Introduction to Email, internet protocols

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ASSIGNMENT 1
Discuss the following;
 E-mail
Voice over Internet Protocol
IP Addresses(definition, types)
OSI model
Types of Domain

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E-mail
Creating an E-mail
Components of E-mail
Access of information on E-mail
Connection to the internet
Importance of E-mail
Weakness of E-mail

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HOW TO CREATE AN E-MAIL
 Choose an Email Service Provider
 Popular ESPs include Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo! Mail.
 Each offers unique features but essentially serves the same purpose-sending and receiving emails.
 Sign Up
 You need to provide some personal information like your name, desired email address, a password
and phone number for verification.
 Customize Your Account
 After creation, you can personalize your email account settings, such as the display name, signature
and security options.

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COMPONENTS OF E-MAIL
 Header.
 E-mail should contains information like the sender’s address, recipient’s address, subject line, and timestamps.
 Body.
 This is the content area where the message is written.
 Attachments.
 Files that are sent along with an email message.
 Signature.
 A block of text automatically appended to the email, often containing the sender’s contact information or a
disclaimer.

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ACCESS OF INFORMATIO ON E-MAIL
Through Web Browsers.
By logging into the web interface of the email service.
Email Clients.
Applications like Microsoft Outlook or Apple Mail that download emails from the
server to your device, allowing offline access.
Mobile Apps.
Most email services offer mobile applications for accessing email on smartphones and
tablets.

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CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET
Email operates over the internet using protocols such as SMTP(Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) for sending emails, POP3(Post Office Protocol Version 3)
or IMAP(Internet Message Access Protocol) for receiving emails.
These protocols require an internet connection to transmit and receive data
between email clients and email servers.

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BENEFITS OF AN EMAIL
For communication
o Email allows instant communication across the globe, making it crucial for personal,
educational, and profession communication.
For documentation
o Emails provide a written record of communications, useful for tracking discussion and
decisions.
Accessibility
o Emails can be accessed from anywhere, provided there is internet connectivity.

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WEAKNESS OF EMAIL
Security Risks.
Phishing attack, spam, and malware can be spread through emails.
Information Overload.
Receiving a large number of emails daily can lead to important message being
overlooked or lost.
Privacy Concerns.
Emails can be intercepted during transmission.

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VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL(VOIP)
 Definition of VoIP
 How VoIP works
 Advantages
 Disadvantage
 VoIP Components
 VoIP Applications

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DEFINITION OF VoIP
• VoIP is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband
Internet connection instead of a traditional(or analog) phone line.
• This technology converts your voice into a digital signal, compresses it, and
sends it over the Internet.

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HOW VOIP WORKS
• VoIP works by converting your voice into digital data packets.
• These packets are transmitted over the Internet and then converted back into a voice
signal for the recipient.
• VoIP uses protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol(SIP) or H.323 to manage the
setup and teardown of calls.
• These protocols ensure that data packets are sent efficiently and in the correct order
• Because VoIP uses the Internet to transmit calls, both the sender and receiver need a
broadband Internet connection for the technology to work effectively.

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ADVANTAGES OF VOIP
• Cost-Effectiveness: VoIP calls, especially international ones, can be
significantly cheaper than traditional phone calls.
• Flexibility: Users can make VoIP calls from anywhere there is an Internet
connection, using devices like smartphones, computers or VoIP phones.
• Advanced Features: VoIP includes features that are not always available
with traditional phone systems, such as voicemail to email, call forwarding
and video calls.

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DISADVANTAGES OF VOIP
• Dependence on Internet Connection.
• Poor connectivity can lead to dropped calls or low-quality
audio.
• Power Outages.
• VoIP requires power for your Internet router and VoIP
device to operates.

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COMPONENTS OF VOIP
• VoIP Device.
• VoIP Services.
• Internet Connection

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APPLICATIONS OF VOIP
Home and Personal Use
• Many consumers use VoIP for cheaper home phone service or to make free
or low-cost international calls.
Business Systems.
• Businesses utilize VoIP for its scalability, advanced communication features,
and integration with other business applications( e.g., customer relationship
management systems).

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IP ADDRESSES
IP Addresses means Internet Protocol
Addresses, is a unique string of numbers
separated by periods(IPv4) or colons(IPv6) that
identifies each computer using the Internet
Protocol to communicate over a network.

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TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES
 IPv4.
 It stands for Internet Protocol version 4.
 It is a 32-bit address space, usually shown as four decimal numbers separated by dots, eg., 192.158.1.38.
 IPv6.
 Stands for Internet Protocol version 6.
 It was created to address the shortage of IPv4 addresses.
 It is a 128-bit address space, shown as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, eg.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
 This formats allows for vast number of unique IP addresses.

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HOW IP ADDRESSES WORK
Assignment.
IP addresses can be dynamically assigned(changing each time a device connects the
network) or statically assigned(permanent for a deice).
Dynamic assignment is managed via DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
Routing.
Devices such as routers use IP addresses to forward data packets to their destinations.
Each packet contains the IP addresses of the sender(source) and the
receiver(destination), ensuring accurate delivery.

