino Integrado 01. (Enem–2010) O texto aborda uma temática inerente ao processo de desenvolvimento do ser humano, a dentição. Há informação quantificada na mensagem quando se diz que as cáries dos dentes mencionados A) acontecem em mais de 25% das crianças entre seis e sete anos. B) ocorrem em menos de 25% das crianças entre seis e sete anos. C) surgem em uma pequena minoria das crianças. D) começam em crianças acima dos 7 anos. E) podem levar dezenas de anos para ocorrer. Degrees of Comparison
- 18. 18 Coleção Estudo Texto para a questão 02 DaveWalker Available at: <http://www.weblogcartoons.com>. Accessed: July 13th . 2010. 02. (Enem-2010) Os aparelhos eletrônicos contam com um número cada vez maior de recursos. O autor do desenho detalha os diferentes acessórios e características de um celular e, a julgar pela maneira como os descreve, ele A) prefere os aparelhos celulares com flip, mecanismo que se dobra, estando as teclas protegidas contra eventuais danos. B) apresenta uma opinião sarcástica com relação aos aparelhos celulares repletos de recursos adicionais. C) escolhe seus aparelhos celulares conforme o tamanho das teclas, facilitando o manuseio. D) acredita que o uso de aparelhos telefônicos portáteis seja essencial para que a comunicação se dê a qualquer instante. E) julga essencial a presença de editores de textos nos celulares, pois ele pode concluir seus trabalhos pendentes fora do escritório. GLOSSARY ● Jealous = ciumento(a) ● Lively = vivo, vigoroso SXC ● Merry Christmas = Feliz Natal ● NY = abreviatura de New York; Nova York, Nova Iorque ● Previous = anterior ANSWER KEY Consolidation 01. A) He’s far smarter than you think. B) Jane was the most beautiful girl at the party. 02. A) fatter than B) slower than C) bigger than D) more expensive than E) longer than F) more difficult than G) more clever than / cleverer than H) prettier than I) better than J) worse than 03. B) hottest C) best D) lighter E) closer F) smallest G) cooller / colder H) longest I) highest J) more expensive Proposed Exercises 01. D 05. A 09. B 13. C 17. B 02. A 06. A 10. C 14. E 18. A 03. B 07. C 11. D 15. E 19. B 04. D 08. A 12. A 16. C 20. B Text I 01. B 03. D 05. A 07. A 02. C 04. C 06. B Text II 01. D 02. B 03. B Text III 01. B 02. C Text IV 01. A 02. B Text V 01. D 02. B Enem Exercises 01. A 02. B Frente A Módulo 14
- 19. FRENTE 19Editora Bernoulli MÓDULOLÍNGUA INGLESA TAG QUESTIONS São estruturas interrogativas acrescentadas ao final de orações para se obter confirmações. Na oração afirmativa → tag question negativa. Na oração negativa → tag question afirmativa. • O auxiliar da oração se repetirá na tag question. • Os subject personal pronouns são usados na tag question. • O modal verb da frase se repetirá na tag question. Exemplos: – John is busy, isn’t he? – Bob will study at Bernoulli, won’t he? – There are malls in your town, aren’t there? – Lucy isn’t studying, is she? Se houver apenas um ordinary verb, usam-se os auxiliares do, does ou did. Exemplos: – David lived in Belo Horizonte, didn’t he? – You don’t work on Saturdays, do you? Casos especiais A) I am → aren’t I? Exemplos: – I am not a student, am I? – I am a doctor, aren’t I? Isso ocorre porque o verbo to be na primeira pessoa do singular, “am”, não possui a forma contraída “amn’t” na negativa. Usa-se, portanto, “aren’t”. B) Pedido no imperativo → will you, won’t you, can’t you, can you. Exemplos: – Stop this noise, will you? – Look after her, won’t you? – Open the door, can’t you / can you? C) Imperativo negativo → will you. Exemplo: – Don’t smoke here, will you? D) Orações com let’s → shall we. Exemplo: – Let’s study now, shall we? E) Se o sujeito for um quantitative pronoun composto de thing → usa-se it. Exemplo: – Everything is great, isn’t it? F) Se o sujeito for um quantitative pronoun composto de body ou one → usa-se they. Exemplos: – Everybody needs somebody to love, don’t they? – No one wants to play now, do they? – Everyone cares about you, don’t they? G) Quantitative pronoun formado por no → tag question estará na afirmativa. Exemplos: – Nothing is what it seems, is it? – Nobody liked her, did they? CHECK IT OUTC Na língua oral, existem tag questions que não variam em forma. Elas são utilizadas para checar o entendimento daquele com quem se fala. São elas: (all) right, okay, yeah, eh, don’t you think?. – Don’t forget to bring me that book, okay? – Martha is busy, right? – She has pretty eyes, don’t you think? Tag Questions and Adverbs 15 A
- 20. 20 Coleção Estudo ADVERBS: TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER Também (em frases positivas) • Too (no final da frase, concorda na afirmativa) • So (no início da segunda oração) + verbo auxiliar (ou verbo to be) + sujeito John is happy, and I am too So am I Mark likes champagne, and I do too So do I She drank too much, and I did too So did I Deve se lembrar que a segunda oração irá sempre manter o mesmo tempo verbal em que apareceu a primeira. Também não (em frases negativas) Nas frases negativas, nem too nem so podem ser usados. Devem ser utilizados, nesses casos, neither e either. Julie doesn’t like beer, and I don’t like it either neither do I Uso de locuções conjuntivas • Negativa: neither... nor... – (nem… nem…) • Positiva: both… and… – (tanto… quanto…) • Alternativa: either... or... – (ou… ou…) Exemplos: – I have neither cash money nor checks to pay for it. – Both the mother and the son were there. – You may choose either this or that doll. De acordo com o verbo principal da frase, deve-se utilizar o verbo ou o auxiliar compatível com ele. Verb to be Exemplos: – He is a good student and so is his sister. – They aren’t good drivers and neither is their cousin. Simple Present Tense Exemplos: – She knows this country very well and so does her father. – She speaks German fluently and so do her children. – You don’t go there on Sundays and neither does Jack. – She doesn’t teach here and neither do her sisters. – I can swim fast and so can your brother. – You can’t speak Chinese and neither can I. Simple Past Tense Exemplos: – You were a good boss last year and so was your brother. – She wasn’t here yesterday and neither were her children. – They went to the USA last month and so did their cousin. – He didn’t speak correctly and neither did his wife. – I couldn’t see the movie yesterday and neither could you. – He could go there last week and so could the boy. Future Exemplos: – You won’t go to America and neither will your sister. – I will be there and so will you. Conditional Exemplos: – I would do this and so would you. – She wouldn’t learn this so fast and neither would you. Present Perfect Tense Exemplos: – That man has gone to New York and so has his wife. – The girls haven’t had their tests and neither have you. Frente A Módulo 15
- 21. LÍNGUAINGLESA 21Editora Bernoulli Present Perfect Continuous Tense Exemplos: – The boys have been swimming for ten minutes and so has John. – Alice hasn’t been reading since 8:00 a.m. and neither have you. Past Perfect Tense Exemplos: – The girls had forgotten to say hello and so had the boys. – The student hadn’t gone out and neither had the teacher. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Exemplos: – The students had been working hard and so had Peggy. – The swimmers hadn’t been swimming in the pool and neither had the coach. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of manner são os advérbios de modo e geralmente são formados pela junção do adjetivo com o sufixo -ly. Exemplos: – Quickly = rapidamente – Slowly = vagorasamente – Sadly = tristemente, infelizmente CONSOLIDATION 01. COMPLETE the questions with the correct tag questions. A) He is a neat guy, ? B) There are many people here, ? C) They play sports, ? D) He must play the guitar very well, ? E) Close the window, ? F) Let’s go home, ? G) They will miss the bus, ? H) It is nearly 8 o’clock, ? I) The weather was good, ? J) Don’t open the door, ? 02. TRANSFORM the adjectives in brackets into adverbs. A) He talked ________________ to me. [kind] B) He could answer the exam very _________. [easy] C) My father drives _____________. [careful] D) They are behaving _______________ .