Iot presentation

Editor's Notes

• #4: IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices. The Internet of Things is a broad term used to describe devices, sensors, and everyday items which are not ordinarily considered to be computers but which have Internet connectivity and computing capability. These objects include: consumer goods, cars and trucks, industrial components, wearable health monitors, and collections of devices working together to create concepts such as “smart cities” and “smart homes”.  These objects collect data from their surroundings which are then transmitted and remotely analyzed to create new insights, deliver services, and control other items. It is projected that there will be 100 billion connected IoT devices by 2025. The potential for tremendous growth, innovation, applications, and services is a testament to the open nature of the Internet’s architecture and design, which does not place limits on the kinds of devices or services that can connect to it.  There remain significant challenges associated with the IoT which must be addressed in order for technology to reach its full potential. These challenges include the issues of: security, privacy, interoperability, and standards, as well as regulatory and rights issues, and the readiness of emerging economies to adopt it.
• #7: Sensors and Actuators: These are the devices that enables interaction with the physical world. They collect data from the surrounding environment and deliver it to the data processing unit. Some of the commonly used sensors are Temperature sensors, Pressure sensors, Light sensors, Ultrasonic sensors etc. Sensors are chosen accordingly as per the needs of various applications. • Connectivity/Gateways: Data collected by the above devices are sent to a cloud infra structure for storage and processing. For this the devices make use of diferent technologies such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, Cellular Networks, NFC, Lora WAN etc. and diferent protocols such as MQTT, AMQP, DDS, CoAP etc. • Data Processing: Once the collected data gets into the cloud, cloud analytic software processes the data using various tools and techniques and converts it into useful insights. Later it sends the necessary information to the users as required. User Interface: This information is made available to the end user in diferent ways such as triggering alarms or notifcation through texts or emails. Figure 2 represents these basic elements.
• #8: Depending upon different application areas of Internet of Things, it works accordingly as per it has been designed/developed. But it has not a standard defined architecture of working which is strictly followed universally. The architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and implementation in different sectors
• #9: Perception layer: This is the lowest layer which recognizes the physical properties of IoT devices. It is also known as the sensor layer. It captures data from the surrounding environment with the help of different sensors and actuators. Later it gathers and process these data and forwards it to the network layer. In case of local and short-range networks, it also deals with IoT node collaborations. Network Layer: It acts as a bridge between the perception layer and network layer. It routes the data captured by previous layer to different devices, hubs or servers over the internet using any medium for transmission i.e., wired or wireless [5]. This layer includes routing devices, gateways, switches, different cloud computing platforms etc. Application layer: This layer delivers the application specific services to the end user, which guarantees the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the data
• #11: Cisco follows a seven-layer IoT reference architecture Layer one consists of the physical devices and device controllers for sending and receiving information, analog to digital conversion, generating data and controlling devices. Layer two is the connectivity layer which deals with reliable and timely information delivery across devices and networks, routing and switching, implementation of various protocols and translations, network analytics and security. Layer three is the fog/edge computing layer which performs data aggregation, fltering, and cleanup, packet analysis and works on network and data level analytics. Layer four is the data accumulation layer which reduces data through fltering and provides persistent storage of data. Layer five is the data abstraction layer which creates schemas and views of data as needed by various applications by combining, fltering and reformatting data according to the client applications. Layer six is the application layer where the information interpretation occurs and deals with controlling applications, reporting, and generating business intelligence analytics Final layer is the collaboration and process layer which deals with people and business process that transcends multiple applications. Recently Cisco has introduced an IoT security architecture that delivers enhanced visibility across various IoT and operational technology platforms.
• #16: i. Thing “Thing” in IOT is the asset that you want to control or monitor or measure, that is, observe closely. In many IoT products, the “thing” gets fully incorporated into a smart device. For example, think of products like a smart refrigerator or an automatic vehicle. These products control and monitor themselves. There are sometimes many other applications where the thing stands as an alone device, and a separate product is connected to ensure it possesses smart capabilities. ii. Data Acquisition Module The data acquisition module focuses on acquiring physical signals from the thing which is being observed or monitored and converting them into digital signals that can be manipulated or interpreted by a computer. This is the hardware component of an IOT system that contains all the sensors that help in acquiring real-world signals such as temperature, pressure, density, motion, light, vibration, etc. The type and number of sensors you need depend on your application. This module also includes the necessary hardware to convert the incoming sensor signal into digital information for the computer to use it. This includes conditioning of incoming signal, removing noise, analog-to-digital conversion, interpretation, and scaling. iii. Data Processing Module The third building block of the IoT device is the data processing module. This is the actual “computer” and the main unit that processes the data performs operations such as local analytics, stores data locally, and performs some other computing operations. iv. Communication Module The last building block of IOT hardware is the communications module. This is the part that enables communications with your Cloud Platform, and with 3rd party systems either locally or in the Cloud.
