Internship Project Report Part 2

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study :
Study of Package of Practice of any crops is an important aspect for agriculture
students. Package of Practice includes the crop name, variety, land type where crops
are grown , chemicals used in different stages of crop ,land preparation, pest and
disease management , water management , FYM use, irrigation , weed management ,
yield , harvesting , marketing etc. Practical knowledge is must for this knowledge and
this all knowledge comes from farmers only. Since we can also get information about
crops from books and internet but theoretical knowledge is much more different than
practical knowledge.
1.2 Need of Study :
Dhanuka Agritech Ltd has given two products to me for study purposes ie. Lustre and
Conika. As an intern student , I have an opportunity to move different locations in
allotted region in Uttar Pradesh . In Uttar Pradesh state , I have given 3 districts which
is Agra , Farrukhabad and Sonbhadra (Robertsganj ) for which taluks are found where
potato and chilli are grown and in taluks , different villages are identified for survey
purpose. These type of field exposure helps me to broad my skills how to talk to
farmers , dealers and distributers , what questions to ask and how to interact them
nicely. It also helps me to know agri-input market closely.
1.3 Scope of Study :
The project title given by me is helpful both for student and company. Since both the
products Conika and Lustre are new to the market , interview to dealers helps to know
about the penetration power of products and how much farmers use these two products.
The study helps me in great manner as I get to know more closely about agri input
sector which helps me in build my career in my future life . Since I have done ground-

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level work , it gives me immense pleasure and act as a positive thinking process in my
life.
1.4 Objectives :
Objective 1: To study the Package of Practice of Potato and Chilli crop in Agra
and Farrukhbad district (for potato ) and Sonbhadra District [ Robertsganj for
chilli ] .
• Study about soil , climate ,propagation , cultivation practices , manures
and fertilizers used , irrigation , earthing disease management,
harvesting , yield etc.
• Simple analysis will be done using interview questions.
Objective 2: To Analyse the Critical Stages in Potato and Chilli Cultivation:
• Study about the different stages in potato and chilli cultivation which is
critical stages for both crops.
Objective 3: To know about the premium fungicides used for disease control by
potato and chilli growers.
• Study about the premium fungicides and other fungicides used.
Objective 4: To study the use of Conika and Lustre in potato and chilli production.
• Study about use of (fungicide Lustre) and (Fungicide + Bactericide-
Conika ).

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1.5 Study Approach :
The survey is done as per the following guidelines:
The research approach is exploratory cum descriptive. Interview schedule is
used as an instrument for collecting information, which is having open and
close-ended questions. After collecting the information, tabulation is done
and depending upon analysis and interpretation of facts and figures, a report
is prepared.
1.6 Assumption:
• Farmers will be selected randomly in many villages covered in many
taluks of respected districts. Similar wise dealers/distributers will be
selected in respective taluks covering many villages .
• Potential Districts like Agra , Farrukhabad and Sonbhadra-Robertsganj
have been selected for study.
1.7 Research Methodology :
Face-to-face personal interview with structured questionnaire was
the final methodology adopted for the primary data collection of the study. The
study includes mainly field work Prepared questionnaire was tested and relevant
changes was made before taking final draft. Face to face personal interview with
structured Questionnaire is the final methodology adopted for the primary data
collection of the study. The face to face interview to farmers , dealers and
distributers. Many questions are asked and almost received every answers asked
by me. Secondary data are collected from company officials, internet &
literature, agriculture websites.

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1.8 Research Design :
A multistage sampling will be done to survey the farmers
– Stage 1: Judgemental sampling is done to identify the village
– Stage2: From each village, farmers are selected on the basis
of Judgmental and stratified random sampling as per the
assumptions.
 Source of Information
Primary Source:
 Farmers
 Dealers/ Retailers
 Distributers
Secondary Source : Secondary information was collected from the following
sources for references and to strengthen the findings.
 Dhanuka Company Website
 Agriculture website , internet, and literatures.
1.9 Research Instruments:
Questionnaire - Structured questionnaire are prepared for the farmers. The questions are
both open and close ended in nature. The questions were framed in simple language
with orderly arrangement, so that initially a good report can be developed between the
interviewer and the respondent.

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Research Technique- Both Qualitative and Quantitative research techniques are taken
up. Regular follow-up of the farmers are done so as to get the feedback regarding
different agriculture practices, all information of crops from seed sowing to marketing
of potato and chilli crops and about use of two products conika and lustre by farmers.
And collect information from dealers and distributers about various pesticides which is
sold to farmers.
Sampling Technique- Stratified random technique as well as Judgmental sampling
technique was taken as to ensure most accessible farmers and to select farmers who are
usually cultivating potato and chilli crops.
Scaling Techniques- Importance scale , percentage rating scales were used to find out
possible information from Farmers.
Location Of Research– District : Agra and Farrukhabad (potato) and Sonbhadra:
Robertsganj (chilli )
Period Of Study: - 10 May– 10 July
Sample Units: -
Farmers of different villages in Taluka like Fatehabad, Shamsabad , Khandauli, Agra
local in Agra district; Tundla in Firozabad district ; Mohammadabad , Barhpur ,
Kamalganj , Nawabganj in Farrukhabad district and many villages in Taluk Robertsganj
in Sonbhadra district.
Sample Size - 180

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Table 1.1 : No of villages covered and No of farmers interviewed
Taluk No of Villages
Covered
No. of
dealers/distributers
No of Farmers
Mentioned above 125 45 180
 LIST OF VILLAGES.
(1) Agra District
(a) Block : Fatehabad
Villages:
Mohanpur Bharapur Sahapur Mallapura Ujjawali Barpura
(b) Block : Shamsabad
Villages:
Alinagar Basmugua Lahar
Patti
Bhavan Nya
bas
Garhi
Parsai
Chitora Sorhai Kolara
(c) Block : Khandauli
Villages:
Pant Kheda Parvatpur Sorhai Khanjauli Govindpur
Gadi Nainsukh Nagla Neem Nagla zalim Malupur Dhangrauli
Sonega Nagla Chatura Nagla Bhavan Madanpur Barji Ghadi

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(d) Agra local ( Near Tajmahal region)
Villages :
Dhaundpur Karbana Budhana Tora Tina Nagala
Dimpo Nagala Rehmanara Kuwakhera Talpi Nagala
(2) Firozabad District
(a) Block : Tundla
Villages:
Mohammadpur Basoi Jajpur Meethna Badanpur Madavli
(3) Farrukhabad District
(a) Block : Mohammadabad
Villages:
Rohila Saroli Kilmapur Karthiya Dungarpur
Jajpur Bahadur Nagla Neem Karoli Sheikhpur
Khajri
(b) Block : Barhpur
Villages:
Naglakalar Bahupur Gariya Papiyapur Arjun
Nagala
Tungrin
Nagala
Aarampur

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(c) Block : Kamalganj
Villages:
Kakkarayya Mirjanagla Kitanagla Mansanagla Korapur
Naranpur
Garayi
Fateullapur Siyapur Ahima Burhiya
(d) Block : Nawabganj
Villages:
Barthai Salempur Daulatpur Imampul Ganipur
Barag Madhiya Kacchapura Jyuna Kalauli
(4) Sonbhadra District
Taluk : Robertsganj
Villages:
Silthari Bhargaun Badhawi Siddhi Perdari Persanna Mangrahi
Kherahi Baburi Birdhi Arawli Dhandaspur Bicchi Manpur
Pakadi Kakrahi Palya Baithari Hona Hinauti Naugaun
Kalwari Burhad Kaithi Kamoji Prassey Mahukhar Kamhardi
Chandauli Maango Amokhar Chakke Tenui Bahuara Amobham
Dhuria Baherwa Sambhand Kusi Saango Pahadi Kherahi
Puraniya Naubadi Markhana Rampur Karkimainer Kathpurwa Bbhnauli
Table 1.2 :List of Villages covered.
TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS: The following tools have been used for the analysis of the
Data.
1. Microsoft Excel.
2. Industry Analysis.
3. Diagrams, Pie-Charts, Tables, Graphs.

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1.10 Research Locations
Agra and Farrukhabad (for potato cultivation)
Agra
Agra is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar
Pradesh, India.It is 378 kilometres (235 mi) west of the state capital, Lucknow,
206 kilometres (128 mi) south of the national capital New Delhi and 125
kilometres (78 mi) north of Gwalior. Agra is one of the most populous cities in
Uttar Pradesh, and the 24th most populous in India.
Agra is a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era
buildings, most notably the Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of
which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.Agra is included on the Golden
Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Jaipur; and the Uttar Pradesh
Heritage Arc, tourist circuit of UP state, along Lucknow the capital of the state
and Varanasi. Agra falls within the Braj cultural region.
Farrukhabad
Farrukhabad is situated between Lat. 26° 46' N & 27° 43' N and Long. 79° 7' E
& 80° 2' E. It forms a part of Kanpur division. It is bounded by Badaun &
Shahjahanpur on the north, Hardoi on the east, Kannauj on the south and Etah &
Mainpuri on the west.The district is a level plane, varied only by a few gentle
undulations and slopes, sometimes abrupt, which lead down to the river valleys.
The highest recorded elevation is 167m. above sea level at Mohammadabad and
the lowest 145.69 m. at Mau Rasulpur in the Trans Ganga flats of Tehsil
Farrukhabad. The only marked variation of level is between the two divisions, the
upland or bangar, which is a continuation of the doab and the low lands or Tarais,
cut away from the upland by the erosive action of the rivers.The climate of the
district is characterised by a hot dry summer and a pleasant cold season.