[bad] PROPOSED EXERCISES 01. (FMU-SP / Adaptado) Qual das alternativas NÃO completa a frase a seguir corretamente? Give me a can of beer, _____________? A) can’t you D) won’t you B) can you E) do you C) will you 02. (UEMA) Complete: “You like English, __________”? A) don’t you D) does you B) do you E) are you C) like you 03. (CEUMA) Complete the sentences with question tags and then mark the CORRECT alternative: I. I’m afraid I’m a little late, ______________? II. She left at 10 o’clock, _________________? III. He likes apple pie, __________________? A) am I - doesn’t she - didn’t he B) aren’t I - didn’t she - doesn’t he C) I am - did he - does he D) aren’t I - didn’t she - didn’t he E) aren’t I - doesn’t she - like he 04. (ITA-SP) Sarah ___________ classes lately, has she? A) didn’t attend D) haven’t attended B) hadn’t attended E) doesn’t attend C) hasn’t attended 05. (FMU-SP) We cannot have the report typed for tomorrow, _________? A) cannot we D) haven’t we B) can’t we E) can we C) have we 06. (FCMMG) Complete CORRECTLY: They haven’t developed a diet to reduce weight gain, ____________? A) do they D) said he B) have they E) should he C) did he 07. (UCSal-BA) He shouldn’t have said that, _________? A) hasn’t he D) said he B) doesn’t he E) should he C) did he 08. (CESCEM-SP) Your daughter has developed a temper lately, ____________? A) doesn’t she D) wasn’t she B) isn’t she E) didn’t she C) hasn’t she Tag Questions and Adverbs
- 22. 22 Coleção Estudo 09. (Mackenzie-SP) They won’t stop long, ____________? A) won’t they B) didn’t they C) do they D) isn’t it E) will they 10. (Milton Campos-MG) Please, recycle those newspapers, ______________? A) will you B) didn’t they C) do they D) did you E) don’t you 11. (Fatec-SP / Adaptado) O advérbio so na frase “he did so efficiently and discreetly” pode ser substituído, de forma ADEQUADA e sem prejuízo de significado, por A) very. B) too. C) enough. D) less. E) a little. 12. (FUVEST-SP) Selecione a alternativa que preenche CORRETAMENTE a lacuna: My mother doesn’t drink tea and do I. A) or B) also C) too D) either E) neither 13. (FMU-SP) “My uncle has forgotten to pay for the meal.” “__________________”. A) Neither have they. B) So has I. C) So have my cousins. D) So did they. E) Neither did they. 14. (UNITAU-SP) Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à sequência de question tags ADEQUADOS para completar as frases a seguir: 1. He isn’t at home, ___________? 2. That will happen, ___________? 3. She hasn’t a cue, ___________? 4. It rains a lot, _______________? A) isn’t; won’t; has he; doesn’t it B) is it; will it; does she; has it C) isn’t he; will it; has she; hasn’t it D) is he; won’t it; has she; doesn’t it E) isn’t he; won’t he; has she; does it TEXT I UFF-RJ–2011 Text I Cultural Differences? Or, are we really that different? Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Education, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience, affection shown in the 05 home, and a myriad of other factors will affect human behavior and culture. Sure there are differences in approach as to what is considered polite and appropriate behavior both on and off the job. In some cultures “yes” means “l hear you” 10 more than “I agree”. Length of pleasantries and greetings before getting down to business; level of tolerance for being around someone speaking a foreign (not understood) language; politeness measured in terms of gallantry or etiquette (e.g., standing up for a woman who 15 approaches a table, yielding a seat on the bus to an older person, etc.) and of expected dress are all examples of possible cultural differences and traditions. In Mexico, it is customary for the arriving person to greet the others. For instance, someone who walks into 20 a group of persons eating would say provecho (enjoy your meal). In Chile, women often greet both other women and men with a kiss on the cheek. In Russia, women often walk arm in arm with their female friends. Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can 25 give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation or acceptance. Ignoring these can get an unsuspecting person into trouble. There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to have an understanding about a culture’s customs 30 and ways. Aaron Pun, a Canadian ODCnet correspondent, wrote: “In studying cross cultural differences, we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group against others. Hence, we are comparing two bell curves and generalization cannot be avoided.” Another 35 correspondent explained the human need to categorize. True and true, but the danger comes when we act on some of these generalizations, especially when they are based on faulty observation. Acting on generalizations about such matters as eye contact, personal space, 40 touch, and interest in participation can have serious negative consequences. Stereotyping can have intense negative effects, especially when educators or managers make fewer attempts to involve those of other cultures because 45 they have been taught not to expect participation. Or they do not realize there may be something wrong when a student or employee of a different ethnicity makes little eye contact with them. Faye Lee, a concerned Japanese-American, wrote: “How anyone can try to make Frente A Módulo 15
- 23. LÍNGUAINGLESA 23Editora Bernoulli 50 generalizations about an entire continent of people, plus all the Asian Americans and the infinite permutations of people’s differing experiences, is beyond me.” As we interact with others of different cultures, there is no good substitute for receptiveness to interpersonal 55 feedback, good observation skills, effective questions, and some horse sense. There is much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other. Don’t be afraid to ask questions as most people respond very positively to inquiries about 60 their culture. Ask a variety of people so you can get a balanced view. Making a genuine effort to find the positive historical, literary, and cultural contributions of a society; learning a few polite expressions in another person’s language 65 and showing appreciation for the food and music of another culture can have especially positive effects. Differences between cultures and peoples are real and can add richness (and humor) to the fabric of life. People everywhere have much in common, such as a need 70 for affiliation and love, participation, and contribution. When the exterior is peeled off, there are not so many differences after all. BILLIKOPF, Gregorio. University of California, 2009. In Party-Directed Mediation: Helping Others Resolve Differences. California: The Regents, 1999. (Adapted). Glossary yielding = ceder, dar bell curves = gráficos em forma de sino faulty = equivocada horse sense = senso comum inquiries = perguntas peeled off = desnudado Text II I FEEL IN THE MOOD FOR A STUPID AND POINTLESS ARGUMENT IN AN ONLINE FORUM TODAY I FEEL IN THE MOOD FOR A POINTLESS AND STUPID ARGUMENT IN AN ONLINE FORUM TODAY Available at: <http://www.weblogcartoons.com/>. 01. The title of Text I reflects the author’s position regarding culture. Choose the statement in which this position is BEST conveyed. A) Individual differences should not be taken into account when trying to understand people’s culture. B) People should make genuine efforts to understand other people’s culture. C) Differences between people add richness to the fabric of life. D) Although there are cultural differences between nations, people everywhere have a lot in common. E) Traditions contribute to assimilate not only culture but language as well. 02. According to Text I, in order to interact successfully with people from a different culture, one must A) observe people’s cultural behavior carefully. B) generalize social behavior. C) avoid eye contact. D) ignore people’s cultural differences. E) speak their language fluently. 03. The meaning of “unsuspecting” (line 27) is A) incriminating. D) guilty. B) ingenious. E) innocent. C) suspicious. 04. According to what is stated in the 2nd paragraph, offering a seat on the bus to an older person is an example of A) greeting. D) acceptance. B) gallantry. E) rudeness. C) affection. 05. Discourse markers are used to provide cohesion to the text. In the excerpt “Hence, we are comparing two bell curves and generalization cannot be avoided” (lines 33-34), the discourse marker in bold expresses the following semantic relation: A) time. B) concession. C) consequence. D) emphasis. E) manner. 06. In “There is much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other” (lines 56-58), the expression in bold could be replaced by A) both. D) one another. B) neither. E) each one. C) everyone. Tag Questions and Adverbs