• #18: 1.Chips: This is much a broader classification that contains all the electrical and electronic appliances such as microcontrollers, chips, integrated circuits, radio frequency systems, etc. 2. Sensors: The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW. The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and passive measurement devices.[ Article: Learn IoT Device] 3. Actuators: These devices provide the motion to a data collection system such as the solenoids, comb drives, etc to fetch details based on movements. 4. Standard devices: Standard devices constitute the generally used devices such as Tablets, Smartphones, Switches, Routers and etc. Each of these devices has its own set of settings that allow them to collect data.  [Article: Learn Latest Top 10 Real-World IoT Applications]
• #19: 1. Data Collection: This step involves the core of the data collection aspects ranging from sensing the data, filtering it, measuring it, aggregating it, and at the end managing the security of the collected data. Data collection can be performed from various sources, and once done is distributed over devices and then to a central data repository. 2. Device Integration: This ensures that all components within the IoT system are all well integrated. It manages all the limitations, protocols, and applications that are handled properly to ensure proper communication amongst the devices. 3. Real-Time Analytics: Over the collected data and the processing that is done over this data, there can be automated tasks that could run and analyze this data for specific patterns. 4. Application and Process Extension: This ensures that the data collection process can be accentuated to get the most of it, from all possible sources. These are more like the enhancers over the existing data collection infrastructure.
• #21: RFID: RFID belongs to a group of technologies called Automatic Identifcation and Data Capture (AIDC) which automatically identifes and collects data from objects and enters it into pcs without human intervention. WSN:These are the key enablers of IoT paradigm, and they comprise large number of self-confgured sensor nodes with varying topologies. They consume very little power and mostly are battery or solar power operated NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION:IT Is also a short-range wireless technology that allows two electronic devices to communicate within 4 cm and mostly used for contactless payments. It can also transfer videos, photos, and contacts information between two NFC enabled gadgets. Some advantages of NFC over Bluetooth are: connection between two NFC devices are automatically created when the devices are in close proximity, hence no manual confguration is needed among devices and it is more secured since it have a shorter range and is faster ZIGBEE:It is a wireless networking protocol used for devices requiring longer battery life and lower data rates like Bluetooth technology. It is commonly used for industrial settings, automation systems, medical devices, and remote-control applications. BLUETOOTH: It is a short-range wireless communication technology for exchanging data between fxed and mobile devices. It provides lower cost solutions for communication by creating an adhoc mobile personal area network supporting continuous streaming data applications.
• #23: RFID:RFID belongs to a group of technologies called Automatic Identifcation and Data Capture (AIDC) which automatically identifes and collects data from objects and enters it into pcs without human intervention. WSN:These are the key enablers of IoT paradigm, and they comprise large number of self-confgured sensor nodes with varying topologies. They consume very little power and mostly are battery or solar power operated NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION:IT Is also a short-range wireless technology that allows two electronic devices to communicate within 4 cm and mostly used for contactless payments. It can also transfer videos, photos, and contacts information between two NFC enabled gadgets. Some advantages of NFC over Bluetooth are: connection between two NFC devices are automatically created when the devices are in close proximity, hence no manual confguration is needed among devices and it is more secured since it have a shorter range and is faster INTERNET PROTOCOLS: ZIGBEE:It is a wireless networking protocol used for devices requiring longer battery life and lower data rates like Bluetooth technology. It is commonly used for industrial settings, automation systems, medical devices, and remote-control applications. BLUETOOTH: It is a short-range wireless communication technology for exchanging data between fxed and mobile devices. It provides lower cost solutions for communication by creating an adhoc mobile personal area network supporting continuous streaming data applications.
• #37:  The emergence of blockchain opened the door to solve some challenges related to IoT networks. Blockchain characteristics such as security, transparency, reliability, and traceability make it the perfect candidate to improve IoT systems, solve their problems, and support their future expansion. This paper demonstrates the major challenges facing IoT systems and blockchain's proposed role in solving them. It also evaluates the position of current researches in the field of merging blockchain with IoT networks and the latest implementation stages Finally, this research proposes an architectural design to integrate IoT with blockchain in two layers using dew and cloudlet computing. Our aim is to benefit from blockchain features and services to guarantee a decentralized data storage and processing and address security and anonymity challenges and achieve transparency and efficient authentication service. Blockchain uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to generate a 160-bit hash of public key address [40] for around 1.46×1048 IoT devices, which drastically reduces the address collision probability and hence is secure enough to provide a Global Unique Identifier (GUID). Also, assigning an address to an IoT device using blockchain does not require any registration or uniqueness verification [9]. In addition to enhancing security, blockchain eliminates the need for a central authority, therefore, it will eliminate the need for the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in charge of global allocation of IPv6 and IPv4 addresses. Lastly, blockchain enhances scalability in securing IoT devices since it provides 4.3 billion addresses more than IPv6 which is a more scalable solution for IoT compared to IPv6 
• #38: water management model will help the people facing problem in summer i.e., lack of water in cities and town as well as the overflow of rain water during rainy seasons by using the proposed device. Hence, the rainwater can be harvested for establishing a smart management by using IoT.
• #40: AI and blockchain powered sustainable architectures for IoT applications - Theoretical aspects of AI and blockchain converged sustainable IoT Energy-efficient communication protocols for IoT systems powered by AI and blockchain - Security and privacy of sustainable computing for IoT applications - Case studies of sustainable Computing for emerging IoT applications powered by AI and blockchain - Blockchain for IoT sustainable computing security and privacy