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Farrukhabad is a leading producer of potatoes in India
and a significant producer of wheat, paddy, mustard, sunflower, maize, sugarcane.
tobacco, vegetables and fruits. The percentages of net cropped area under various
crops during kharif season are rice (11%), maize (27%), millets (4%), pulses
(4%), tobacco (5%) and vegetables (10%). The percentages of net cropped area
under different crops during rabi season are wheat (48%), potato (20%),
vegetables (12%) and other crops (20%).There are about 61 cold storage facilities
in Farrukhabad district catering to the potato storage needs of the district.
Potato is the staple of a the Farrukhabadi diet and rightly so. Farrukhabad
produces more than 50 varieties of potatoes and is the largest supplier of potato in
the country. The most popular street food of Farrukhabad is the papadi or
papadiya, a delightful and mouthwatering snack enjoyed by the locals of the
region. Another popular delicacy is the 'bhunje aloo' or roasted potatoes. A winter
street food, it involves roasting newly dug out batches of potatoes in a bed of sand
heated in a huge cauldron over wood logs or cow dung cakes. The roasted
potatoes are served with coriander and green chilli chutney and locally made spice
mix. Besides, aloo tikki chaat and golgappe are consumed gleefully by the local
people. Going by the latest trends, the chaat stall next to the Christian College in
Farrukhabad has earned the reputation of making the best aloo chaat and dahi
gujiya in the town.
Ssss
Graph 1.1 : Map of Agra and Farrukhabad District in Uttar Pradesh

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 Sonbhadra District: Robertsganj (for Chilli cultivation)
Robertsganj is a city and a municipal board in
Sonbhadra district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Robertsganj is located in the southeastern corner of the state. Robertsganj is the
administrative headquarters of Sonbhadra District.The district Sonbhadra and
Robertsganj as its district headquarter was created by carving off the southern part of
the earlier Mirzapur district on 4 March 1989. Son, Karmnasha, Chandra Prabha,
Rihand, Kanhar, Renu, Ghagar and Belan Rivers drain this area. The city is named
after Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts.
Graph 1.2 : Map of Robertsganj ( Uttar Pradesh )

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CHAPTER 2
DHANUKA AGRITECH LTD : AN OVERVIEW
The Introduction to the Company Dhanuka Agritech Limited is given under the
following heads:
1. Company Profile.
2. Products of the Company.
3. Use of conika and lustre.
4. Policies
5. Code of corporate disclosure practices.
6. Major crops which Dhanuka agritech covered.
7. Competitors.
2.1 Company Profile :
Dhanuka Agritech Limited is engaged in manufacturing a wide range of pesticides
covering herbicides/weedicides, insecticides, fungicides, miticides, plant growth
regulators / stimulants in various forms – liquid, dust, powder and granules and
reaching out to more than 10 million farmers. The Company has a pan-India presence
through its marketing offices in all major states in India, with a network of more than
7,500 distributors/ dealers selling to over 70,000 retailers across India. The Company
has technical tie-ups with 3 US & 5 Japanese companies.
The Company is managed by a good blend of both experienced and young team. The
founding promoters, Mr. R.G. Agarwal and Mr. M.K. Dhanuka oversee the whole
operations as the Chairman and Managing Director respectively and have been
involved with the Company since inception (for more than 25 years). They are ably

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supported by team of young professionals including Mr. Rahul Dhanuka, Director
(Marketing), Mr. Mridul Dhanuka, Director (Operations) and Mr. Harsh Dhanuka,
SGM (Marketing).
The Company has three manufacturing units located at Gurgaon (Haryana), Sanand
(Gujarat) and Udhampur (J&K). More than half of the Company’s sales comprise of
speciality molecules and the remaining comprises of generics. The product having
highest turnover is Targa Super and is in technical tie-up with Nissan Chemical
Industries Ltd., Japan.
The target customers of Dhanuka are farmers, planters and pest control operators.
Growth drivers would be the potential to intensify the marketing network and reach the
country’s interiors, increased farm income due to increase in MSP, increased awareness
in rural India about usage and cost-benefit tradeoff of pesticides, edge over the
competitors in the diverse product range and widespread market reach, increased
customer base, innovative marketing strategies and technical tie-ups. The Company
keeps adding new products every year and entering into new technical collaborations.
Dhanuka has an aggressive marketing strategy with a sales team of more than 500 full
time employees and more than 1,000 Dhanuka Doctors. For getting best results, it is
very important to have knowledge about using the right product in right quantity at the
right time. For this, the Company conducts training programs for farmers by giving
product demonstrations, providing technical advice on right use of products and about
specific crop related problems at their door-step through Dhanuka Doctors. The
Company has mobile soil and water testing laboratories in Public Private Partnership.
Dhanuka has 83 brands and keeps adding new brands every year. The Company has a
wide range of pesticides to protect from most of the pests, insects, diseases that affect
crops and these products are used in all major crops produced in our country.

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2.2 Products of the company :
The major products of the Dhanuka Agritech Limited are the following:
Table 2.1 - Products of Dhanuka
Dhan Preet Dhanuvit Dhanzyme Gold Dunet
EM-1 Markhar Omite Kasu-B
Sixer Vitavax Powder Sultop Ozone
Aatank Ad-fry Areva Caldan 4G
Cursor Lustre Conika Sempra
Vitavax Ultra Sheathmar 3 Wetcit Bombard
Source: www.dhanuka.com
2.3 Use of Lustre & Conika :
Lustre helps in lush green healthier crop, long duration of control diseases and
increased yield.Conika effectively controls both fungi and bacteria through its contact,
systemic and translocation actions. The product can be applied either before occurrence
of the disease or after the disease has just started. It not only provides protection to
actively growing plant parts through its systemic action but is also safe to crop at
recommended dosages.
Figure 2.1 : Images of conika and lustre
Source: www.dhanuka.com

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2.4 Government Policies :
 Familiarization Programmes for Independent Directors
 Policy on Board Diversity
 Policy on disclosure of material events
 Policy on Price Sensitive Information
 Policy on Related Party Transactions
 Risk framework
 Risk Management Plan
 Whistle Blower Policy
 Policy Against Sexual Harrassment
 Remuneration Policy
 Policy for disclosure of events or information
 Policy on Preservation of Documents and Archival Policy
2.5 Code of Corporate Disclosure Practices :
 The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), in its endeavor to protect
the interests of investors in securities and to regulate the securities market has
since formulated the SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 1992
under the powers conferred on it under the SEBI Act, 1992. These regulations
came into force with effect from 19th November 1992 and the same were made
applicable to all companies whose shares were listed on Indian stock exchanges.
These Regulations not only regulate insider trading but also seek to prohibit
insider trading.
 Insider trading means dealing in Securities of a company by its Directors,
Employees or other Insiders based on unpublished Price Sensitive Information.
Such dealings by Insiders erode the investors’ confidence in the integrity of the
management and are unhealthy for the capital markets. The Insider Trading
Regulations provides for policy on disclosure and internal procedures for
prevention of Insider Trading. It also provides model Code of Conduct for

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protection of Insider Trading to be followed by the listed companies and its
Directors, Employees or any other Insider.
2.6 Dhanuka Agritech Ltd. Provides pesticides on the following major
crops:
a. Soyabean b. Paddy c. Cotton d. Sugarcane e. Potato
f. Chilli g. Brinjal h. Onion i. Garlic j. Tomato
k. Okra l. Cabbage m. Cauliflower
2.7 Competitors :
Dhanuka Agritech Ltd is one of the best pesticide company in India but it has
many strong competitors also. Companies such as Bayer , UPL , Tata Rallis , BASF,
Syngenta , Indofil , Sreeram , Adama , Sinochem , Godrej etc. are the major
competitors in the field of Agri-input sector.