- 24. 24 Coleção Estudo 07. Exemplification is used by the author of the text to develop his argumentation. In paragraph 7, through the use of exemplification, the author A) lists types of social behavior which may positively affect cross-cultural communication. B) may lead people to misunderstand other people’s social conventions. C) can get a balanced view of the literary and cultural contributions of a particular society. D) may lead people to appreciate other people’s literatures. E) does not affect social interaction. 08. In Text II, the cartoon shows people from different continents, consequently from different cultures, interacting in real time on the Internet. Mark the excerpt from Text I which may establish a link with Text II. A) “In some cultures “yes” means “I hear you” more than “I agree.” (lines 9-10) B) “Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation and acceptance.” (lines 24-26) C) “Stereotyping can have intense negative effects, especially when educators or managers make fewer attempts to involve those of other cultures […].” (lines 42-44) D) “Don’t be afraid to ask questions as most people respond very positively to inquiries about their culture.” (lines 58-60) E) “When the exterior is peeled off, there are not many differences after all.” (line 71-72) TEXT II AFA-SP–2008 Available at: <www.cartoonstock.com>. 01. According to the cartoon, the businessman A) took advantage of a chaotic situation. B) took a decision to benefit the company. C) created a strategy to achieve a goal shared by everyone. D) decided to change the situation of sales. TEXT III UFMG Traveling Tosomeextent,travelingentailsfantasizing.Wedream of finding someone interesting away from vigilant neighbors, from family control, from our own self-criticism. There is nothing necessarily wrong with that fantasy nor with its realization. Now traveling is more rewarding[1] , much more complex than that. It means coming out of hiding, getting out of the rut, looking around ourselves, seeing the world, opening our minds to new dimensions of human existence. At a certain moment in our life, that may include an opening to new relationships, seen as rewarding experiences. On the other hand, traveling may develop our ability to stay alone, to face up to our fears, to meet the unknown head on, without turning to others for safety. It means being able to survive without old habits. While traveling for pleasure, a workaholic may feel the same withdrawal symptoms that plague those who cease to take addictive drugs. Traveling tests and helps develop our independence. It makes us feel that the ground under our feet is within ourselves, not outside. Getting in touch with another culture also elicits fantasies involving “the stranger”. Foreigners evoke many different emotions. One of them is the magic that surrounds someone from a distant, mysterious world. Only everyday life can disentangle reality from magic. Yet, magic and enchantment do have a place in life. In a sense, traveling distinguishes us from reptiles. Alligators, for instance, are intent exclusively on survival; they never leave their territory, they never relinquish safety and protection. Merely surviving is not enough for us humans. We want to live, and that sometimes entails going out to distant places in search of adventure. Traveling, like any other human experience, may provide an opportunity to prepare even for death. If we succeed in coming out of hiding and living in different environments, perhaps we will be less disturbed when our body no longer is part of our luggage and only our essence departs for the great adventure. Traveling is being confident about the fact that our life can be lived wherever we are. AZEVEDO, Maria de Melo. Traveling, sex, and fantasies. Ícaro, n. 189, May 2000, p. 20. (Adapted). Frente A Módulo 15
- 25. LÍNGUAINGLESA 25Editora Bernoulli 01. According to the text, traveling does NOT mean A) being independent. B) opening minds. C) seeing the world. D) transmitting culture. 02. The author distinguishes people from reptiles pointing out that people A) are more worried about survival. B) demand safety and protection. C) do not move outside their habitat. D) wish to explore new territories. 03. Traveling and death are similar experiences because both require us to A) deny fantasies. B) face the unknown. C) search for adventure. D) take our luggage. 04. Another ADEQUATE title for this text could be: A) Fantasies of Love B) Reasons for Traveling C) Searching for Mystery D) Traveling in Safety 05. “Now traveling is more rewarding” [1] To keep the same meaning, the word now could be replaced by A) but. C) then. B) first. D) thus. TEXT IV UFTM-MG–2010 Leia o cartoon e responda às questões de números 01 e 02. Available at: <www.comics.com/the_buckets/>. 01. Dentro do contexto do cartoon, a mulher parece não entender a pergunta que lhe é feita porque A) a pergunta soa muito machista e sem graça. B) ela não vê diferença entre um e outro tipo de filme. C) a palavra flick não tem sentido para ela. D) o homem espera que ela saiba demais. E) ela nem sempre é consultada sobre esse assunto. 02. De acordo com a opinião expressa pelo homem, no segundo e terceiro quadrinhos, pode-se concluir que A) as mulheres ferem os sentimentos dos homens em filmes “feitos para mulheres”. B) os homens gostam de ouvir a opinião das mulheres na hora de escolher filmes. C) as mulheres apreciam mais o gênero romântico ou drama. D) os chamados “filmes masculinos” não ferem os sentimentos de outras pessoas. E) os filmes “feitos para homens” são mais agressivos do ponto de vista físico. TEXT V UNIFAL-MG–2009 Looking for that first job Question: I am a fifteen-year-old high school student about to go into my sophomore year of high school. I have not been able to acquire any work experience whatsoever, ironically because I don’t have any work experience! What 05 is a good way for me to find a first job? Answer: Good for you to be proactive with your job search and income earning at a young age. You are right, it is tough to get experience when employers are usually able to find people with experience. What you are facing 10 is what most of us experienced in our early job searches, and with persistence we eventually landed our first jobs. Unless you have family connections to a business where you can gain some experience, looking for work starts with creating a plan and getting prepared. Utilizing all 15 available resources will be very helpful. Many employers are prepared to hire people that have no previous experience for their entry-level positions. However, you will find there is still competition for these roles and you will need to be able to convince an 20 employer you are the best candidate for the position. You will need a polished résumé and cover letter that indicates your strengths and suitability for a position. Résumés and cover letters are an essential part of your job-hunting tool kit. They are the most common instruments 25 job seekers use to get their foot in the door. Tag Questions and Adverbs