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IMPORTANCE OF IP ADDRESSES
Communication.
 IP addresses are crucial for online communication, allowing
devices to send and receive data over the internet.
Security.
 IP addresses can be tracked for security purposes, helping to
identify sources of malicious activity or breaches.

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PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES
Public IP Addresses are unique across the internet.
Your Internet Service Provider(ISP) assigns a public IP
address to your router, making your network identifiable
on the internet.
Private IP Addresses are used within private networks(eg.,
home, office).

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SUBNETTING AND CIDR
Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller, manageable pieces.
 It’s done for a reasons of security, performance, or to conserve IP addresses by
creating logically segmented networks within a larger network.
CIDR(Classless Internet-Domain Routing) is a method for allocating IP
addresses and routing IP packets.
 It replaces the older system based on classes A,B, and C.
 CIDR allows for more efficient allocation of IP addresses.

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OSI MODEL
•OSI(Open System Interconnection) model
is a conceptual framework that standardizes
the functions of a telecommunication or
computing system without regard to its
underlying internal structure and technology.

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HISTORY OF OSI
• OSI model developed by the International Organization for
Standardization(IOS) in 1978, the OSI model serves as a guide for
product development and understanding network architecture.
• It divides network communication into seven layers, each with specific
functions and responsibilities.
• These layers are designed to allow interoperability and standardize
network protocols, enabling different systems to communicate effectively.

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LAYERS OF OSI MODEL
• Physical layer
• Data link layer
• Network layer
• Transport layer
• Session layer
• Presentation layer
• Application layer

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Physical layer(layer 1)
• This is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
• It deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission
and reception of raw binary data over a communication medium.
• It includes specifications for cables, connectors, and electrical signals.

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Data link layer(layer 2)
• The Data Link layer provides node-to-node data transfer-a link between two
directly connected nodes.
• It also handles error correction from the physical layer, frame
synchronization, flow control, and MAC addressing.
• It is divided into two sublayers: the Media Access Control(MAC) layer and
the Logical Link Control(LLC) layer.

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NETWORK LAYER(LAYER 3)
• This layer is responsible for packet forward, including routing through
intermediate routers.
• It provides means for establishing a data link between network devices and
also defines the network addresses, thus enabling the path determination
feature that is essential for routing data across networks.

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TRANSPORT LAYER(LAYER 4)
• The Transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence,
and with no losses or duplications.
• It relieves the higher layers from any concern with the transfer of data between
them and their peers.
• The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control,
segmentation or desegmentation, and error control.
• Protocols like TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP(User Datagram
Protocol) operate at this layer.

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SESSION LAYER (LAYER 5)
• This layer establishes, and terminates connections between applications.
• The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations,
exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end.
• It deals with session and connection coordination.

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PRESENTATION LAYER (LAYER 6)
• This layer is responsible for the presentation of data to the application layer.
• It serves as the data translator for the network.
• This includes syntax processing, such as encryption, compression, and
conversion between different data formats.

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APPLICATION LAYER (LAYER 7)
• The topmost layer of the OSI model, the Application layer provides
interfaces and APIs for the applications to access the network and perform
functions like email, file transfer, and web browsing.
• It interacts directly with end-users and facilitates services like email, file
transfer and web browsing.

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DOMAIN
• Definition
• Domain Name
• Types of Domain Name
• Importance of Domain Name

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DOMAIN MEANS
•Refers to a distinct subset of the
internet with a common address
component that specifies its exact
location on the internet.

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DOMAIN NAMES MEANS
• A domain name is a human-readable address used to access websites on the
internet.
• Instead of typing in a complex numerical IP address(like 192.168.1.1), you
can type in a domain name (like www.example.com) to visit a website.

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TYPES OF DOMAINS
• Top-level Domains (TLDs)
• Second-level Domains (SLDs)
• Subdomains

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TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS(TLDs)
• These are the highest level of domains in the DNS hierarchy.
• TLDs include generic Top-Level Domains(gTLDs) like .com, .net, .org, and
country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) like .uk (United Kingdom), .de
(Germany), and .ca (Canada).

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SECOND-LEVEL DOMAINS (SLDs)
• These are directly below a TLD in the DNS hierarchy and are the “readable”
part of the domain often used by businesses or individuals.
• For example, in “example.com”, “example” is the SLD.

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SUBDOMAINS
• These are further subdivisions of existing domains and are typically used to
organize or navigate to specific sections of a website.
• For example, “blog.example.com” might be used to host a blog associated
with the min site found at “www.example.com”.

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IMPORTANCE OF DOMAINS
• They play a critical role in the functioning of the internet by providing easy-
to-remember addresses for accessing websites.
• They are essential for establishing an online presence, whether it is for
personal blog, a business website, or an online platform.

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MANAGING OF DOMAINS
• Domains are registered through domain registrars, organizations accredited by the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) or a national
ccTLD authority.
• Domain registration typically involves a fee and needs to be renewed periodically.
• Domain owners have the flexibility to transfer their domain to different hosts or
modify its DNS settings to point to a different server as needed.

Introduction to Email, internet protocols

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