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CHAPTER 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.1 POTATO
Potato is a vegetatively growing plant and responds well to various field inputs.
Tuber size and fertility levels have a great bearing on the growth yield and
quality of potato and their importance has been recognized A systematic review
of literature on the effects of different levels of fertilizers and seed tuber size on
growth, yield and quality of potato has been given below
3.1.1 Shoot emergence
Higher doses of nitrogen had a negative effect on the rate of emergence although
the vegetative growth after emergence was faster Sommerfeldt and Knutson
(1965) observed under green house conditions that the rate of emergence was
affected by nitrogen application, Rate of emergence was reduced at high rates of
nitrogen early in season but was stimulated later on. Benepal (1 967) reported that
nitrogen application at high levels depressed emergence of potatoes (Patna Red)
on phosphorus rich as well as phosphorus deficient soils. Similar result was
obtained by Yadava (1968), Sagar (1970), Gupta (1971) and Babu Ram (1976)
from the field trials conducted on different potato varieties
To avoid the adverse effect of higher nitrogen doses on sprout emergence,
Bakkerand Lammers (1968) suggested the use of fertilizer in split application. On
the other hand, Pushkarnath (1976) reported that root growth was stimulated with
ready and easy accessibility of nitrogen. Crop initially treated with fertilizers
showed a quick emergence from the soil along with vigorous growth. Singh and
Grewal (1979) working on potato cv. 'Kufri Jyoti' and Singh (1986) working on
'Kufri Badshah' observed that higher nitrogen doses delayed emergence. This has

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also been reported by Roy (1993). Rajesh Kumar (1990), however, observed that
fertility treatments had little effect on shoot emergence.
3.1.2 Plant height
Research works have indicated that shoot length is affected by fertilizer treatments.
Gupta and Singh (1969) reported that there was significant increase in the height of
shoots at 150 kg N/ha over 100, 80 and 50 kg N/ha.
Dubey and Bhardwaj (1971) reported that an enhancement in height of shoots by
an application of nitrogen. Khalel et al. (1985) and Roy (1993) also obtained
similar results by nitrogen application
Misra and Mohanty (1973) reported that in trials to test the performance of 3
varieties of potato with four fixed combinations of NPK found that shoot length
was increased at higher fertility levels.
Uniyal (1977) found that shoot height and shoot fresh weight per plant increased
with increasing nitrogen doses upto 180 kg but further increment could not give
beneficial consequences upto 180 kg N/ha.
Hari 0m (1982) observed that height of the plant was affected by fertility levels and
there was a significant difference between plant height with respect to fertility
levels Similar results were also obtained by Vijai Kumar (1985)
Davies and Ross (1985) reported that with increasing fertility levels there
was increase in shoot weight, plant height and leaf area per plant.
In a fertilizer trial set by Rajanna et al. (1987) application of nitrogen increased the
plant height. Rajendra Kumar (1990) recorded that the number of shoots, plant
height and diameter of main shoots per plant were maximum at 160 kg N/ha. Shoot
fresh weight increased with increasing levels of nitrogen but the same trend was
not observed in shoot dry matter. It increased upto 120 kg N/ha and later on
decreased.
Khalak and Kumaraswamy (1992) observed significant differences among

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fertilizer levels at harvest with respect to plant height, which was least at the
lowest fertility level and highest at the highest fertility level.
3.1.3 Number of shoots per plant
In general, the number of shoots per plant increased with fertilizer application.
Misra and Mohanty (1973) observed that the numbers of shoots were positively
affected by fertilizer application Hari 0m (1982) and Khalak and Kumaraswamy
(1992) also observed similar effect. Hooda and Pandita (1980) recorded that an
increased in number of stems per hill with nitrogen over control. Khalel et al.
(1985) gave four different doses of nitrogen (O, 80, 1 20 and 160 kg N/ha) and
recorded an increase in number of shoots per plant with 80 kg N/ha fertilizer.
Reddy (1986) studies on phosphorus utilization by potato found that phosphorus
application exhibited favourable influence on number of shoots per hill. Roy
(1993) also obtained favourable results with increasing nitrogen application
3.1.4 Number of leaves per plant
The numbers of leaves per plant have been found to be favourably affected by
fertility treatments by researchers, though some of them differ in their findings.
Misra and Mohanty (1973) found that the number of leaves increased with
increasing fertility levels. Roy (1993) revealed that higher levels of nitrogen
increased number of leaves per plant. Jagirdar et al. (1984) while studying the
effect of NPK on potato cv. 'Multa' in Pakistan observed that there was an increase
in average number of leaves per plant with increasing NPK rates upto a certain
level followed by a decline
An increase in tuber yield is mainly associated with increase in the number of
compound leaves as a result of NPK application (Sharma and Singh, 1988). It was
observed by Singh et al. (1993) while studying the effect of potassium on potato
cvs. 'Kufri Chandramukhi' and 'Kufri Sindhuri' that potassium had no significant
effect on the number of leaves.

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3.1.5 Shoot fresh weight
Studies related to shoot weight convey a very unclear information about
the effect of fertility levels on foliage weight Davies and Ross (1985) reported
that with increasing fertility levels there was increase in shoot fresh weight. This
effect has also been reported by Vijai Kumar (1985). Rajendra Kumar (1990)
and Roy (1993) recorded that an increase in shoot fresh weight with increasing
levels of nitrogen. Rajesh Kumar et al. (1991), however, observed only a slight
improvement in leaf and stem weight by increasing fertilizer dose.
3.1.6 Shoot dry matter content
In a field experiment to study the accumulation of dry matter in
different plant parts of 'Kufri Jyoti' under different soil fertility levels in acidic soils
of Shimla. Sharma et al. (1978) observed that a combined application of NPK almost
doubled dry matter yield due to higher rates of nutrient absorption. Vijai Kumar
(1985) reported that each increment in fertilizer dose brought about an increase in
fresh as well as dry weight of shoots. Phosphate application also exhibited
favourable influence on total dry matter yield (Reddy, 1986)
3.2 CHILLI
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) one of the most important
commercial crop of India belongs to the Solanaceae family which represents a
diverse plant group. The genus name Capsicum derived from the latin word ‘capsa’
meaning chest or box because of the shape of fruit which encloses seeds very
neatly, as in the box (Berke and Shieh, 2000). Chillies are cultivated mainly in
tropical and sub-tropical countries like India, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, United States
of America and African countries (Panda, 2010). Genus Capsicum represents a
diverse plant group which contains approximately 30 species, 5 of which C.
baccatum, C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens are
domesticated and cultivated in different parts of the world. Among the five species
of Capsicum cultivated, C. annuum is one of the most common cultivated crop
worldwide (Tong and Bosland, 1999) followed by C. frutescens (Ince et al., 2010;
Wang and Bosland, 2006).

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Chillies are known from pre-historic times in Peru and believed to have originated in
the tropical America. It is also said that chillies have originated in the Latin American
regions of the New Mexico and Guatemala as a wild crop around 7500 BC, as per the
remains of the pre-historic Peru. Columbus carried chilli seeds to Spain in 1493. The
cultivation of chilli spread rapidly from Spain to Europe. The Portuguese brought
capsicum from Brazil to India during the year 1584. Chillies became popular in the
whole of Asia rapidly and native Asians started cultivating this crop as well (Raju and
Luckose, 1991). The south Asian climate suited this crop, and since its introduction in
the 16th
century chilli has been increasingly cultivated in south Asia. Chillies are the
cheapest spices available in India and are eaten across all groups (Shinoj and Mathur,
2006).
3.2.1 International scenario
The world area and production of chilli is around 1.5 million ha and 7 million tonnes
respectively. In Asia, India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia, Korea, Turkey and
Sri Lanka; Nigeria, Ghana, Tunisia and Egypt in Africa; Mexico, United States of
America in North and Central America; Yugoslavia, Spain, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy
and Hungary in Europe and Argentina, Peru and Brazil in South America are the major
chilling growing countries. India is the world leader in chilli production followed by
China and Pakistan (Hussain and Abid, 2011). The bulk share of chilli production is
held by Asian countries.
India, China, Mexico, Thailand, United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany
and Sweden (Hanamashetti et al., 2009) are the major chilli consumers in the world.
The major chilli exporting countries with their percentage share in world total exports
are India (25 %), China (24 %), Spain (17 %), Mexico (8 %), Pakistan (7.2 %),
Morocco (7 %) and Turkey (4.5 %). The world trade in chilli account for 16 % of the
total spice trade in the world. United Arab Emirates, European Union, Sri Lanka,
Malaysia, Japan and Korea (Thampi, 2004) are major chilli importing countries.

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3.2.2 National scenario
India is not only the largest producer but also the largest consumer of chilli in the
world. Chilli is the most common spice cultivated in all States and Union Territories of
India contributing about 36% to the world total production. Andhra Pradesh is the
largest chilli producer in India contributing about 26% to the total area, followed by
Maharashtra (15%), Karnataka (11%), Orissa (11%), Madhya Pradesh (7%) and other
states contributing nearly 22% to the total area under chilli cultivation (Jagtap et al.,
2012). “Naga Jolokia” the world’s hottest chilli is cultivated in the hilly terrain of
Assam in a small town, Tezpur in India (Goudappa et al., 2012). The crop is a
significant source of income making India the world’s single largest producer and
exporter to the USA, Canada, UK, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia, Germany and
many more countries across the world (Chandra Nayaka et al., 2009).
India is not only largest producer but also exporter of chilli in the world, after China. In
India, it is grown practically all over the country. In India, chilli is cultivated over an
area of 0.81 million ha during 2010-11 with an annual production of 1.22 million
tonnes green chillies (Anonymous, 2011). Chilli occupies number one position in
export of spices with 2,09,000 metric tonnes volume worth Rs. 1097 crores
(Anonymous, 2009). Another important export component of the Indian spice export is
value added production like oils and oleoresin with Rs. 563 crores for which the major
share of the raw material used is chilli and hence in the recent year, chilli is gaining
greater importance in global market (Saideswara Rao, 2008). India is the largest
exporter of chilli and about 2.5 to 3.0 % of country's total production is exported.
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka account for 75% of the country's net area under chilli
and its production. At present, Karnataka ranks second in area (0.1322 million ha) and
production of chilli (0.148 million tonnes) and is being extensively cultivated in
Dharwad, Haveri, Belgaum, Gadag, Bellary, Gulbarga, Chikkamagalur and Raichur
(Goudra et al., 2011). Karnataka state currently possesses 10 to 15 varieties and
produces about 10 varieties of chillies which contain different ranges of colour,
pungency, size and shape. The main varieties grown in Karnataka are namely Byadagi
Kaddi, Byadgi Dabbi, Guntur and NP-46A (Jwala) (Rajur and Patil, 2013).