- 26. 26 Coleção Estudo Early in your search you will need to determine the type of position you would like and then what the best entry position might be to help you get there. With this information your next step is to look at 30 companies that you would be interested in working for that have these types of entry-level positions. Many jobs are not advertised. You can tap into this “hidden” job market by networking, knocking on doors, seeking out free employment programs and services, searching 35 on the Internet, attending job fairs, and marketing yourself. Follow-up is an important element of every job search strategy. Re-connecting with a potential employer by mail or phone can be very effective. 40 If you are interested in offering a service – babysitting, yard-work, painting, etc. – you could make up a flyer and deliver it around your community. It may not be long-term work but it does help you start to build your experience and can provide potential references for you. Available at: <http://working.canada.com/resources/story. html?id=e67a7d14-32d7-439c-9d20-9e0e82c02518>. Accessed: Oct. 23rd , 2008. 01. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA de acordo com o texto. A) “tough” (line 8) means the same as “hard”. B) “eventually” (line 11) has the same meaning as “occasionally”. C) “best” (line 20) establishes an equality. D) “hidden” (line 32) expresses a verb form. E) “long-term work” (lines 42-43) means working from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. 02. No trecho “However, you will find [...]” (line 18), o termo grifado pode ser substituído por A) therefore. B) provided that. C) in spite of. D) unless. E) but. 03. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA de acordo com o texto. A) Employers can find experient people to hire. B) Candidates for entry-positions are often high school students. C) Part of job search strategy is to let potential employers know your weaknesses. D) It is easier to find a job in your own community. E) Employers demand high qualifications for the position offered. 04. O termo “job search” (lines 6-7) tem o mesmo sentido que A) “find a first job“ (line 5). B) “landed our first jobs“ (line 11). C) “job-hunting” (line 24). D) “re-connecting with a potencial employer” (line 38). E) “offering a service” (line 40). 05. O fragmento “Unless you have family connections to a business where you can gain some experience, looking for work starts with creating a plan and getting prepared.” (lines 12-14) apresenta a ideia de que A) é necessário que você tenha parentes envolvidos em seu primeiro trabalho para ter sucesso. B) é necessário criar um plano de visitação às indústrias. C) a procura pelo primeiro trabalho envolve a elaboração de um planejamento e preparar-se para o mesmo. D) você pode adquirir experiência mesmo antes do início do curso superior. E) as empresas familiares geralmente não admitem que parentes sejam contratados. 06. De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que apresenta o que é preciso fazer para encontrar um emprego. A) Publish an advertisement in a newspaper. B) Use all possible resources to go into the job market. C) Choose the right kind of work you would like to do. D) Be polite with people who have connections with you as a desirable attitude. E) Convince employers of big companies to give you a job. 07. De acordo com as informações do texto, assinale a alternativa CORRETA. Most young people A) must look for a job. B) face difficulties in acquiring work experience. C) should look for a job in the business area. D) want to start working and earn money. E) need to be able to change the line of events. 08. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA, de acordo com o texto. A) It is unnecessary to have a résumé if you do not have formal working experience. B) Position offered for a first job is usually badly paid. C) Jobs are offered through employment agencies. D) There are opportunities for entry-level positions, although there is competition. E) Independent of what company is offering the job, you should apply for it. Frente A Módulo 15
- 27. LÍNGUAINGLESA 27Editora Bernoulli ENEM EXERCISES Texto para a questão 01 The record industry The record industry is undoubtedly in crisis, with labels laying off employees in continuation. This is because CD sales are plummeting as youngsters prefer to download their music from the Internet, usually free of charge. And yet it’s not all gloom and doom. Some labels are in fact thriving. Putumayo World Music, for example, is growing, thanks to its catalogue of ethnic compilation albums, featuring work by largely unknown artists from around the planet. Putumayo, which takes its name from a valley in Colombia, was founded in New York in 1993. It began life as an alternative clothing company, but soon decided to concentrate on music. Indeed its growth appears to have coincided with that of world music as a genre. SPEAK UP. Ano XXIII, n. 275. (Fragment). 01. (Enem–2010) A indústria fonográfica passou por várias mudanças no século XX e, como consequência, as empresas enfrentaram crises. Entre as causas, o texto da revista Speak Up aponta A) o baixo interesse dos jovens por alguns gêneros musicais. B) o acesso a músicas, geralmente sem custo, pela Internet. C) a compilação de álbuns com diferentes estilos musicais. D) a ausência de artistas populares entre as pessoas mais jovens. E) o aumento do número de cantores desconhecidos. Texto para a questão 02 Hip Hop Music Hip hop music is a musical genre which developed as part of hip hop culture, and is defined by key stylistic elements such as rapping, DJing, sampling (or synthesis), scratching and beatboxing. Hip hop began in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop denotes the practices of an entire subculture. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org>. Accessed: July 8th , 2010. Brazilian hip hop is one of the world’s major hip hop scenes, with active rap, break dance, and graffiti scenes, especially in São Paulo, where groups tend to have a more international style, influenced by old school hip hop and gangsta rap. Brazilian rap has served as a reflection of political, social, and racial issues plaguing the disenfranchised youth in the suburbs of São Paulo and Rio. The lyrical content, band names, and song names used by Brazilian hip hop artists often connote the socio-political issues surrounding their communities. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org>. Accesed: July, 8th , 2010. (Fragment). 02. (Enem–2010) Sendo a música uma das formas de manifestação cultural de um país, o rap brasileiro, a partir das informações do texto, tem sido caracterizado A) pela influência internacional nos nomes de bandas e de músicas. B) como instrumento de reflexão crítica do jovem da periferia. C) pela irreverência dos cantores, adeptos e suas vestimentas. D) como um gênero musical de menor prestígio na sociedade. E) pela criatividade dos primeiros adeptos do gênero hip hop. HAVING FUN Badminton The game of badminton has traveled from British India to our backyards, right into the stadiums of the Olympics. It is a game enjoyed by generations for generations. Who would have ever guessed? JohnLeech/CreativeCommons Cartoon showing early Badminton game. Published 1854 from Punch magazine. The beginnings of Badminton can be traced to mid-18th century British India. British officers while stationed in Pune, India, watched the Indian game of Poona being played. When they returned home, they brought the game home to England. After a century, the game of Badminton spread around the world. The International Badminton Federation was organized and became the governing body of a sport now played by millions. Though Tag Questions and Adverbs
- 28. 28 Coleção Estudo mostly a men’s sport, women too began enjoying the competition of the game. In 1992, Badminton debuts as an Olimpyc Sport in Barcelona, Spain. The first gold medals were awarded to Alan Budikusuma of Indonesia for Men’s singles and to Suzi Susanti also of Indonesia for Women’s singles. In 1992, the countries of Indonesia and Korea dominated the sport. SXC Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton>. Accessed: Dec. 16th , 2010. GLOSSARY ● Coach = treinador(a) ● Cousin = primo(a) ● Fluently = fluentemente ● Forget (verb) = esquecer (forget – forgot – forgotten) ● Look after (phrasal verb) = cuidar (look after – looked after – looked after) ● Noise = barulho ● Smoke (verb) = fumar (smoke – smoked – smoked) SXC F) shall we G) won’t they H) isn’t it I) wasn’t it J) will you 02. A) kindly B) easily C) carefully D) badly Proposed Exercises 01. E 08. C 02. A 09. E 03. B 10. A 04. C 11. A 05. E 12. E 06. B 13. C 07. E 14. D Text I 01. D 05. C 02. A 06. D 03. E 07. A 04. B 08. E Text II 01. A Text III 01. D 04. B 02. D 05. A 03. B Text IV 01. B 02. E Text V 01. A 05. C 02. E 06. B 03. A 07. B 04. C 08. D Enem Exercises 01. B 02. B ANSWER KEY Consolidation 01. A) isn’t he B) aren’t there C) don’t they D) mustn’t he E) will you / won’t you / can’t you / can you Frente A Módulo 15
