Introduction to the philosophy of man.pptx
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAN MODULE 1: MEANING AND METHOD OF DOING PHILOSOPHY
- 2. The Six Blind Men
- 3. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? The word philosophy comes from two Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). The ancient Greeks used this term to refer to “love of wisdom” and they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
- 4. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? Philosophy in simple words is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. It works by asking very basic questions about the nature of human thought, the nature of the universe, and the connections between them. The ideas in philosophy are often general and abstract. Philosophy is the study of humans and the world by thinking and asking questions. It is a science and an art. Philosophy tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"
- 5. DO YOU KNOW THEM?
- 6. The most notable ancient Greek philosophers are: Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)- A mathematician and scientist, he was credited with formulating the Pythagorean theorem. Heraclitus (535 BCe to 475 BCE)- He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos. Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE)- He devoted himself to the study of the causes of natural phenomena.
- 7. Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)- He was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)- He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE)- He was considered the foremost philosophers of ancient times. He was credited with formulating the Socratic method- means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic.
- 8. Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)- A student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor’s teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas into them. Plato’s most significant ideas included his Theory of Forms, which proposes that everything that exist is based on an idea or template than can only be perceived in the mind. Plato is also known for his dialectic- a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. Plato’s lasting contribution to learning was his founding of the Academy, an institution of higher learning. Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE)- He attended the Academy, and was the prominent student of Plato. For him, all ideas and views are based on perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning which give rise to deductive reasoning-the process by which specific statements are analysed to reach a conclusion or generalization.
- 9. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE FROM A PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers large- scale patterns in systems. A holistic perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and ability to get the general sense or impression regarding a situation. Partial thinking focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it.
- 10. The term "holistic thinking" refers to a big picture mentality in which a person recognizes the interconnectedness of various elements that form larger systems, patterns and objects. Thinking holistically is the opposite of analyzing something, which involves breaking down a larger system into its details. Holistic medicine is a prominent example of holistic thinking. A medical professional who believes in holistic care considers the relationship between the mind, body and spirit. For example, holistic doctors don't just provide patients with medications. Instead, they look at ways to improve life balance and eradicate health problems from their root source, such as high stress or bad nutrition.
- 11. In philosophy, point of view describes the perception of an event or phenomenon and how exactly it is viewed. Point of view often is shaped by an individual's beliefs or experiences. Though partial thinking is useful, philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in making sense of problems and issues related to the human experience. People tend to apply an analytical perspective when looking at problems or situations. A holistic view gives rise to a more appreciative perspective about life, as we are able to look at life in its totality.
- 12. TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF THINKING
- 13. Directions: Fill in the boxes with the factors that will help you attain your goal in your life •In each of the boxes, trace what happens if you study hard. The first box is studying hard. The succeeding boxes will show what happens if you will do your best in school.
- 14. I. Fill the center box with your future goal. The other boxes will contain the factors that will help you attain that goal.
- 15. Activity 2: Matching type: Match column A to column B. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
- 16. Title of the Activity: A Friend in Need Directions: Read the situation carefully. Reflect on it and come up with a holistic approach to address the situation. I.Mary Joy is your friend. She has been doing well in class since your elementary days. She has been a consistent honor student. Last year Dagul, also your friend, became her boyfriend. Dagul, just like Mary Joy, comes from a poor family. They are both doing odd jobs during weekends in order to earn any amount to sustain their school needs. Yesterday, Mary Joy came to you saying she has a problem. She is pregnant. She needs your advice on what course of action she must do. After much thinking, you decided to come up with an action plan. Using the rows below, indicate what possible results will she face for possible course/ of action.
- 17. ACTION 1: ACTION 2: PROS CONS PROS CONS
- 18. THE VALUE OF DOING PHILOSOPHY IN OBTAINING A BROAD PERSPECTIVE ON LIFE Why do we philosophize? We all have the potential to philosophize since we have the tendency to wonder and doubt. A philosopher is a good communicator who can clearly and adequately present his or her ideas. Doing philosophy can be applied in day-to-day activities and life perspectives. Because it involves an evaluative process, doing philosophy allows a person to make better decisions and act accordingly to situations with the help of various philosophical skills. On life perspectives, philosophy enables reflective thinking which greatly influences a person’s view of life, challenges, and relationships In doing philosophy, a holistic perspective on the subject is always required. Failure to do so or only using a partial point of view may lead to illogical or incorrect conclusions.
- 19. Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer in space provided below. 1. How can a person benefit from philosophizing? 1. What are the reasons that compel a person to engage in philosophical thinking?
- 20. Plato traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder. Whenever we are confronted with an experience, we always wonder how it came about. French philosopher Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize to doubt. In life, we will be faced with several ideas and arguments which present themselves as “truths”. A critical and questioning perspective is necessary to determine if indeed these ideas or views are correct or true.
- 21. Swiss-German philosopher Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of experience. These experiences limit situation, philosophy provides us a means to understand adverse or challenging conditions, and to rise above them and gain new knowledge and perspective. The need to philosophize is driven by the love for wisdom. To love wisdom is to have an insatiable desire for truth. Philosophy itself is a distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing things.