23
3.2.3 Cultivation
Chilli is an annual herbaceous crop that reaches a height of one meter
and has glabrous or pubescent lanceolate leaves with white flowers and fruits with
varied, colour and pungency. Chilli plant requires a warm and humid climate for its
best growth and dry weather during the maturation of fruits. Chilli grows best at 20 -
30°
C. It can be grown in higher altitude up to 2000 metres above the sea level. It can
be grown successfully as a rain-fed crop in areas receiving an annual rainfall of 850-
1200 mm and a soil pH of 4.3-8.7. Capsicum species are cold sensitive and generally
grow best in well drained, sandy/ silt-loam soil. Plantings are established by seeding or
transplanting. Usually flowering usually occurs three months after planting. High
temperature associated with low relative humidity at flowering increases the
transpiration resulting in shedding of buds, flowers and small fruits (Rammohan et al.,
2001).
3.2.4 Growth phases in chilli
The crop duration of chilli is about 150-180 days depending on variety, climate,
fertility and water management. The growth of chilli consists of vegetative and
reproductive phases. Vegetative phase in chilli extends to 75-85 days followed by 75-
95 days of reproductive phase. The vegetative phase is characterized by increase in
plant height with branching. Flowering starts from 80-85 days of the crop or 40-45
days after transplanting. Chilli plant is an often cross pollinated crop with 50% of
natural crossing. For fruit development and maturity about 40 days time is required
after anthesis and pollination (Rajput and Paraluke, 1998).
3.2.5 Economic importance of chilli
Chilli has been used since ancient times, traditionally in the form of spice. It is
also used as a natural flavour and colorant in food industry (Vinaya et al., 2009) as well
as raw material for the pharmaceutical industry. Chilli is nutritious crop, every 100 gm
of green and dry chilli yield about 229 and 297 calories of energy (Table 2.1). It is
mainly cultivated for three constituents of fruits viz., capsaicin, capsanthin and
oleoresin (Amusa et al., 2004). It is grown for its pungent fruits which are used both as
green and ripe to impart pungency and flavour to the food. Pungency, one of the

24
important attributes of Capsicum species is due to the presence of alkaloid ‘capsaicin’
in the fruit. It is used primarily in the flavouring of pickles, meats, barbecue sauces,
ketchup, cheese, snack food, dips, chilli cake, salads, and sausages (Pugalendhi et al.,
2010).
As a medicinal plant, the Capsicum species has been used as a carminative,
stomachic, stimulant, rubefacient and tonic. It prevents heart diseases by dilating blood
vessels. Chilli stimulates saliva and gastric juices and aids in digestion. Oleoresin of
capsicum is used in pain balms and vapour rubs. Chilli extracts are used in wide range
of medicines against tonsillitis, loss of appetite, flatulence, intermittent fever, sore
throat, swellings and hardened tumours (Bosland and Votava, 2003). Chilli leaves are
used as a dressing for wounds and sores and the leaf sap is squeezed into eyes against
headache (Molnar et al., 2004). Chilli leaves are also used to treat
toothache (Medvedeva et al., 2003).
3.2.6 Diseases of chilli
Plant diseases are an ongoing limiting factor in crop production. Diseases of crops lead
to yield losses and are gaining importance with an increase in world population.
Several abiotic and biotic stresses affect the productivity of chilli crop worldwide. Fifty
one different pathogens have been reported to cause diseases on various parts of chilli
(Saha and Singh, 1988) . Out of them, thirty nine belong to the fungi of classes
Mastigomycotina, Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina. Fungal diseases are still an
obstacle to the economic production of chilli. The most serious disease for
agriculturist cultivating chilli are anthracnose and root rot (Vudhivanich, 2003).
Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species, root rot caused by Rhizoctonia
solani are the most serious destructive diseases of chilli (Isaac, 1992).

25
CHAPTER 4
DATA PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS
4.1 Potato Crop
Potato has become a staple food in many parts of the world and an
integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest
food crop, following maize, wheat, and rice. The green leaves and green skins of
tubers exposed to the light are toxic.
Potato varieties suited to the India’s climate - hot summers and short
winters - are grown on the Indo-Gangetic plain during the short winter days from
October to March, while some year-round production takes place in relatively
high altitude areas in the south. For vegetable purposes it has become one of the
most popular crops in this country. Potatoes are an economical food; they provide
a source of low cost energy to the human diet. Potatoes are a rich source of starch,
vitamins especially C and B1 and minerals. They contain 20.6 per cent
carbohydrates, 2.1 per cent protein, 0.3 per cent fat, 1.1 per cent crude fibre and
0.9 per cent ash. They also contain a good amount of essential amino acids like
leucine, tryptophane and isoleucine etc.
Potatoes are used for several industrial purposes such as for the production of
starch and alcohol. Potato starch (farina) is used in laundries and for sizing yarn in
textile mills. Potatoes are also used for the production of dextrin and glucose. As
a food product itself, potatoes are converted into dried products such as ‘potato
chips’, ‘sliced’ or ‘shredded potatoes’.

26
Potato cultivation practices in Agra And Farrukhabad
4.1.1 (a) Variety (AGRA)
Table- 4.1.1(a) : Variety of potato grown in Agra
NAME OF VARIETY Percentage of variety use by farmers( %)
(a) Potato 3797 ( kufri bahar ) 90%
(b) Potato 302 5%
(c) Pokhraj 3%
(d) S1 1%
(e) Sutlej 1%
Source : Primary Data
4.1.1 (b)Variety ( FARRUKHABAD )
Table- 4.1.1(b) : Variety of potato grown in Farrukhabad
NAME OF VARIETY % OF VARIETY USE BY FARMER
(a) Potato 3797 40%
(b) Pokhraj 30%
(c) Chipsona 15%
(d) New Holland 10%
(e) Khayati 5%
Source: Primary Data
Graph4.1.1(b):Potato Variety(Farrukhabad) Graph 4.1.1(a): Potato Variety(Agra)
40%
30%
15%
10%
5%
Variety of potato use by
farmers %(Farrukhabad)
Potato 3797 Pokhraj Chipsona New Holland Khayati
90%
5%3%1% 1%
Variety of potato use by
farmers %(Agra)
Potato 3797 Potato 302 Pokhraj S1 Satlej

27
Inference : In all taluks/blocks in AGRA , the variety which is majority used for
cultivation is variety 3797 (kufri bahar ). The reason is : high yield, resistance to pest
and disease , suitable to land.
Note: In Shamsabad block In Agra district , the major variety used is Potato 302 (80%)
Inference : In FARRUKHABAD district ,for potato cultivation Variety 3797 and
Pokhraj are used almost equally. New Holland id the red variety of potato used for
cultivation by farmers in Farrukhabad district. In Farrukhabad , Variety 302 is not
successful. Farmers donot use Variety 302. In some villages in Farrukhabad , variety
Sindhuri is also used for some extent.Variety Chipsona is the sugar-free variety used by
diabetic patient and are mainly grown by farmers in Farrukhabad district.
4.1.2 (a) Soil Type (AGRA)
Table 4.1.2(a) : Types of soil and percentage available
SOIL TYPE PERCENTAGE AVAILABLE
(a) Domat ( Loam soil) 60%
(b) Black soil 20%
(c) Sandy soil 10%
(d) Red soil 10%
Graph 4.1.2(a) : Graph shows types of soil and percentage available
Domat(Loam
Soil), 60%
Black Soil, 20%
Sandy soil, 10%
Red soil, 10%
SOIL TYPES AND PERCENTAGE AVAILABLE

28
Inference : In Agra , the geographic region is good for cultivation of potato crops . 60%
of the land is loamy soil where farmers say it “ Domat” as local term.
4.1.2 (b) Soil Type ( Farrukhabad )
Table 4.1.2(b) : Types of soil and percentage available
(a) Domat (Loam soil ) 80%
(b) Kareity ( Black soil) 20%
Graph 4.1.2(b) : Types of soil and percentage available
Inference : 80% of the soil is loam soil and 20% is black soil in Farrukhabad district.=
4.1.3 Vegetative Propagation
In both Agra and Farrukhabad District , potato seed is propagated vegetatively from
tubers either whole or cut into pieces.
The local name of small potato seed is Gulli or Gulla and extremely small potato seeds
is known as Khirri in local language.
Domat ( Loam soil ),
80%
Black soil
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Domat ( Loam soil ) Black soil

