IoT.pptx

FUNDAMENTAL of IoT
Dr P PRABAKARAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications
School of Computing Sciences
Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai

ONLINE LEARNING
FUNDAMENTAL of IoT
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FUNDAMENTAL of IoT

FUNDAMENTAL OF INTERNET of THINGS
FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-
connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless
network without human intervention.

AN ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW
Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications and use of Internet of
Things is growing so faster.
The architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and implementation in different
sectors. Still, there is a basic process flow based on which IoT is built.
Stage IoT architecture
 Sensing Layer
 Network Layer
 Data processing Layer
 Application Layer

Sensing Layer:
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or Actuators
accepts data, processes data and emits data over network.
Network Layer
Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in this layer. DAS
performs data aggregation and conversion function (Collecting data and aggregating data
then converting analog data of sensors to digital data etc).

Data processing Layer
This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and pre-processed before
sending it to data center from where data is accessed by software applications.
Application Layer
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centers or cloud is management stage of
data where data is managed and is used by end-user applications like agriculture, health
care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.

MAIN DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEEDED CAPABILITIES

Do Research On Your Target Audience
IoT development is more about experiences and services than products. So, it all boils down
to users and how they perceive and interact with devices either independently or
collectively.
Work On Delivering Contextual Experiences
People only know that devices connected to the internet (and each other) constitute an IoT
ecosystem.

Focus On Creating Value
The onset of any new concept, product or service fetches reactions from two types of
people.
 Those who can’t wait to get hands on with it
 Those who are reluctant to use it.
Leverage The Use Of Prototype
One setback tech experts are still experiencing with IoT solutions is that an established IoT
ecosystem is difficult to upgrade or modify.

Prioritize Security First
Digital systems come with their own set of concerns with respect to safety and security.
Implement IoT design mechanisms that identify and eliminate concerns before they creep in.
Effective Data Management
IoT system is going to generate massive amounts of data every second or minute.
Consider Human Connection
IoT is a great concept to bring people together and talk about matters that deserve attention.

IoT STANDARDS CONSIDERATIONS
Important considerations for IoT solutions
 IoT Security
 IoT Analytics
 IoT Device (Thing) Management
 Low-Power, Short-Range IoT Networks
 Low-Power, Wide-Area Networks
 IoT Processors
 IoT Operating Systems
 Event Stream Processing
 IoT Platforms
 IoT Standards and Ecosystems

IoT Security
IoT introduces a wide range of new security risks and challenges to the IoT devices
themselves, their platforms and operating systems, their communications, and even the
systems to which they're connected.
IoT Analytics
IoT business models will exploit the information collected by "things" in many ways.

IoT Device (Thing) Management
Long-lived nontrivial "things" will require management and monitoring. This includes device
monitoring, firmware and software updates, diagnostics, crash analysis and reporting,
physical management, and security management. IoT also brings new problems of scale to
the management task.
Low-Power, Short-Range IoT Networks
Selecting a wireless network for an IoT device involves balancing many conflicting
requirements, such as range, battery life, bandwidth, density, endpoint cost and operational
cost.

Low-Power, Wide-Area Networks
Traditional cellular networks don't deliver a good combination of technical features and
operational cost for those IoT applications that need wide-area coverage combined with
relatively low bandwidth, good battery life, low hardware and operating cost, and high
connection density.
IoT Processors
The processors and architectures used by IoT devices define many of their capabilities, such
as whether they are capable of strong security and encryption, power consumption, whether
they are sophisticated enough to support an operating system, updatable firmware, and
embedded device management agents.

IoT Operating Systems
Traditional operating systems (OSs) such as Windows and iOS were not designed for IoT
applications. They consume too much power, need fast processors, and in some cases, lack
features such as guaranteed real-time response.
Event Stream Processing
Some IoT applications will generate extremely high data rates that must be analyzed in real
time.

IoT Platforms
IoT provides three key platform components;
(1) low-level device control and operations such as communications, device monitoring and
management, security, and firmware updates
(2) IoT data acquisition, transformation and management.
IoT Standards and Ecosystems
Although ecosystems and standards aren't precisely technologies, most eventually
materialize as application programming interfaces (APIs).

DEVICES AND GATEWAYS
Gateway provides bridge between different communication technologies which means we
can say that a Gateway acts as a medium to open up connection between cloud and
controller (sensors / devices) in Internet of Things (IoT).
It enables a connection between sensor network and Internet along with enabling IoT
communication.
As IoT devices work with low power consumption (Battery power) in other words they are
energy constrained so if they will directly communicate to cloud/internet it won’t be
effective in terms of power.

Key functionalities of IoT Gateway :
 Establishing communication bridge
 Provides additional security.
 Performs data aggregation.
 Pre processing and filtering of data.
 Provides local storage as a cache/ buffer.

Working of IoT Gateway :
 Receives data from sensor network.
 Performs Pre processing, filtering and cleaning on unfiltered data.
 Transports into standard protocols for communication.
 Sends data to cloud.

