Introduction to the petroleum engineering

Introduction
Contact:
Dr. Mohammed Ali Namuq
E-Mail: Mohammed.ali@ishik.edu.iq
Working Time: Sunday to Thursday
8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. every day
Room 225, Main Building / Tishk International University
Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Course Objectives
 To provide the students
with a background in the
field of Petroleum
Engineering
 To introduce and familiarize
students with subjects
which will be discussed in
future courses, such as
Drilling Engineering,
Reservoir Engineering and
Production Engineering,
required for obtaining their
Bachelor Degree.
COURSE CONTENT

Course Format/Evaluation
 Course language: English
 2 lectures / week
 3 hours / week
Sunday: 13:30 to 14:30 / Main Building, Classroom 214
Monday: 09:00 to 11:00 / Main Building, Classroom 325

 Learning outcomes:
 Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering
 Basics of Reservoir Engineering
 Overview about Production Engineering
 Course book/textbook
 John R. Fanchi and Richard L. Christiansen: Introduction to Petroleum
Engineering. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey,
USA, 2017. ISBN 9781119193449. It is available in the library.
 Other course materials/References:
 Frank Jahn, Mark Cook and Mark Graham: DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM
SCIENCE HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION. Elsevier, 2ND
EDITION, TRACS International Consultancy Ltd., Aberdeen, UK, 2008. ISBN:
978-0-444-53236-7, ISSN: 0376-7361
 Internet
 SPE: https://www.spe.org/en/

 Teaching methods
 Lectures
 Presentation
 Seminar
 Demonstration
 Assessments methods
 Attendance (10%)
 Participation (5%)
 Quiz (15%)
 Midterm Exam (30%)
 Final Exam (40%)
 Examinations
 Essay Questions
 Multiple choice
 Short answer

What is Petroleum Engineering? Terminology?

What is Petroleum
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules and inorganic impurities
that can exist in the solid, liquid (oil), or gas phase.
The word petroleum comes from Medieval Latin petroleum (literally "rock
oil"), which comes from Latin petra, "rock" and oleum, "oil".
Petroleum engineering is concerned with the production of petroleum from
subsurface reservoirs.
Petroleum engineers are expected to work in environments ranging from
desert climates in the Middle East, stormy offshore environments in the North
Sea, and arctic climates in Alaska and Siberia to deepwater environments in
the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of West Africa.

What is Petroleum / Oil & Gas Supply Chain
Main focus of Petroleum Engineers

What is Petroleum
 Petroleum engineers: They tend to specialize in one of three
subdisciplines:
Drilling Engineering
Reservoir Engineering
Production Engineering

What is Petroleum
Petroleum engineers: They tend to specialize in one of three subdisciplines:
 Drilling engineers:
are responsible for drilling and completing wells.
 Production engineers:
manage fluid flow between the reservoir and the well.
 Reservoir engineers:
seek to optimize hydrocarbon production using an understanding of
fluid flow in the reservoir, well placement, well rates, and recovery
techniques.

Petroleum Engineers can have the following
careers
 National Oil Companies /
government employee
 International Oil Companies
 Academic sectors
 Private sectors
 Mineral exploration and
production companies
 Refineries
..

Oil and Gas Units

Classification of Oil and Gas
There are a variety of terms for describing hydrocarbon fluids at surface
conditions.
Let qo, qg , ρo , ρw be oil, and gas production rates, oil, and freshwater density
respectively.
Gas–oil ratio (GOR):
Table: Rules of Thumb for Classifying Fluid Types

 Alternative Energy Opportunities
Petroleum engineering principles can be applied to subsurface resources other
than oil and gas. Examples include:
 Geothermal energy
 Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
.
.
.
.
.

Life cycle of Oil/Gas projects (Reservoir)

RESOURCES AND RESERVES
Resource triangle. (Source: Adapted from Snyder and Seale (2011) and Holditch, 2007)

Oil and gas resources may be characterized as conventional and unconventional
resources.
 Conventional oil and gas resources refer to formations that can be produced at
economic flow rates or that produce economic volumes of oil and gas without
stimulation treatments or special recovery processes and technologies.
 Unconventional oil and gas resources refer to formations that cannot be produced
at economic flow rates or do not produce economic volumes of oil and gas
without stimulation treatments or special recovery processes and technologies.

The amount of the resource that can be extracted is discussed in terms of reserves.
Reserves classifications are:
 Proved reserves: Those quantities of petroleum, which by analysis of geoscience
and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be
commercially recoverable, from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and
under defined economic conditions, operating methods, and government
regulations.
 Probable reserves: Those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and
engineering data indicate are less likely to be recovered than proved reserves but
more certain to be recovered than possible reserves.
 Possible reserves: Those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and
engineering data suggests are less likely to be recoverable than probable reserves.

The life cycle of a reservoir begins when the field becomes an exploration prospect
and does not end until the field is properly abandoned. An exploration prospect is a
geological structure that may contain hydrocarbons.
Typical production profile

 Exploratory wells can be used to test a trap that has never produced, test a new
reservoir in a known field, and extend the known limits of a producing reservoir.
 Discovery occurs when an exploration well is drilled and hydrocarbons are
encountered.
 Appraisal wells are used to provide more information about reservoir properties
and fluid flow.
 Development wells are drilled in the known extent of the field and are used to
optimize resource recovery.

Traditionally, production stages are identified as:
primary, secondary, and tertiary production.

Primary production is the first stage of production and relies entirely on natural energy
sources to drive reservoir fluids to the production well. The reduction of pressure
during primary production is often referred to as primary depletion.
Oil recovery can be increased in many cases by slowing the decline in pressure. This can
be achieved by supplementing natural reservoir energy.
The injection of water or natural gas may be referred to as pressure maintenance or
secondary production.
EOR (enhanced oil recovery) processes include chemical, thermal, and microbial
processes. EOR processes are originally implemented as a third, or tertiary production
stage that followed secondary production.

Petroleum by country
 Consumption
According to the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA)
estimate for 2011, the world
consumes 87.421 million barrels of
oil each day.
This table orders the amount of
petroleum consumed in 2011 in
thousand barrels (1000 bbl) per
day and in thousand cubic metres
(1000 m3) per day

 Production
Top oil-producing countries
(million barrels per day)

 Export
Oil exports by country (barrels per day, 2006)

 Import
Oil imports by country (barrels per day, 2006)

 OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an
intergovernmental organisation of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by
the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and
headquartered in Vienna, Austria since 1965 .

 Iraq
Iraq‘s total Petroleum and other liquids production and consumption

Introduction to the petroleum engineering

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