29
The most preferred cut seeds are half cut into pieces. Gulli with two tuberous eyes on
both sides are cut into halves. Khirri are not so much preffered by farmers.
Table 4.1.3 :Potato seed types and size types
Potato seeds type Size types
(a) Gulla/Gulli Medium
(b) Khirri Small
Inference: Small sized potato seeds are called ‘Khirri’ and medium one ‘Gulla’.
4.1.4 Climate
Potato is a cool seasoned crop. It thrives best in cool region where there is
sufficient moisture & fertile soils. Tuber growth occurs if soil temperature is between
17 & 19 degree celsius. Tuber growth stops if temperature rise above 30 degree celsius.
At higher temperature , respiration rate increases and carbohydrates produced by
photosynthesis are consumed rather than stored in tuber. Higher temperature affect size
of leaflets , thereby reducing tuber formation.
4.1.5 Field Preparation
Ploughing and Harrowing is done for field preparation. The field preparation is done by
initially watering to land for some moisture after some day ploughing is done in an easy
way. Potato seeds are sown second day after harrowing.
4.1.6 Method Of Sowing Of Potato Seeds
Potato seeds are sown with the help of Tractor cum sowing drills. 4 persons sit behind
the tractor machine and sow the potato seeds.
4.1.7 Time Of Sowing
In both Agra and Farrukhabad district , the time of sowing is at the Deewali season.
i.e. from 15-30 October. In taluk like Shamsabad in Agra , time of sowing of potato
seed(Variety potato 302 ) , late variety are from 1 Nov- 28 Nov.

30
Table 4.1.7 : Sowing time of potato seeds
Time of Sowing of potato seeds
Generally potato seeds 15-30 October
Late variety (eg. Potato 302 ) 1- 28 November
Inference : 15-30 October is the peak time for sowing of potato seeds specially Potato
3797 (Kufri Bahar).
4.1.8 Seed Treatment
Potato seeds are spread on ground and chemicals are spread over it.
4.1.8 (a) Seed treatment practices in Agra- (Rank-wise use order)-Premium Fungicide
Table 4.1.8(a) : Premium pesticides ( brand name, company name etc) in Agra
S.No Brand Name Company Name Percentage use(%)
1. Monceren Bayer 80%
2. Mirador Adama 5%
3. Xelora BASF 4%
4. Emison Excel 3%
5. TKS Setra Tata Chemicals 3%
6. Amistar Syngenta 2%
7. Onestar Dhanuka 2%
8. Other Chemicals Remaining company 1%
Inference: AGRA: The market penetration of Monceren( Bayer Company) is so much
high in chemical prospects in Agra , followed by Adama and so on.

31
4.1.8 (b) Seed Treatment Practices in Farrukbhabad (Rank-wise order) and Premium
Fungicide.
Table 4.1.8(b) : Premium pesticides ( brand name, company name etc) in
Farrukhabad
S.No. Brand Name Company Name Percentage use (%)
1. Monceren Bayer 70%
2. Biostat Roko 6%
3. Mirador Adama 5%
4. Sprint Indofil 4%
5. Amistar Syngenta 4%
6. Emison Excel 3%
7. Pulsor IIL 3%
8. Other Chemicals Remaining company 4%
Source :Primary Data
Inference: In Farrukhabad also , the market penetration of Monceren (Bayer company)
is also high. Dhanuka has very limited market penetration in both districts.
Graph 4.1.8(a) : Premium fungicides used in Agra
80%
5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Bayer Adama BASF Excel Tata
Chemicals
Syngenta Dhanuka Other
company
Premium fungicides-AGRA
Premium fungicides

32
Graph 4.1.8(b) : Premium fungicides used in Farrukhabad
4.1.9 Seed Rate
4.1.9 (a) Seed Rate in Agra
In Agra district, one potato bag consists of 50 kg which is locally called ‘KATTA’ .
The seed rate of potato seed in Agra is 75-80 katta/ha or 6-8 katta/bigha or 35
qt/ha.
4.1.9 (b) Seed Rate in Farrukhabad
In some villages in Farrukhabad district, one potato bag consist of 50 kg which is
locally called ‘PACKET’ .
The seed rate of potato seed in Farrukhabad is 60-70 packet/ha or 6-7
packet/biga or 35-40 qt/ha.
Note: 1ha = 10 biga
1 katta or 1 packet = 50 kg
70%
6% 5% 4% 3% 3% 4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Bayer Roko Adama Indofil Syngenta Excel IIL Other
company
Premium Fungicides-FARRUKHABAD
Premium Fungicides

33
Table 4.1.9 : Seed rate of potato in Agra and Farrukhabad
S.No. DISTRICT SEED RATE SEED RATE
CONVERT(qt/ha)
1. Agra 75-80 katta/ha (6-8
katta/bigha)
35-40 qt/ha
2. Farrukhabad 60-70 packet/ha(6-7
packet/bigha)
34-40 qt/ha
INFERENCE : In Agra , seed rate is higher than in Farrukhabad.
4.1.10 Irrigation
In both Agra and Farrukhabad district , the irrigation pattern is somewhat same. There
is no dearth of water scarcity. Everyone has their own borewell.
Table 4.1.10 : Irrigation pattern in Agra and Farrukhabad
Irrigation Water at Day after sowing(DAS)
1st irrigation 20 DAS
2nd
Irrigation 45 DAS
3rd
Irrigation 60 DAS
4th
irrigation 75 DAS
Graph 4.1.10 : Graph shows irrigation pattern.
Inference: The irrigation is 4 times + urea (10-15 kg / bigha) + zyme (2 kg / bigha ).
1st
irrigation
20 DAS
2nd
irrigation
45 DAS
3rd
irrigation
60 DAS
4th
irrigation
75 DAS

34
4.1.11 Fertility / Nutrient Management
Fertility management or Nutrient Management is important prospect for growth of any
crops.
4.1.11(a) Nutrient Management ( Agra )
Table 4.1.11(a) : Nutrient management and Dose quantity in Agra
S.No. NUTRIENT DOSE DOSE : Convert
qt./ha
1. DAP 2 Katta/ bigha 10 qt/ha
2. Potash 1 katta/bigha 5 qt/ha
3. SSP 2 katta/bigha 10 qt/ha
4. Urea 1 katta/bigha 5 qt/ha
Graph 4.1.11(a) : Different doses and nutrient quantity in Agra
Inference: There is different doses for DAP(10qt/ha) , potash , SSP and Urea.
Note : 1 katta = 50 kg and 1 ha = 10 bigha
10
5 5
10
0
5
10
15
DAP UREA POTASH SSP
DOSE Qt/Ha
DOSE Qt/Ha

35
4.1.11(b) Nutrient Management ( Farrukhabad )
Table 4.1.11(b) : Nutrient management and Dose quantity in Farrukhabad
S.No. NUTRIENT DOSE DOSE : Convert
qt/ha
1. DAP 2 katta/bigha 10 qt/ha
2. Potash 1 katta/bigha 5 qt/ha
3. Sulphur 1 katta/bigha 5 qt/ha
4. Urea 1 katta/bigha 5 qt/ha
Graph 4.1.11(b) : Graph shows different doses and nutrient quantity in Farrukhabad
Inference : in Farrukhabad also , nutrient management includes DAP , Potash , Sulphur
and Urea where DAP utilization is maximum i.e. 10 qt/ha and others are 5 qt/ha.
10
5 5 5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
DAP POTASH SULPHUR UREA
DOSE( qt/ha)
DOSE( qt/ha)

36
4.1.12 Insect Pests
In both districts , the major pests are Aphids , Thrips, Potato tuber moth and white fly.
The insects suck the leaves and make the crops die.The main cause of these insects
causes ‘SIKURA’ in local language , the leaves curl and photosynthesis stops and crops
die after sometime if not treated well.
4.1.12 (a) Pest Management ( Agra)
Table 4.1.12(a) : Different Insecticides used in Agra
S.No. COMPANY Brand Name/chemical
composition
Percentage Use
1. PI Colt 40%
2. Bayer Imadachloropid 40%
3. Syngenta Pegasis 5%
4. Dupont Coragen 5%
5. UPL Quinolphos 5%
6. Other company Other brand 5%
4.1.12 (b) Pest Management (Farrukhabad)
Table 4.1.12(b) : Different Insecticides used in Farrukhabad
S.No. COMPANY Brand Name/chemical
composition
Percentage use
1. Indofil Atom 40%
2. PI Rocket 30%
3. Indofil Agent Plus 10%
4. Dawn Indogulf 5%
5. Indofil Bolex 5%
6. Tropical agrosystem
India Ltd.
Pataka 5%