- 29. FRENTE 29Editora Bernoulli MÓDULOLÍNGUA INGLESA As conjunções e os conectores são termos que ligam orações e palavras, estabelecendo uma relação de coordenação ou de subordinação entre elas. Tais termos são também conhecidos por linking words. Coordinating conjunctions Conjunction Translation and e but mas nor nem or ou so então yet no entanto for pois Exemplos: – John and Mary are here and are ready to work. – The game was difficult, but we won. – You can go or stay. CHECK IT OUTC Para saber quais são as conjunções coordenadas, basta lembrar do acrônimo FANBOYS: • For – conjunção “pois” • And – conjunção “e” • Nor – conjunção “nem” • But – conjunção “mas” • Or – conjunção “ou” • Yet – conjunção “no entanto” • So – conjunção “então” Correlative conjunctions Alternative idea Conjunction Translation either ... or ... ou ... ou (afirmativa) nem ... nem (negativa) neither ... nor... nem ... nem ... both ... and ... tanto ... quanto ... not only ... but also ... não só ... mas também ... whether ... or ... se ... ou ... Exemplos: – Both John and Lucy went to the grocery store yesterday. – I can neither speak nor read Chinese. – I am not only glad but also surprised. – We don’t know whether she is a good professor or not. Subordinating conjunctions Contrast and concession ideas Conjunction Translation although though even though embora, mesmo que even if ainda que yet but mas, exceto still até que, todavia in spite of despite of apesar de whereas ao passo que however não obstante nevertheless contudo, entretanto on the other hand por outro lado on the contrary Conjunctions and Connectors 16 A
- 30. 30 Coleção Estudo Exemplos: – Although he was a good man, he was arrested. – In spite of his problems, he is an inspiration. – I was very hungry, but I didn’t eat anything. – She is not a funny girl; yet you can’t help liking her. Consequence and result ideas Conjunction Translation so portanto, por isso, então therefore as a result thus hence then consequently accordingly consequentemente so that de modo que Exemplos: – Brazil is a country in development, therefore we must be patient for a big change. – Fewer students will attend the schools, and they will thus have fewer teachers. – I’ve never been to India. Consequently / Hence, I know very little about it. Condition and hypothesis ideas Conjunction Translation if whether se unless a menos que otherwise caso contrário still ainda que, todavia as long as contanto que provided that de forma que Exemplos: – If you study hard, you will be successful. – Unless you study hard, you won’t be successful. Manner idea Conjunction Translation as (when, while) when, while (enquanto) because (porque como)as (because) as if como, como se as though as well da mesma forma Exemplos: – He behaves as if he were your father. – She acts as though she had no money. Cause idea Conjunction Translation for that reason porque, por causa dissobecause of for that motive due to devido a on account of a fim de, por causa de, de forma a owing to in order to so as to Exemplos: – We were late, owing to the rain. – His failure was due to his lack of work. Addition idea Conjunction Translation besides além disso, além do mais in addition both ... and tanto ... quanto moreover além disso furthermore not only ... but also não só ... mas também likewise da mesma maneira, além disso and e as well as tanto quanto, bem como too também also também Frente A Módulo 16
- 31. LÍNGUAINGLESA 31Editora Bernoulli Exemplos: – In addition to visiting the zoo, we went to the park. – Besides going to the zoo, we went to the park. – The price is too high; moreover, the house isn’t in a good and suitable position. – She is nice and popular. Time and consequence ideas Conjunction Translation until (till) até que whenever sempre que as soon as tão logo as enquanto since desde que when quando while enquanto once uma vez twice duas vezes yet ainda in the meantime enquanto isso now agora after após before antes de already já Exemplos: – I will love you till the end of time. – Call me as soon as you arrive in Paris. – She hasn’t finished the exercises yet. – As they were entering the bank, the police saw them. Sequence idea Conjunction Translation to begin primeiramente first of all now agora then em seguida next thus portanto to conclude concluindo finally Exemplos: – First of all, let me thank you for your gift. – Next, he went to the club. – To conclude, water is essential to all beings. Emphasis idea Conjunction Translation really na verdade, de fato, certamente in fact as a matter of fact actually indeed certainly Exemplo: – “Did you talk to your teacher?” “I did, indeed”. Illustrating idea Conjunction Translation for instance por exemplo, tal qual for example in other words namely such as e.g. that is Exemplos: – People such as my friends are very nice. – There are other important things in life. Friendship, for instance. Comparison idea Conjunction Translation as ... as ... tão ... quanto so ... as ... tão ... quanto such as ... tal como Exemplo: – She is as beautiful as Joan. Purpose idea Conjunction Translation so that para que, a fim deso as to in order to Exemplo: – The questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. Conjunctions and Connectors
- 32. 32 Coleção Estudo Ending idea Conjunction Translation in conclusion para finalizar, resumindo, em suma in short, shortly to end briefly to sum up to conclude in a word thus Exemplo: - Briefly, he said he won’t go there. CONSOLIDATION 01. COMPLETE with the right linking words in the box. Although – as if – because – both … and – even if – otherwise – however – therefore A) I missed the bus. , I couldn’t arrive on time for the concert. B) She talks _____________ she were your mother. C) He _________ writes ___________ speaks Chinese perfectly. D) __________ I got to school early, I didn’t see her. E) My friends got tired; ____________, we approached the end of the road. F) I will be successful ______________ the road is hard. G) You must understand her, _____________ she will leave you. H) He won’t be able to finish it _____________ he is very busy. PROPOSED EXERCISES 01. (AFA-SP) Which alternative completes meaningfully the sentence below? “_______ the possibility of an awful storm they decided not to _________ the match that ________ scheduled.” A) Because / win / is B) Although / play / was C) However / cancel / isn’t D) In spite of / call off / had been 02. (UFBA) As orações se completam, com coerência de sentido, em: 01. She is going to travel to London / MOREOVER she mustn’t be prepared. 02. Living in another country is a challenge / HOWEVER it’s important for our lives. 04. You need to present all your documents, / EVEN THOUGH you have a trustful appearance. 08. Students become stressed at the airport / BECAUSE they have a good background. 16. They are afraid of immigration officers, / THEREFORE they feel nervous. Soma ( ) 03. (FCMMG) In the sentence “Otherwise, it’s smart to start now with ‘clean living’ and regular check-ups”, otherwise means A) whereas. B) however. C) meanwhile. D) nevertheless. E) in another way. 04. (Milton Campos-MG) Alcoholism seems to be a problem everywhere, except in places where there is no alcohol. Everybody knows that alcoholism is bad, except the alcoholics. Maybe they know something that normal people don’t. G. A. Cheney Check the synonyms for the underlined words: I. “Except” A) Occasionally B) Surely C) But D) Despite E) Certainly II. “Maybe” A) Likely B) Probable C) Perhaps D) For sure E) Obviously 05. (Milton Campos-MG) “Not every student with ability goes to college, however.” A) Despite. B) Though. C) Whether. D) Unless. E) As long as. Frente A Módulo 16