- 23. Direction: Based on the picture below. Identify the branches of Philosophy.
- 24. Aesthetics is the branch of Philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes things “beautiful”. Logic is branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning. Epistemology discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing. Ethics is the branch which deals with moral questions and dilemmas. Political Philosophy studies governments and deals with questions of justice, power and the rights and obligations of citizens. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence. Philosophy of the Human Person-is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective.
- 25. DOING A PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION ON A SITUATION FROM HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE
- 26. Reflection requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and action and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. Human self-reflection is the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and to attempt to learn more about their fundamental nature and essence. Philosophy has an important place in our daily lives. Engaging in philosophical reflection leads to the development of beneficial skills that individuals can apply in everyday situations.
- 27. Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer on the space provided below. 1.Have you ever had an experience where reflecting on your actions benefitted you? 2.Has reflection ever helped you avoid making a bad decision?
- 28. Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences on ourselves, others, and our surroundings. When we reflect, we can judge whether our actions or decisions are reasonable or not. Doing Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems.
- 29. Doing Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision making. The ability to analyze a problem or dilemma, identify the significant aspects, and come up with alternative solutions is an important skill learned through philosophy. In the process of doing philosophy, it is critical to have a holistic point of view-the perception of looking at all aspects of a situation first before making a conclusion. Wisdom as it refers to a person’s ability to apply knowledge to daily life particularly in making sound choices and judgment is the intended product of philosophizing. Finally, knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-development.
- 30. Examples of activities that emanated from a deliberate reflection Learning from your previous mistakes and not repeating them again Evaluating and knowing the best choice from a set of options Gaining a holistic point of view first before making any conclusion
- 31. Direction: Complete the table below. ACTIONS WHAT MUST BE DONE BEFORE THE ACTION? 1. Buying a new gadget 2. Choosing friends 3. Eating food 4. Deciding where to study in College 5. Joining an organization in school 6. Helping a stranger 7. Going out with friends 8. Posting your opinion or feelings in the social media 9. Going out with the opposite sex 10. Confronting a person who verbally hurt you
- 32. Based on your answers in Table 1, what must before making actions? Do you consider it helpful if you do this before making actions? Why or why not? Simple action seems to take a whole new meaning when one engages in reflection. Like buying a new gadget, think of the questions you asked yourself as you consider buying the said item. You may start with simple questions, but since we are in reflective and philosophizing mood, we try and think of deeper questions and reflect on the situation
- 33. Direction: TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise choose FALSE. Write your answer on the space provided. 1.Plato traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder. 2.The need to philosophize is driven by the love for wisdom. 3.This is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective is holistic thinking. 4.Swiss-German philosopher Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of doubt. 5.Aesthetics is branch of philosophy which deals with beauty. 6.Ethics is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning. 7.Logic is a branch of philosophy which discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing. 8.Philosophy of the Human Person is a branch of philosophy which deals with moral questions and dilemmas. 9.Metaphysics is branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence.
- 34. Direction: Fill in the blanks. Write your answer on the space provided. Experience Knowledge Greek Holistic Thinking Partial Thinking Lover of Wisdom Philosophy – comes from two ____________________word philos (love) and sophias (wisdom) is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophers – or ______________________ people who are engage in philosophy. A man needs to philosophize because of his sense of wonder, doubt and ______________________. Philosophy does not limit itself to its own field as it makes sense of information gathered from various fields of _________________________ (e.g., science, psychology, economics, politics, etc.,) Philosophy of the Human Person is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective which involves holistic thinking and _______________________. Philosophical reflection is important in our daily lives as it ensures that our actions and decisions are well thought by using a deeper, holistic perspective. In doing philosophy, critical, logical, and analytical thinking, observation, and communicative skills were involved.
- 35. Direction: encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1.The word Philos is a Greek word means_________. a.Love b. Wisdom c. Philosopher d. Philosophy 2.Sophia is a Greek word for ___________. a.Love b. Wisdom c. Philosopher d. Philosophy 3.The people who engages in philosophy are called________. a.Love b. wisdom c. Philosophy d. Philosopher 4.He was considered the foremost philosophers of ancient times. He was credited with formulating the Socratic method___________. a.Plato b. Aristotle c. Socrates d. Democritus 5.A student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor’s teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas into them included his Theory of Forms________. a.Plato b. Aristotle c. Socrates d. Democritus
- 36. 6.It refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems______. a.Doubt b. Academy c. Holistic Thinking d. Partial Thinking 7.It focuses on specific aspects of a situation, as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it. a.Doubt b. Academy c. Holistic Thinking d. Partial Thinking 8.It is the process by which specific statements are analysed to reach a conclusion or generalization. a.Academy b. Deductive reasoningc. Holistic d. Partial 9.It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and action and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. a. Reflection b. Observation c. Knowledge d. Doubts 10. The Greek term for philosophy, philosophia, means ___. a. Holistic Thinking d. Partial Thinking c. Love of wisdom d. Knowledge