37
7. Other company Other brand 5%
Graph 4.1.12(a) Insecticides(Agra) Graph 4.1.12-b Insecticides(Farrukhabad)
Inference: The insecticides used maximum for potato crop in Agra is Colt(PI) and
Imadachloropid (Bayer) whereas in Farrukhabad , it is Atom ( Indofil ).
4.1.13 Disease
In both districts Agra and Farrukhabad , the diseases affected to potato crops are:
(a) Chechak ( COMMON SCAB )
(b) Jhulsa ( Blight ) : 80% affected , very serious problem
For both these disease , systemic fungicides are used.
For blight : Redomil,(Metalyxl – Mencozeb).
40%
40%
5%
5%
5%
PI
Bayer
Syngenta
Dupont
UPL
Other company
0% 50%
Insecticides
used(AGRA)
Insecticides used(AGRA)
40%
30%
10%
5%
5%
5%
INDOFIL-…
PI-ROCKET
INDOFIL-…
DAWN-…
INDOFIL-…
TROPICAL…
OTHER…
0% 20% 40% 60%
Insecticides
Use(Farrukhabad)
Insecticides
Use(Farrukhabad
)

38
 Fungicide Spray
Table 4.1.13 : Different fungicide spray to prevent from disease.
S.No. No. of spray Days after sowing(DAS) Chemical composition
1. 1st
spray 30-40 Mencozeb(Mg + Mn
included)
2. 2nd
spray 50-55 Carbendazim +
Mencozeb
3. 3rd
spray 60-75 Metalyxl ( 35% )
Inference: Fungicide spray , according to days of sowing. There are 3 sprays in it.
4.1.14 Weed And Weed Management
4.1.14 (a) Agra ( Location )
Table 4.1.14(a) : Different weeds and their scientific name grown in Agra
S.No. Weeds ( regional name/common
name)
Scientific name
1. Bathuwa ( Lamb’s Quarter ) Chenopodium album
2. Gazra ( Wild Carrot ) Daucus carota
3. Motha Cyperus Rotundus
Inference: The weeds which most affect potato crops in Agra are Chenopodium album ,
second one is Daucas Carota and Cyperus rotundus.Weedicides
Table 4.1.14(a- i) : Different weedicides used by farmer in Agra
S.No. Company Brand Name Percentage use
(%)
1. Bayer Sencor 60%
2. Tata Rallis Tata Maitry 10%

39
3. Jay Chemical Jaykor 10%
4. Crystal Sreekar 10%
5. Bharat Insectide Zero weed 5%
6. Other company Other chemicals 5%
Inference: Sencor ( 60% ) is utilized by farmers for weed control.
4.1.14 (b) Farrukhabad (Location)
Table 4.1.14(b) : Different weeds and their scientific name grown in Farrukhabad
S.No. Weeds( regional
name/common name)
Scientific name
2. Motha Cyperus rotundus
Inference : The weeds mostly affected Potato in Farrukhabad region is Chenopodium
album and Cyperus rotundus.
Weedicides
Table 4.1.14(a-ii) : Different weedicides used by farmer in Farrukhabad
S.No. Company Brand Name Percentage use (%)
1. Bayer Sencor 40%
2. Thakar Gadar 30%
3. Syngenta Gramaxone 10%
4. Bharat Insecticide Zero weed 10%
5. Willowood crop science Pvt ltd. Octavia 5%
6. Other Company Other brands 5%
Inference : In Farrukhabad , Sencor is mostly used weedicide.

40
Graph 4.1.14(a) : weedicides Graph 4.1.14(b):weedicides
Inference : In both the districts , Sencor ( Bayer ) covered the market for weedicides.
4.1.15 Harvesting
The harvesting time for potato crops is after 4 month of day of sowing i.e. between 1
Feb – 20 Feb. Late variety harvesting time is last week of February.
4.1.16 Yield
In both districts , the yield for potato crops range between 40-50 katta/bigha or 2000-
2500kg/bigha or 200-250 qt/ha.
4.1.17 Marketing
In both districts , cold storages are available . Many potato growers transport to the cold
storage at the cost of 115 Rs. / katta or 230 Rs. / quintal.
40%
30%
10%
10%
5%
Bayer-Cencor
Thakar-Gadar
Syngenta-Gramaxone
Bharat Insecticide-Zero
weed
Willowood Crp Science Ltd-
Octavia
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Weedicide:Farrukhabad
Weedicide:Farrukhabad
60%
10%
10%
10%
5%
5%
Bayer-Cencor
Tata Ralli-Maitry
Jay Chemical-Jaykor
Crystal-Sreekar
Bharat Insecticide-Zero Weed
Other company
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Weedicide:AGRA
Weedicide:AGRA

41
4.1.18 Marketing Penetration Of Dhanuka Chemicals Like Conika And Lustre
As I visited most of the dealer/ Distributer/ retailer shop, I found hardly they talk about
Dhanuka product ie about Conika and lusture fungicide. Most of the dealers /
distributors sell products of companies other than Dhanuka.
Since both the products are newly introduced , I found conika product in only 3-4
dealer shop. Even in Dhanuka dealer shop , they only keep conika product . Lustre is
not even introduced . Dhanuka agritech ltd. should plan strategically so that it can
compete with Bayer agritech since 70-80% of market is covered by them (Bayer) only.(
in terms of promotion , demonstration ,regular meeting with farmers etc ).

42
SOME PICTURES FOR FIRST MONTH
( With Farmers , Dealers & Distributers)

43
4.2 CHILLI CROP :
Chilli is reported to be a native of South America and is widely distributed in all
tropical and sub tropical countries including India. It was first introduced in India by
Portuguese towards the end of 15th Century. Now it is grown all over the world except
in colder parts. Dry chilly is extensively used as spice in curried dishes. It is also used
as an ingredient in curry powder and in seasonings. Bird chilly is used in making hot
sauces as pepper sauce and Tabsco sauce. Paprika, Bydagi chilly, Warangal chapatta
and similar high colour less pungent varieties are widely used for colour extraction.
This colour is highly popular among food and beverage processors for its use as a
colourant, since this being a ‘natural plant colour’. As a medicine it is used as an
counter irritant in Lumbago, Neuralgia, and Rheumatic disorders. Capsicum has a tonic
and carminative action. Taken inordinately it may cause gastro-enteritis. The enzyme
isolated from chilly is used in the treatment of certain type of cancers. Oleoresin
capsicum is used in pain balms and vaporubs. Dehydrated green chilly is a good source
of vitamin ‘C’ .
Chilli Cultivation Practices In Robertsganj
4.2.1 Variety:
Table 4.2.1 : Chilli variety and company
NAME OF VARIETY COMPANY Percentage of variety use by
farmers( % )
(a) VNR 305 VNR 95%
(b) Josh Nunhans 3%
(c) Divya Jyoti UPL Golden 2%

44
Graph 4.2.1 : Graph showing chilli variety use by farmers
Inference: Many farmers uses variety VNR 305 because it is having high productivity ,
less susceptible to pest and diseases . This variety is having high pungency which
makes this brand successful in Robertsganj market.
4.2.2 Soil Type :
Table 4.2.2 : Different soil types in Robertsganj
(a) Black soil 40%
(b) Domat ( Loam soil) 40%
(c) Sandy soil 10%
(d) Red soil 10%
Graph 4.2.2 : Soil types and percentage available
95%
3%
2%
VNR- VNR 305
Nunhans-Josh
UPL Golden-Divya Jyoti
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
ChiLLI Variety Use by farmers
ChiLLI Variety Use by farmers
Black soil, 40%
Loam soil, 40%
Sandy soil, 10%
Red soil, 10%
Black soil
Loam soil
Sandy soil
Red soil
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

45
Inference : In Churk region in Robertsganj only, sandy soil is found. But most of the
chilli producing area is having black and loam soil. The major 4 regions where only
chilli and tomato are grown are Kusi , Papparaheya , Kekrahi and Kherahi.
4.2.3 Land Preparation
2-3 time ploughing then levelling – sowing - water
4.2.4 Method Of Sowing
First sowing the seeds in nursery
1 Bigha = 100 gm seeds
1 ha = 16 patta
Note: 1 Patta =25 gm
4.2.5 Time Of Sowing:
In all the villages in Robertsganj : 20 May – 30 May
4.2.6 Time Of Transplanting:
After one month of sowing i.e. in 20 June-30 June , the chilli crops are transplanted
to the main field .
Time of Transplanting : 20 June-30 June .
4.2.7 Spacing:
Crop to Crop Distance : 2 feet
Row to Row Distance : 3 feet
4.2.8 Seed Treatment:
No seed treatment required as seeds available in the market are already treated by
chemicals and available in packets.