- 33. LÍNGUAINGLESA 33Editora Bernoulli 06. (UFV-MG) The word actually, in the sentence “There are actually many expenses such as books, dormitory costs and laboratory fees”, means A) at the moment. D) now. B) in fact. E) today. C) these days. 07. (UEL-PR) I won’t go to bed _______ I finish my book report. A) to B) but C) for D) until E) because 08. (UFMA) Qual o significado da palavra sublinhada? The Teatro Amazonas is a magnificent Opera House in Manaus. Therefore, you shouldn’t miss it. A) Todavia B) Portanto C) Entretanto D) Mesmo assim E) Muito embora 09. (UFV-MG) “Yet the truth is that something happened to Worden as he orbited the Moon alone.” An APPROPRIATE synomym for yet in the sentence above is A) already. D) till. B) almost. E) however. C) again. 10. (FMABC-SP–2010) No trecho a seguir “In the history of the virus, laboratory-related infection has been a primary method of transmission; therefore, utmost caution is needed when handling the virus in a laboratory setting”, a palavra therefore pode ser substituída, sem mudar o sentido, por A) so. B) such. C) furthermore. D) nevertheless. E) however. 11. (FMABC-SP–2010) No trecho “Though the animal reservoir is as yet unknown, a rodent found throughout the region surrounding the small village of Sabiá has been implicated”, a palavra though significa, em português, A) portanto. D) então. B) tal como. E) aliás. C) embora. 12. (UFF-RJ–2010 / Adaptado) Discourse markers are linguistic expressions which often indicate the author’s attitude or intention in the text. In “Not only did he invent the incandescent light bulb, Edison also created the electricity power industry required for the bulb […]” not only and also are used to A) inform that his inventions had been patented. B) consider both inventions unimportant. C) view Edson’s inventive mind as a strategic tool. D) highlight Edison’s inventive mind. TEXT I Milton Campos-MG–2010 Medics Bulletin Board Last episode shows Dr. Miles shaking hands with a sick patient, and then eating an apple, ____________ first washing his hands. Come on now! You ________ be a rocket scientist to know that you can get sick that way. The writers had better check their facts. 01. To fill in the former blank space, ONLY one alternative is possible. Please, tick it. A) besides C) obviously B) without D) whether 02. To fill out the latter blank from the above text, tick A) needn’t. B) have to. C) mustn’t. D) are supposed to. 03. In the sentence “The writers had better check their facts”, what is implied is a position of _________ from the part of the writer. A) advisability / disapproval B) caution / agreement C) viability / dissatisfaction D) likelihood / approval 04. “[...] first washing HIS hands”. The word in capital letters refers back to ______________ hands. A) the sick patient’s B) the writer’s C) the physician’s D) a scientist’s Conjunctions and Connectors
- 34. 34 Coleção Estudo TEXT II FCMMG Alternative medicine The Alternative Medicine Homepage is a jump station for sources of information on unconventional, unorthodox, unproven or alternative, complementary, innovative, integrative therapies. In 2002, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Section staff of the National Library of Medicine classifies alternatives medicine under the term complementary therapies. This is defined as therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice. They may lack biomedical explanations, but as they become better researched some, such as physical therapy, diet, and acupuncture, become widely accepted whereas others, such as humors or radium therapy, quietly fade away, yet are important historical footnotes. Therapies are termed as Complementary when used in addition to conventional treatments and as Alternatives when used instead of conventional treatment. The National Library of Medicine’s previous definition was an unrelated group of non-orthodox therapeutic practices, often with explanatory systems that do not follow conventional biomedical explanations and non- orthodox therapeutic systems which have no satisfactory scientific explanation for their effectiveness. Others define it as “medical interventions not taught at United States medical schools or not available at United States hospitals.” The Panel on Definition and Description, CAM Research Methodology Conference Office of Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, on April 1995, defined complementary and alternative medicine as a “broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health and well being.” Alternative therapies include, but are not limited to the following disciplines: folk medicine, herbal medicine, diet fads, homeopathy, faith healing, new age healing, chiropathic, acupuncture, naturopathy, massage and music therapy. Studies suggest these therapies are sought out by individuals that have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, arthritis, cancer, back pain, and other medical conditions. THE ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE HOMEPAGE 01. According to the National Library of Medicine, one other name for alternative medicine can be A) therapeutic practice. B) medicine programs. C) complementary therapy. D) alternative homepage. 02. The new classification for alternative medicine was added to the National Library of Medicine A) in 2002. B) in April 1995. C) in May 2003. D) a long time ago. 03. The text explains alternative medicine as all practices which are A) classified therapies. B) not conventionally allopathic. C) conventionally therapeutic. D) everything but complementary. 04. The difference between alternative and complementary therapies is that A) alternative therapy adds to other therapies. B) both are used to help conventional treatment. C) the first is used instead of conventional treatment. D) complementary therapy is independent of other therapies. 05. One of the MAIN characteristics of alternative therapy is that it A) lacks biomedical explanations. B) quietly fades away after experimentation. C) is better researched than allopathic practices. D) is always used as a complementary treatment. 06. All of the therapies listed are becoming widely accepted, EXCEPT A) diet. B) humors. C) acupuncture. D) physical therapy. 07. The definition for alternative medicine A) is a historical debate among doctors. B) is not listed in any medical school in the US. C) varies according to whoever is describing it. D) encompasses all health systems in the country. Frente A Módulo 16
- 35. LÍNGUAINGLESA 35Editora Bernoulli 08. All of the following are considered alternative therapies, EXCEPT A) homeopathy. B) music therapy. C) herbal medicine. D) allopathic treatment. 09. Most people who look for alternative therapies come from the following groups, EXCEPT A) immunodeficiency syndrome patients. B) women with high-risk pregnancies. C) patients who have had cancer. D) those who suffer back pain. 10. “This is defined as therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice.” In this sentence, found on paragraph 2 of the text, the relative pronoun which refers to A) therapeutical practices. B) biomedical explanations. C) medical practice. D) the National Library of Medicine. TEXT III UFMG Exercise can be bad for you Feeling guilty because you missed an aerobics class? Relax. Punishing yourself over missed work-outs is a sign you need to reassess your approach to exercise, experts say. It might not be healthy. Jonathan Mond, senior research officer in the department of psychological medicine at Canberra Hospital, has conducted a survey[2] of women’s exercise and eating patterns which revealed some problems: overexercise, exercise for the wrong reasons, and too much guilt. And it[1] has uncovered the truth about exercise, hardly anyone does it[1] for enjoyment. In his study of 230 women aged 18 to 45, Dr. Mond found 70 per cent exercised regularly and 12 per cent exercised for at least an hour every day. Among the 169 who exercised regularly, 10 per cent did so for 10 hours a week or more. One woman exercised 33 hours a week. The survey examined the relationship between exercise and eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. It also asked: when is exercise bad for your health? It found women who always felt guilty after they missed a regular exercise session were most likely to rate highly on measures for eating disorders. About 12 per cent of regular exercisers were in this category. Also vulnerable to eating disorders were the 20 per cent of women who said that a very or extremely important reason for exercise was to “improve their body shape or tone” or to “improve their appearance or attractiveness”. These women were the most likely to have dysfunctional attitudes to eating and weight – to put an unhealthy emphasis on appearance, be preoccupied with food and be constantly restricting their intake. HORIN, Adele. The Age. Apr. 24, 2004. (Adapted). 01. Dr. Mond’s survey was about women’s A) views about diets and sports. B) attitudes to eating disorders. C) reasons to do heavy exercise. D) work-out and eating habits. 02. The text says that feeling guilty for missing work-outs can indicate you A) have an unhealthy attitude to exercise. B) avoid reassessing your work-out sessions. C) can relax when taking exercises. D) punish yourself by doing extra work. 03. The survey findings revealed the A) relationship between exercise and lack of pleasure. B) connections exercise can have with eating disorders. C) effects of regular exercise on weight loss. D) signs for reassessing attitudes towards exercising. 04. The two pronouns it [1] refer to, respectively, A) overexercise and enjoyment. B) guilt and truth. C) hospital and eating. D) survey and exercise. 05. The word below that does NOT substitute for the word survey [2] is A) research. B) investigation. C) report. D) study. Conjunctions and Connectors
