Introduction to anatomy and physiology

THE ELEVEN BODY SYSTEMS
List the names of the 11 body
systems.
Under each name:
 Tell me what the system does to
keep you or your species alive
 List 3 organs that belong to that
system.

Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology
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What is Anatomy & Physiology?
• Anatomy = “cutting up” (Greek)
– The study of the structure and form of the parts
of a living organism
– Example: What does the heart look like & what
are some of its parts?
• Physiology
– The study of the function of the parts of an
organism
– Example: What does the heart do for the body?

Three Levels of Anatomy
• Gross – anatomy on a large scale
– Example: Learning the names of the bones and
certain regions on them
• Histology – anatomy at the tissue level
– Example: What is bone tissue made of?
• Cytology – anatomy at the cellular level
– Example: What types of cells make up bone
tissue?

HISTORY OF
ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY,
AND
MEDICINEThe Nurses and attendants staff we provide for your healthy

Primitive Times
• Believed that illness and diseases
were a punishment from the Gods
• First physicians were witch
doctors who treated illness with
ceremoniesThe Nurses and attendants staff we provide for your healthy

Primitive Times
• Herbs and plants were 1st pharmaceuticals
Examples:
Foxglove gave digitalis plants
– leaves were chewed to strengthen &
slow heart
– Now given by pills, IV, or injections

Primitive Medicine
•Quinine is from the bark of the cinchona tree. Quinine
is used alone or with other medications to treat malaria
• Atropine is derived from the belladonna plant. It is used
to relax muscles by inhibiting nerve responses. It is alos
used to dilate the pupils and as an antispasmodic.
•Morphine is derived from opium from the poppy plant. It
is a narcotic pain reliever used to treat moderate to
severe pain

Trepanation
• One of the first
surgeries
• A hole was cut
into the skull to
release demons
• What are some of
the possible
complications of
this treatment?

History of Anatomy-Egypt
(3000 BC- 300 BC)
• Early references to
anatomy from ancient
Egypt (1500 BC)
• Came from practice of
mummifying their dead
• Egyptians believed the
liver to be a part of the
soul that formed the
seat of thought &
feeling

3500 year old Egyptian Mummy

Egyptians
• First to keep accurate health records
• Wrote prescriptions on papyrus
• Physicians were priests
• Temples were used as
places of worships,
medical schools, and
hospitals

Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
• Leeches would be use for bloodletting
(draining human blood)
• Does not hurt because their saliva
contains a natural anesthetic
• Their saliva also contains a blood thinner,
a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents
bacteria from infecting the wound
• FDA has recently approved use of
leeches as a medical treatment (more
about this later)

Ancient Chinese
(1700 BC–AD 220)
• Religion prohibited dissection
• Believed you had to treat both
the body and spirit
• Recorded a pharmacopoeia of
medications based on herbs
• Therapies included acupuncture

Alternative Medicine – much
based on Chinese and Asian
culture
This will be
covered in
greater detail
later.

Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
• Made observations
about the human body
and the effects of
disease that led to
modern medical
sciences
• Believed illness is a
result of natural
causes

History of Anatomy (Greece)
The Greeks were the
first to attempt to
study objectively the
human body. That is
why many medical
terms are based on
the Greek lanquage.

Greeks
• Used therapies such as
massage, art therapy
and herbal treatments
• Discovered that diet
and cleanliness could
prevent disease

The Two Great Names in the
History of Greek Medicine
• Hippocrates-dominated the beginning of a
period of remarkable scientific creativity,
which lasted more than 700 years
• Galen—near the end of the period, both
furthered scientific knowledge and
crystallized it in an amazing volume of
written works. His influence lasted for 1500
years/45 generations.

Hippocrates(460B.C.-377B.C.)
• Hippocrates is know as the “Father of Medicine.” He is
considered one of the greatest physicians the world has
ever known.
• He was the first to attempt to separate the practice of
medicine from religion and superstition.
• Hippocrates developed his pledge of proper conduct for
doctors. “I will use treatment to help the sick according to
my ability and judgment, but never with the view to injury
and wrong doing…Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will
enter to help the sick.”

–Believed that air
flowed into the heart

• Hippocrates
– Notion of the four humors

Hippocrates - THE FOUR HUMORS
• Blood was thought to come from the heart
• Phlegm from the brain
• Yellow bile from the liver
• Black bile from the spleen
The Greeks believed that a person would be
healthy if these humors were in balance.

The 4 Humors
coincided with the
four elements
recognized by the
Greeks
The temperaments are
sanguine (pleasure-
seeking and sociable),
choleric (ambitious and
leader-like), melancholic
(introverted and
thoughtful), and
phlegmatic (relaxed and
quiet).

Figure 1. Early Greek Model of Elements & Humors

• Hippocrates
- The foundation of the
principles of medical ethics.
- Hippocrates was the first to
separate medicine from
philosophy and disprove the
idea that disease was a
punishment for sin.

• Hippocrates
– 460-377 BC
– Father of Medicine
– gives his name to the
Hippocratic oath that
doctors take.
– Air flowed into the heart
– Notion of the four humors

Introduction to anatomy and physiology

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Introduction to anatomy and physiology