46
4.2.9 Nutrient Management :
Table 4.2.9 : Nutrient and doses
S.No. NUTRIENT DOSE DOSE: CONVERT
qt/ha
1. DAP 5-6 bori/ bigha 25-30 qt/ha
2. Urea 5 bori/bigha 25 qt/ha
Note : 1 Bori : 50 kg
Inference: DAP dose and Urea dose is almost same in Chilli crop i.e. 25 qt/ha.
4.2.10 Fungicides Used ( Rank -Wise)
In chilli crop ,major diseases are wilt , leaf curl( gurcha in local language).
Table 4.2.10 : Premium fungicides used in Robertsganj
S.No.(Ranking) Company Brand Name Percentage Use
1. Bayer Admire 40%
2. Syngenta Pegasus 25%
3. Syngenta Melody 15%
4. GSP Esteem 10%
5. Basav Cabritop 5%
6. Other company 5%
Graph 4.2.10 : Graph showing Premium fungicides used in Robertsganj
40%
25%
15%
10%
5% 5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Bayer-Admire Syngenta-Pegasus Syngenta-Melody GSP-Esteem Basav-Cabritop Other Company
Premium Fungicide use
Premium Fungicide use

47
Inference : The fungicides mostly used in chilli crop in Robertsganj is Admire (Bayer ).
4.2.11 Insect Pests:
The major Insects found in Robertsganj villages are Thrips ,Whitefly, Sucking Pests ,
Green hairy caterpillar , fruit borer etc.
Insecticides:
Table 4.2.11 : Different insectides used in Robertsganj
S.No. COMPANY NAME BRAND NAME (%) USE BY
FARMER
1. Nagarjuna Perfect Super 30%
2. Nirmal All Out 30%
3. Dayal Fertilizer Ltd. Herbosafe 10%
4. Farm Organic Halchal 10%
5. Mahavin Mahawell 10%
6. Other Company Other Brands 10%
Graph 4.2.11 : Graph showing premium fungicides used in Robertsganj
Inference : The mostly used insecticide in Robertsganj is Perfect Super (Nagarjuna) ,
followed by All Out ( Nirmal) and others.
30% 30%
10% 10% 10% 10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Nagarjuna-Perfect
Super
Nirmal-All Out Dayal Fertilizer
Ltd.-Herbosafe
Farm Organic-
Halchal
Mahavin-Mahawell Other Company
INSECTICIDE USE
INSECTICIDE USE

48
4.2.12 Weed Management:
Table 4.2.12(a) : Different weeds grown in Robertsganj
S.No. Weeds ( regional
name/common name)
Scientific name
2. Motha Cyperus rotundus
3. Wild Carrot Daucus carota
Inference : The weeds which causes most damage are Chenopodium album followed
by Cyperus rotundus and Daucus Carota.
Weedicides:
Table 4.2.12(b) : Weedicides used with company and brand name
S.No. Company Brand Name Percentage use
(%)
1. Excel Glycel 20%
2. Indofil Society 20%
3. Dhanuka Targa Super 20%
4. Syngenta Kavach 15%
5. Bharat Insecticide Ltd Aandhi-71 15%
6. Other Company Other Brands 10%
Graph 4.2.12 : Graph shows different weedicides used by farmers
WEEDICIDE USE
0%
20%
20% 20% 20%
15% 15%
10%
WEEDICIDE USE
WEEDICIDE USE

49
INFERENCE : The most used weedicide is Glycel ( Excel company) followed by
Societry(Indofil company ) , Turga Super ( Dhanuka Agritech Ltd) and others.
4.2.13 Picking:
Date of Picking : from from 1st
August onwards.
10 times picking can be done in chilli crop.
In one month , 4 – 6 pickings can be done.
4.2.14 Yield :
The yield of chilli crops is 12-14 quintal / bigha or 120 qt/ha (in one month- 4 times)
hence 3-4 quintal per bigha per week (30-40 qt/ha).
4.2.15 Marketing :
After picking of chilli , it is directly marketed to chilli traders. Chilli traders take their
trucks to the field and it is directly loaded to it after weighing chilli.
4.2.16 Marketing Penetration Of Dhanuka Chemicals Like Conika And Lustre:
In Robertsganj also, the penetration of newly product conika and lustre is very less.
Most of the dealers even don’t know about these products. Obviously Dhanuka
products are famous in Robertsganj are but these 2 products are unknown to most of
the dealer/distributers.

50
IMAGES FOR WORKING SECOND MONTH
(With Farmers, Dealers & Distributers And In Field)

51
CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS , SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 The Findings of the research are presented below:
5.1 (a) For Potato crop in AGRA and FARRUKHABAD district:
 The major variety mostly used by farmers are Potato 3797 ( Kufri Bahar ) ,
Potato 302 , Pokhraj , Chipona and New Holland.
 Local names of 50 kg bag is known as KATTA.
 Only Tractors are used for ploughing . No bullock carts are used.
 In many villages in Khandauli block in Agra district , farmers grow only potato
and green fodder throughout the year.
 Total cost of cultivation of potato ( total expenses ) incur is Rs. 700 per quintal
but state government fixed Rs. 487 per quintal for sale of potato to them if no
one purchase it from farmers.From last 2 years , farmers are in huge losses. The
reason is that potato is not going outside countries , government giving
subsidies to other states for growing of potato crops , demonetization etc.
 The most dangerous disease are Chechak( common scab ) and Jhulsa, Sikura
etc.
 The main weeds are Bathuwa(Chenopodium album) , Gajra(Daucas carota) and
Motha(Cyperus rotundus ).
 The market penetration of Dhanuka company products is not so good . The
major companies occupying market in Agra and Farrukhabad are Bayer , Tata ,
Indofil etc.
 According to all the dealer/distributer in both the districts , the market
penetration of Dhanuka products comes in between (ranking of 15-20).

52
5.1 (b) For Chilli Crop in Sonbhadra district : ROBERTSGANJ
 The chilli variety which is very famous in Robertsganj is VNR-305. Almost
95% of the farmers are using this variety.
 Farmers who cultivated chilli are in huge losses for the last 2 years, because
of the large production in bulk. The trading of chilli to other states are not
going good, so the price rate of green chilli comes down.
 The major disease in chilli is Wilt ( No company till date in robertsganj
found any solution for Wilt disease ).
 When market of chilli is good , the farmer fetch price upto Rs. 4000 per
quintal or Rs. 40 per kg but for the last two years , the market of chilli comes
down and farmer fetch price merely Rs. 10 per kg.
 The price of dry red chilli is fixed i.e. at Rs. 50 per kg but 1 kg of fresh gree
chilli is equal to 10 kg dry red chilli. Hence if the market is down for chilli
then farmers leave chilli in crop only, they donot pluck it .When chilli colour
becomes red then, farmers pluck it and sell to market. But atlast farmers are
in loss only as they fetch less price.
 Farmers purchase chemicals according to the suggestion of
dealers/distributers only. They blindly follow the sayings of
dealers/distributers as farmers know very little about chemicals.
5.2 Suggestions: -
(1) Field trails (Result Demonstration) of the crop should be shown to farmers.
This is because in Uttar Pradesh state , Bayer is the major player since the
promotional activities of bayer products are high. Most farmers are using it .So
if any company wants to penetrate their market , they have to first assure to
farmers that their products are good. So in village the research and development
team conduct result demonstration on field of how their products work and what
is the positive aspect if farmers use their product.

53
(2) Incentivise the dealers in terms of profit margin based on sales volume.
Many dealers doing business by gaining profit margin from the agri-input
products. If any company will give more profit margin in their products to
dealers then their chance of selling the products will increase.
(3) The market penetration of Dhanuka Agritech Ltd. should increase as there
are very less Dhanuka products dealers/distributers suggest to farmers. Many
farmers don’t know about Dhanuka Products since their promotional activities
are not upto the mark.
(4) The company can consider going for advertising in local print media for a period
of 7 to 10 days before the season starts . This is because the advertisement helps the
farmer to increase their curiosity for purchasing company’s product.
(5) Just like Bayer company put horders of Monceren chemicals in front of
every dealer/distributer shop , Dhanuka Agritech should also do some
promotional activity like that of Bayer.
(6) The company should go for more Point -Of –Purchase (POP) displays at the
retail stores, with Banners, Posters showing the company products and company
logo.
 Limitation of Project: -
 Some farmers were reluctant to share information.
 The data from government officials were difficult to obtain, as they did
not maintain updates.
 Farmers highly believe in dealer’s recommendation.
5.3 Conclusions:
The overall experience of internship in Dhanuka Agritech Ltd. was very good.
Dhanuka Agritech Ltd. provides me a great opportunity to look outside the
close world and feel the enjoyment of fresh air. In internship , I went to 3
districts in Uttar Pradesh , an unknown place to me where nobody knew me. I

54
went to many taluks/blocks in different districts , many villages , roaming here
and there in 45-48 degree celsius temperature. In many villages, I interacted
with farmers , all of them being very supportive. The kind nature of farmers
made me feel very comfortable in the unknown place. They even offered me
breakfast and lunch and some farmers gave me cold drink party. They answered
me all the questions which I asked them. Some farmers were unhappy and
tensed about the losses they incurred for last 2 years and easily shared their
problems.
I also interacted with many dealers/distributers . They also supported
me. When asked about different chemicals kept in their shops, they explained
me about their products without hesitating . They explained me about different
chemicals such as fungicides, insecticides, zyme, weedicides, nutrients etc .
I enjoyed a lot while undergoing internship as it provided me a platform
for ground level work which will help me in future aspects in pursuing a career
in agri-input company.