- 36. 36 Coleção Estudo TEXT IV FUVEST-SP–2011 Text I The perils of counterfeit drugs go way beyond being ripped off by dubious online pill-pushers. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 50 per cent of all medicines sold online are worthless counterfeits. In developing nations fake pills may account for as much as 30 per cent of all drugs on the market. Even in the developed world, 1 per cent of medicines bought over the counter are fakes. Some key events illustrate the risk these pose. In Nigeria, 2,500 children died in 1995 after receiving fake meningitis vaccines. In Haiti, Bangladesh and Nigeria, around 400 people died in 1998 after being given paracetamol that had been prepared with diethylene glycol – a solvent used in wallpaper stripper. The fakers are nothing if not market-aware: in the face of an outbreak of H5N1 bird flu in 2005, they began offering fake Tamiflu. What can be done? The WHO coordinates an umbrella body called the International Medical Products Anti- Counterfeiting Taskforce (IMPACT), an industry initiative that issues alerts when it finds anomalies in the medicine supply chain. Such events include sudden drops in wholesale prices, hinting at fakes coming onto the market, or the mimicking of anti-counterfeiting features on packaging, such as holograms or barcodes, says Nimo Ahmed, head of intelligence at the UK’s Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. NEW SCIENTIST, July 10, 2010, p. 18. (Adapted). 01. De acordo com o texto, medicamentos falsificados, em geral, A) são consumidos apenas em países pobres e de pouco acesso à Internet. B) encontram dificuldade de comercialização com o aparecimento de novas doenças. C) são ineficazes e contêm elementos danosos à saúde em sua composição. D) possuem embalagens atraentes que ludibriam o consumidor. E) vêm sendo criteriosamente apreendidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. 02. O texto informa que os falsificadores A) atuam na venda de remédios no mercado atacadista. B) roubam o selo de qualidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde. C) utilizam placebo nos medicamentos. D) apresentam-se como representantes oficiais da indústria farmacêutica. E) estão sempre alertas à demanda do mercado. 03. Segundo o texto, para conter a venda de medicamentos falsificados, a Organização Mundial da Saúde A) estimula a venda promocional de medicamentos importantes sempre que necessário. B) coordena o trabalho de uma organização que acompanha o fornecimento de remédios no mercado farmacêutico, alertando para possíveis irregularidades. C) exige que todos os medicamentos exibam o holograma da organização e o código de barras. D) controla o lançamento de novos medicamentos no mercado, a exemplo do Tamiflu. E) autoriza apenas a comercialização de medicamentos que passaram pelo crivo das agências sanitárias internacionais. Text II Europe’s economic distress could be China’s opportunity. In the past, the country has proved a hesitant investor in the continent, but figures show a 30 percent surge in new Chinese projects in Europe last year. And these days Europe looks ever more tempting. Bargains proliferate as the yuan strengthens and cashstrapped governments forget concerns over foreign ownership of key assets. On a recent visit to Greece, Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang sealed 14 deals, reportedly the largest Chinese investment package in Europe, covering a range of sectors from construction to telecoms. Frente A Módulo 16
- 37. LÍNGUAINGLESA 37Editora Bernoulli Meanwhile, Irish authorities have opened talks with Chinese promoters to develop a 240-hectare industrial park in central Ireland where Chinese manufacturers could operate inside the European Union free of quotas and costly tariffs. In time, that could bring 10,000 new jobs. “It’s good business,” says Vanessa Rossi, an authority on China at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. “There’s big mutual benefit here.” Europe needs money; China needs markets. NEWSWEEK, July 19, 2010, p. 6. (Adapted). 04. Segundo o texto, a China A) aproveitou o momento da crise mundial e fez vários investimentos no próprio país. B) teve problemas econômicos similares aos dos países europeus, mas conseguiu superá-los. C) hesitava em investir em países asiáticos e perdeu boas oportunidades na região. D) aumentou seus investimentos na Europa no ano passado. E) ressurgiu como potência mundial após vários anos de isolamento. 05. Afirma-se, no texto, que a Irlanda A) negocia com a China o desenvolvimento de um parque industrial que trará benefícios à Europa e à própria China. B) possui um plano de desenvolvimento que exime os investidores de pagamento de impostos. C) enfrenta sérios problemas de desemprego, que já afetaram dez mil trabalhadores. D) deseja fechar acordos que envolvam outros países da União Europeia. E) planeja as mudanças que pretende implementar junto à Câmara Real de Negócios Internacionais, em Londres. ENEM EXERCISES Texto para a questão 01 The weather man They say that the British love talking about the weather. For other nationalities this can be a banal and boring subject of conversation, something that people talk about when they have nothing else to say to each other. And yet the weather is a very important part of our lives. That at least is the opinion of Barry Gromett, press officer for The Met Office. This is located in Exeter, a pretty cathedral city in the south-west of England. Here employees – and computers – supply weather forecasts for much of the world. SPEAK UP, n. 275. 01. (Enem–2010) Ao conversar sobre a previsão do tempo, o texto mostra A) aborrecimento do cidadão britânico ao falar sobre banalidades. B) a falta de ter o que falar em situações de avaliação de línguas. C) a importância de se entender sobre meteorologia para falar inglês. D) as diferenças e as particularidades culturais no uso de uma língua. E) o conflito entre diferentes ideias e opiniões ao se comunicar em inglês. Texto para a questão 02 Business cards Business cards are cards bearing business information about a company or individual. They are shared during formal introductions as a convenience and a memory aid. A business card typically includes the giver’s name, company affiliation (usually with a logo) and contact information such as street addresses, telephone number(s), fax number, e-mail addresses and website. It can also include telex, bank account, tax code. Traditionally many cards were simple black text on white stock; today a professional business card will sometimes include one or more aspects of striking visual design. Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_card>. Accessed: Aug. 6th , 2010. The text “Business cards” aims A) to entertain businessmen. B) to alert businessmen. C) to criticise the use of cards in business. D) to present information about business cards. E) to impose rules of creating business cards. GLOSSARY ● Arrested = preso(a) ● Cheat (verb) = colar, trapacear (cheat – cheated – cheated) ● Failure = falha ● Grocery store = mercado, mercearia SXC ● Suitable = adequado(a) Conjunctions and Connectors
