Introduction for scintfic writing
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This document provides an overview of scientific writing and research proposals. It discusses types of scientific publications such as journal articles, books, and conference posters. It emphasizes using clear, precise language and proper structure for scientific papers, including titles, introductions, methods, results, and references sections. The document also outlines the key elements of a good research proposal, such as stating the problem, reviewing previous literature, describing the methodology, presenting a timeline and budget, and listing references. Researchers are advised to write proposals that are coherent, informative, and clearly structured to convince readers of the significance and merit of the proposed research.
Introduction for scintfic writing
- 1. Introduction for Scientific Writing Dr. Nahid Sherbini Consultant Internal Medicine & Pulmonary Certified from Harvard Medical School - PPCR- Principles and Practice of Clinical Research
- 2. Scientific Writing Types of Scientific Publication Outline Language Structure & Preparation of a Paper
- 3. Types of Scientific Publication Oral presentations Written presentations Books and book chapters Review papers Journal articles Newspaper articles
- 4. • Conference posters • Annual reports, quarterly reports and project reports, Conference abstracts • Letter to journals and book reviews Types of Scientific Publication
- 6. Structure of a Paper Title Authors Introduction Materials & Methods Results – Tables & Figures Discussion & Conclusion References Acknowledgements
- 7. Writing the Title of Research
- 8. Title Reflect the theme of the research Be self-explanatory Be brief Language be simple Be specific to a particular domain Bracket; arithmetic figures, etc be avoided Avoid confusing meaning
- 9. Title • Specific & Short • This forms the first impression about your research
- 10. Writing the Title of Research 1. Write clearly. 2. Include the main concepts. 3. Write the variables being investigated.
- 11. Writing the Title of Research 4. For specificity, a) Indicate relationships among variables: difference, effect, association as the case may be; b) Write the target population. 5. Use a maximum of 20 substantive words (function words not included in the count).
- 12. Examples Role of broncho-alveolar lavage in approaching interstitial lung diseases Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical, and survival data from two tertiary care hospitals Outcomes of Patients Treated With Noninvasive Ventilation by a Medical Emergency Team on the Wards
- 14. Writing the Outline Functions of Outlines: • Outlines show points that still need research; indicate items (topics) that have been over-researched; form basis of research report.
- 15. Main Body or Text of the Report
- 16. The Introduction
- 17. The Introduction 1. The Background of the Study – what leads the researcher to undertake the study. 2. The Research Problem and Sub-Problems – anything in the universe that leads to a “better life” for man.
- 18. The Introduction 2. The Research Problem and Sub-Problems (cont’d.) Out of an old problem, a new problem may evolve. A thinker is stimulated by what he reads. An individual group has the urge to achieve and contribute something to society. An individual likes to exercise resourcefulness, ingenuity and creativeness.
- 19. The Introduction 3. The Importance or Significance of the Study Who are the probable users of the research results? In what specific manner could the findings be used? Will it benefit society as a whole? Why should the problem be explored?
- 20. The Introduction 4. The Objectives or Hypotheses Objectives are set goals or those that are sought in the study; serve as pointers in the development of the tool used in gathering data; guide the organization of situations – in analysis of data or discussion of results. Hypothesis is a “hunch” that is to be tested in order that it be accepted or rejected,
- 21. The Introduction 4. The Objectives or Hypotheses (cont’d.) Objectives and Hypotheses should be specific clearly stated systematic in ordering situations short few highly relevant to the problem
- 22. The Review of Related Literature
- 23. The Review of Related Literature Part 1 – General concepts, principles and theories related to the study Part 2 – Local studies done along the same line of research Part 3 – Foreign Studies
- 24. The Review of Related Literature Notes: • The study should not be a repetition of a previous work or a replicate of a previous study. • The important past works of others are not overlooked. • The study could be a verification of findings of past researchers.
- 25. Introduction • Convince the reader that you have identified a research problem, worthy of investigating. • Start very general – Broad Topic • Highlight • the concept • Practical significance • Reduce it to a narrow topic by • Raising questions, and • Stating answers from literature for most. • Establish Rationale: • Research is necessary questions for which there is no answer yet.
- 27. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. Research Proposal
- 28. First page – title of the research; researcher’s name; name of institute/organization where the researcher belongs; name of the sponsoring organization, name of the supervisor, co- supervisor; date; etc
- 29. Research Proposal A Basic Proposal Outline: Introduction Topic area Research question Significance to knowledge
- 30. Research Proposal Literature review Previous research others & yours Interlocking findings and Unanswered questions Your preliminary work on the topic The remaining questions and inter-locking logic Reprise of your research question(s) in this context
- 31. Methodology Selection of appropriate approach Tools/techniques to be used Data collection techniques Data processing, analysis, interpretation techniques Data/information presentation techniques
- 32. Elements of Research Proposal • Title • Introduction • Statement of the problem • Rationale/justification/significance of the research • Review of literature • Method • limitations of the study
- 33. Elements of Research Proposal • Time schedule/work plan • Budget/estimated cost built up • References
- 34. Budget SUMMARY OF FUNDS REQUESTED (RO) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 TOTAL Capital Equipment 7500 7500 Recurrent Items 8000 6000 16000 30000 Use of University Facilities 1000 1000 1000 3000 Local Travel Costs 1000 1000 1000 3000 Publication Costs 500 500 2500 2600 Miscellaneous 2000 2000 2000 6000 TOTAL 12500 18000 22500 53000
- 35. References • List all references • In alphabetical order
- 36. Common Mistakes • To develop coherent arguments • Too much detailed or too much short on major issues • Incorrect citation/references
- 37. DOs and DO NOTs • DO Produce/prepare a professional looking proposal Make it interesting Make it informative, meaningful Write easy way to read Present content in a page Use clear headings/sub-headings
- 38. DOs and DO NOTs • DO Be concise, precise Check spelling, grammar Present in accurate/acceptable format DO NOTs Use no ward which you do not understand Use of difficult ward unimpressive to the readers/ supervisor/ authority
- 39. Thanks