55
ANNEXURE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE - 1
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FARMERS
1. Name of the respondent: ________________________
2. District: ________________________ , Taluk :
3. Village: ________________________ , Mobile no. :
Profile of Respondent:
1. Age: ________________ yrs.
2. Education: ______________ STD _____________
3. Land holding (in acres)
a. Irrigated Land:
b. Rainfed Land:
Total: ______________________
Marginal Farmer (<2ha) [ ] Small Farmer (2-5ha) [ ] Large Farmer(>5ha) [ ]
Package of Practice
1. Crop :
2. Variety :
3. Soil Type:
4. Field / Land Preparation:
5. Time of Planting :

56
6. Method of Planting :
7. Seed Selection and Seed size :
8. Seed Treatment :
9. Seed Rate (q/ha):
10. Fertility Management ;
(a)FYM:
(b) Urea:
(c) DAP :
(d) SSP:
11.Irrigation Schedule :
12.a) Insects Pests :
1. 2._________________ 3. ___________
Pest Management :
b) Diseases :
1._________________ 2._________________ 3. _______
Disease Management :
13.Critical Stages Of Potato Cultivation :( at which stage which chemical used )
(1) Transplanting to plant established stage:

57
(2) Flower initiation to flowering:
(3) Flowering set to fruit ripening:
(4) Alternate day from harvesting/ picking :
14. Weed Management :
15. Harvesting and Picking ( Yield/ha) :
16. Yield :
17. Post Harvest ( shelf life quality, cold storage ,storing, moisture level ) :
18. Marketing / Storage (field to market / store to market /middlemen) :
19. Premium Fungicides Used For Disease Control :
(1)
(2)
(3)
20.Are you using the Lustre Fungicide?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
a) If Yes From How long you are using the product
2years [ ] 1years [ ] 6month [ ]
b) If No what was the reason
High Price [ ] lack of availability [ ] lack of awareness [ ]

58
21. Are you using the Conika (Fungicide+Bactericide)?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(a) If Yes From How long you are using the product
2years [ ] 1years [ ] 6month [ ]
(b) If No what was the reason
High Price [ ] lack of availability [ ] lack of awareness [ ]
ANNEXURE – 2
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DEALERS/DISTRIBUTERS
(1) Name of respondent:
(2) Address:
(3) Shop Name :
(4) Contact Number :
(5) Seed Treatment chemicals :
(6) Nutrient ( DAP, Urea , SSP , Zn , Sulphur ) :
(7) Fungicides :
(8) Insecticides ;
(9) Weedicides:
(10) Different brands and market pentetration of company.
(11) About Dhanuka Products specially Conika and Lustre.

59
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) POTATO
• Dhanuka Agritech Limited
• Farrukhabad.pdf
• http://www.potatopro.com
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato
• NESAC – Package of practice :potato-( megapib.nic.in>pppotato )
• REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• Babu Ram. 1976. Influence of levels of nitrogen on the performance of potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to G.B.P.U.A.&T.,
Pantnagar (Nainital).
• Bakker, J.J. and Lammers, H.W. 1968. Can feflilizers have an adverse effect on
emergence of potatoes and beet? Stilestof., 5 467-470
• Batra, V.K.; Malik, Y.S.; Pandita, M.L. and Khurana, S.C. 1992. Effect of
seedling tuber size, spacing and method of planting on potato production. J.
Indian Potato Assoc., 19(3-4 : 166-170.
• Benepal, P.S. 1967. Correlations among applied in nitrogen, phosphorous and
potassium and response of the potato plant. Amer. Potato J. , 44 75-86.
• Chadha, K.L. 1993. Key not-changing scenario of potato production in the
world. J. Indian Potato Assoc., 20 (3-4) : 3-9.
• Davies, H.V. and Ross, H.P. 1985. The effect of mineral nutrition on inter
sprout competition in cv "Mors Apes". Potato Res., 28 : 43-53.
• Dubey, P.D. and Bhardwaj, G.S. 1971. Effect of nitrogen, spacmg between
plants and seed material on growth, tuberization, yield and quality of potato.
The Madras Agril. J., 58, 6): 448-452.

60
• Gupta, S.K. and Singh, G. 1969. Growth and yield of potato tubers as affected
by different spacing and nitrogen levels. Andhra Agric. J., 16,14-17.
• Hari 0m. 1982. Studies on the effect of different methods of planting and
fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).
M.Sc. Thesis submitted to HAU, Hissar. 77 p.
• Hari 0m and Hooda, R.S. 1987. Studies on the effect of methods of planting and
fertility level on the dry matter production and nutrient uptake in potato variety
'Kufri Chandramukhi'. Haryana J. Hori. , 16 (1&2) : 99-103.
• Khalak Abdul and Kumaraswamy, A.S. 1992. Do matter accumulation and
growth attributes of potato as influenced by imgation and fertilizer application.
J. Indian Potato Assoc., 19 (1&2) • 40-44.
• Khurana, S.C.; Pandita, M.L. and Srivastava, V.K. 1991 Effect of seed size and
seed rate on potato yield. J. Indian Potato Assoc. 18(4) 167-168.
• Misra, A. and Mohanty, P. 1973. Response of three varieties of potato to
different fixed combinations of NPK. Indian J. Agron., 18 ; 328-332
• Pandey, U.C.; Singh Kirti and Mangal, J.L. 1982. Effect of irrigation and
nitrogen fertilization on yield and size of potato variety 'Kufri Sindhurl' J.
Indian Potato Assoc., 9 (1/4) • 65-68
• Rajanna, K.M.; Shivashankar, K.T.; Krishnappa, K.S. 1987. EfTect of different
levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth yield and quality of
potato. South Indian Hortn., 35 (5) : 347-353.
• Rajesh Kumar. 1990. Effect of seed size, seed rate and fertilizer level on
growth, yield and nutrient uptake of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Kufri
Badshah M.Sc. Thesis submitted to HAU, Hissar (Haryana).
• Sharma, U.C. and Singh Kamla. 1988. Response of potato to NPK in acidic soil
of Meghalaya. J. Indian Potato Assoc., 15 (1&2) : 40-44.
• Sommerfeldt, T.G. and Knutson, K.W. 1968. Greenhouse study of early potato
growth response to soil temperature, bulk density and nitrogen fertilizer. Amer.
PotatoJ., 45 : 231-237.
• Uniyal, S.P. 1977. Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application on the
performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties. M.Sc. thesis submitted
to GBPUA&T, Pantnagar (Nainital).

61
•
(2) CHILLI
 Agri farming chilli information guide
 Dhanuka Agritech Limited : www.dhanuka.com
 Google : Lustre and conika images .
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE :
 Adarsh Pandey and Pandey, B.N., 2001. Fungal diseases on Brinjal in Bareilly
region, Ad. Plant. Sci. 14 : 99-104.
 Agarwal V.K., Mathur, S.B. and Paul Neergaard. 1972. Some aspects of seed
health testing with respect to seed-borne fungi of rice, wheat, black gram, green
gram and soya bean grown in India. Indian Phytopath. xxv : 91-100.
 Anitha, K. and Tripathi, M.N., 2001. Screening of fungicides against seedling
mortality of okra caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum.
Pl. Dis. Res. 16 : 52-56.
 Anuja Gupta. 2002. Residual Efficacy of seed dressing chemicals during
storage. Indian Phytopath. 55 : 99-101.
 Avdesh Narain and Rout, G.B. 1981. A tomato rot caused by Cladosporium
tenuissima. Indian Phytopath. 34 : 237-238.
 Babu, S., Seetharaman, K., Nanda Kumar, R. and Johnson, I. 2001. Inhibitory
effect of leaf extracts of some medicinal plants and weeds on a Alternaria solani.
Pl. Dis. Res. 16 : 84-86.
 Balaraj, R., Kundiker, M.B., Patil, S.A. and Shekhargouda, M. 2002. Effect of
fertilizer doses and spacing on seed yield and quality in chilli (Capsicum annum
L.). Seed Research. 30 : 234-238.
 Chitra, H, and Kannabiran, B., 2001. Antagonistic effects Qf Datura innoxia
Mon.
 The Anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum capsici, In vitro Ad. Plant. Sci. 14 :
317-320.

62
 *Choudhary, B. 1990. Vegetable, National Book Trust, India, A-5 Green Park,
New Delhi.
 Das. A.K., Mitra, D.K. and Ahlawat, Y.S. 2000. Detection of brinjal little leaf
phytoplasma in phloem elements isolated by enzyme treatment. Indian
Phytopath. 5 : 146-148.
 Ghosh, S.K. and Das, N. 1999. Effect of fungicides on seed mycoflora and seed
germination of mustard and cauliflower. J. Mycopathol. Res. 37 . 37-39.
 Giridhar, P. and Reddy, S.M. 1999. Mycoflora in relation to mycotoxins
incidence in red pepper. Ad. Plant. Sci. 12 : 85-88.
 Indira Vadhera, Tiwari, S.P. and Shukla, B.N. 2001. Estimation of yield losses
in tomato and integrated management of root-knot nematode. Indian Phytopath,
54 : 495-496.
 Jeyalakshmi, C., Durai Raj, P., Seetharaman, K. and Sivaprakasam, K. 1998.
Bio control of fruit rot and die-back of chilli using antagonistic microorganisms.
Indian Phytopath. 51 : 180-183.
 Robertzganj and Kanpur google image
 Spice board India
 www.ikisan.com

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Internship Project Report Part 2