- 38. 38 Coleção Estudo ANSWER KEY Consolidation 01. A) therefore B) as if C) both … and D) Although E) however F) even if G) otherwise H) because Proposed Exercises 01. D 02. Soma = 22 (2 + 4 + 16) 03. E 04. I. C II. C 05. B 06. B 07. D 08. B 09. E 10. A 11. C 12. D Text I 01. B 02. A 03. A 04. C Text II 01. C 02. A 03. C 04. C 05. A 06. B 07. C 08. D 09. B 10. A Text III 01. D 02. A 03. B 04. D 05. C Text IV 01. C 02. E 03. B 04. D 05. A Enem Exercises 01. D 02. D Frente A Módulo 16
- 39. INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION A to accuse accused accused acusar to allow allowed allowed permitir to annoy annoyed annoyed incomodar to appear appeared appeared aparecer to arrange arranged arranged arranjar to avoid avoided avoided evitar B to beg begged begged suplicar to behave behaved behaved comportar-se to believe believed believed acreditar to belong belonged belonged pertencer to betray betrayed betrayed trair to borrow borrowed borrowed pedir emprestado to breathe breathed breathed respirar to bury buried buried enterrar C to care cared cared importar-se to claim claimed claimed reivindicar to complain complained complained reclamar D to defeat defeated defeated derrotar to delay delayed delayed atrasar to deny denied denied negar to deserve deserved deserved merecer to desire desired desired desejar to distinguish distinguished distinguished distinguir to drop dropped dropped derrubar E to encourage encouraged encouraged encorajar to envy envied envied invejar to excuse excused excused desculpar F to fear feared feared temer to fetch fetched fetched ir buscar to fill filled filled encher to fire fired fired despedir, disparar to frighten frightened frightened assustar H to happen happened happened acontecer to hate hated hated odiar to help helped helped ajudar to hurry hurried hurried apressar-se I to inhabit inhabited inhabited habitar to insult insulted insulted insultar J to joke joked joked brincar to jugde jugded jugded julgar to jump jumped jumped pular K to knock knocked knocked bater L to land landed landed aterrisar to laugh laughed laughed rir M to marry married married casar-se to murder murdered murdered matar O to obey obeyed obeyed obedecer to omit omitted omitted omitir to order ordered ordered ordenar, pedir to owe owed owed dever to own owned owned ter, possuir LIST OF REGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION P to permit permitted permitted permitir to persuade persuaded persuaded persuadir to place placed placed colocar to prefer preferred preferred preferir to prevent prevented prevented evitar, impedir to pronounce pronounced pronounced pronunciar Q to quarrel quarreled quarreled discutir, brigar R to raise raised raised levantar to refuse refused refused recusar to reply replied replied responder S to seem seemed seemed parecer to shout shouted shouted gritar to struggle struggled struggled esforçar-se to succeed succeeded succeeded ter sucesso T to taste tasted tasted provar (alimentos, bebidas) W to warn warned warned advertir to waste wasted wasted desperdiçar to wonder wondered wondered querer saber, imaginar to wreck wrecked wrecked colidir, chocar LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION A to arise arose arisen surgir, erguer-se to awake awoke awoken despertar, acordar B to be was, were been ser, estar to bear bore born, borne suportar, dar à luz to beat beat beaten bater, espancar to become became become tornar-se to befall befell befallen acontecer to beget begot begotten, begot procriar, gerar to begin began begun começar, iniciar to behold beheld beheld contemplar to bend bent bent curvar, dobrar to bet bet bet apostar to bid bid bid oferecer, concorrer to bind bound bound unir, encadernar to bite bit bitten morder, engolir a isca to bleed bled bled sangrar, ter hemorragia to blow blew blown (as)soprar, estourar to break broke broken quebrar, romper to breed bred bred procriar, reproduzir to bring brought brought trazer to broadcast broadcast broadcast irradiar, transmitir to build built built construir, edificar to burst burst burst arrebentar, estourar to buy bought bought comprar C to cast cast cast arremessar, lançar to catch caught caught pegar, capturar to choose chose chosen escolher to cling clung clung aderir, segurar-se to come came come vir to cost cost cost custar to creep crept crept rastejar, engatinhar to cut cut cut cortar, reduzir
- 40. INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION D to deal dealt dealt negociar, tratar to dig dug dug cavar, cavoucar to do did done fazer to draw drew drawn sacar, desenhar to drink drank drunk beber to drive drove driven dirigir, ir de carro to dwell dwelt dwelt morar E to eat ate eaten comer F to fall fell fallen cair to feed fed fed alimentar, nutrir to feel felt felt sentir, sentir-se to fight fought fought lutar, batalhar to find found found achar, encontrar to flee fled fled fugir, escapar to fling flung flung arremessar to fly flew flown voar, pilotar to forbid forbade forbidden proibir to forget forgot forgotten esquecer to forgive forgave forgiven perdoar to freeze froze frozen congelar, paralisar G to get got gotten, got obter, conseguir to give gave given dar, conceder to go went gone ir to grind ground ground moer to grow grew grown crescer, cultivar H to have had had ter, beber, comer to hear heard heard ouvir, escutar to hide hid hidden, hid esconder to hit hit hit bater, ferir to hold held held segurar to hurt hurt hurt machucar, ferir K to keep kept kept guardar, manter to know knew known saber, conhecer to knell knelt knelt ajoelhar-se L to lay laid laid pôr (ovos) to lead led led liderar, guiar to leave left left deixar, partir to lend lent lent dar emprestado to let let let deixar, alugar to lie lay lain deitar(-se) to lose lost lost perder, extraviar M to make made made fazer, fabricar to mean meant meant significar to meet met met encontrar, conhecer O to overcome overcame overcome superar to overtake overtook overtaken alcançar, surpreender P to pay paid paid pagar to put put put colocar, pôr Q to quit quit quit abandonar, largar de R to read read read ler to ride rode ridden andar, cavalgar INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION to ring rang rung tocar (campainha) to rise rose risen subir, erguer-se to run ran run correr, concorrer S to saw sawed sawn serrar to say said said dizer to see saw seen ver, entender to seek sought sought procurar to sell sold sold vender to send sent sent mandar, enviar to set set set pôr, colocar, ajustar to shake shook shaken sacudir, tremer to shed shed shed derramar, deixar cair to shine shone shone brilhar, reluzir to shoot shot shot atirar, alvejar to show showed shown mostrar, exibir to shrink shrank shrunk encolher, contrair to shut shut shut fechar, cerrar to sing sang sung cantar to sink sank sunk afundar, submergir to sit sat sat sentar to slay slew slain matar, assassinar to sleep slept slept dormir to slide slid slid deslizar, escorregar to sling slung slung atirar, arremessar to speak spoke spoken falar to spend spent spent gastar, passar (tempo) to spin spun spun girar, rodopiar to spit spit, spat spit, spat cuspir to spread spread spread espalhar, difundir to spring sprang sprung saltar, pular to stand stood stood ficar de pé, aguentar to steal stole stolen roubar, furtar to stick stuck stuck cravar, fincar, enfiar to sting stung stung picar c/ ferrão (inseto) to stink stank stunk cheirar mal, feder to strike struck struck golpear, bater to string strung strung encordoar, amarrar to strive strove striven esforçar-se, lutar to swear swore sworn jurar, prometer to sweep swept swept varrer to swim swam swum nadar to swing swang, swung swung balançar, alternar T to take took taken tomar, pegar, aceitar to teach taught taught ensinar, dar aula to tear tore torn rasgar, despedaçar to tell told told contar (uma história) to think thought thought pensar to throw threw thrown atirar, arremessar to tread trod trodden pisar, trilhar, seguir U to undergo underwent undergone submeter-se a, suportar to understand understood understood entender, compreender to uphold upheld upheld sustentar, apoiar to upset upset upset perturbar, preocupar W to wear wore worn vestir, usar, desgastar to win won won vencer, ganhar to wind wound wound enrolar, dar corda to write wrote written escrever, redigir to weep wept wept chorar