LOCAL AND WIDE AREA NETWORKING
Local Area Network (LAN):
LAN is a group of network devices which allow the communication between connected
devices.
Wide Area Network (WAN):
WAN covers the large area than LAN as well as MAN such as: Country/Continent etc. WAN is
expensive and should or might not be owned by one organization.

LOCAL AND WIDE AREA NETWORKING

BUSINESS PROCESSES IN IoT
IoT uses are to automate process, gather valuable information, extend business functions,
and trigger rules, source predictive analytics and big data, among other useful objectives.
Implementing IoT business processes in your companies:
 To define business process to improve and identify the problem you want to solve.
 Use an end-to-end approach.
 Get on board the right people
 Be persistent but acknowledgeable to failure

EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE (XAAS)
Everything-as-a-Service is a term for services and applications that users can access on the
Internet upon request.
In everything as a Service various number of tools and technologies and services are
provided to users as a service.
With XaaS, business is simplified as they have to pay for what they need. This everything as a
Service is also known as anything as a Service.

EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE (XAAS)
Examples of XaaS :
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS)
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Online Learning
FUNDAMENTAL OF INTERNET of THINGS
Block – 2
REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE

Fundamental of IoT
REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE of IoT -STATE OF THE ART

Security
The IoT process has intent: to provide enhanced insights, operational efficiencies, new
revenue streams and improved processes.
So it’s important to be overly security-concerned when considering that it might also
provide convenience in the development, build and install processes.
People and Business Process
One common cause of IoT ‘stumble’ is the way it is often started—from within one group.
This is where business units struggle most with IoT, as it takes a much larger perspective to
maximize the value to the entire business.

Data Abstraction
Data Abstraction collects different data pieces and makes them available for analysis. These
days every enterprise has some level of Business Intelligence (BI) skills, but it’s imperative to
engage these resources in the early stages of your project discovery.
Storage
The Cloud is often assumed with IoT projects, but it should not be a given. There are
situations where an IoT infrastructure needs to be placed on-premise.

Edge/Fog/Mist
Edge - There are intelligent devices at multiple points within the network. These devices,
known as the Edge. Devices that reside on the very edge of the network, pushing
intelligence and processing power closer to the source and outside of the cloud and primary
data repository.
Fog - newer than the Edge and originally introduced by Cisco to increase scalability. As its
name implies, it is closer to the ground, below the Cloud, outside the Edge. Fog nodes bring
distributed compute to the local area network level, each node taking in data from sensors
within a defined geographic area.

Mist: The Mist further extends the Edge and Fog models by pushing compute into the
sensors and actuator units themselves.
Network
The primary job of any network is to transfer data, route data traffic and manage
throughput. This has evolved to support different communications protocols.
Sensors
There’s virtually no end to the type of sensor that may be required for various projects, the
choices are wide open. They’re as varied as the problems they help to solve. Most look like a
postage stamp, a little widget.

REFERENCE MODEL AND ARCHITECTURE

IoT domain model
A domain model serves as a tool for human communication between people working in the
domain in question and between people who work across different domains.
Sensors:
These are simple or complex Devices that typically involve a transducer that converts
physical properties such as temperature into electrical signals.

Actuators:
These are also simple or complex Devices that involve a transducer that converts electrical
signals to a change in a physical property (e.g. turn on a switch or move a motor).
These Devices also include potential communication capabilities, storage of intermediate
commands, processing, and conversion of digital signals to analog electrical signals.
Tags:
Tags in general identify the Physical Entity that they are attached to. In reality, tags can be
Devices or Physical Entities but not both, as the domain model shows.

FUNCTIONAL VIEW OF IoT REFERENCE
The IoT Functional Model aims at describing mainly the Functional Groups (FG) and their
interaction with the ARM, while the Functional View of a Reference Architecture describes
the functional components of an FG, interfaces, and interactions between the components.

Device functional group
The Device FG contains all the possible functionality hosted by the physical Devices that are
used for increment the Physical Entities. This Device functionality includes sensing,
actuation, processing, storage, and identification components, the sophistication of which
depends on the Device capabilities.
Communication functional group
The Communication FG abstracts all the possible communication mechanisms used by the
relevant Devices in an actual system in order to transfer information to the digital world
components or other Devices.

IoT Service functional group
The IoT Service FG corresponds mainly to the Service class from the IoT Domain Model, and
contains single IoT Services exposed by Resources hosted on Devices or in the Network.
Virtual Entity functional group
The Virtual Entity FG corresponds to the Virtual Entity class in the IoT Domain Model, and
contains the necessary functionality to manage associations between Virtual Entities with
themselves as well as associations between Virtual Entities and related IoT Services.

IoT Service Organization functional group
The purpose of the IoT Service Organisation FG is to host all functional components that support the
composition and orchestration of IoT and Virtual Entity services. Moreover, this FG acts as a service
hub between several other functional groups.
IoT Process Management functional group
The IoT Process Management FG is a collection of functionalities that allows smooth integration of
IoT-related services (IoT Services, Virtual Entity Services, and Composed Services) with the
Enterprise (Business) Processes.

INFORMATION VIEW OF IoT REFERENCE
Virtual Entity in the IoT Domain Model is the “Thing” in the Internet of Things, the IoT
information model captures the details of a Virtual Entity- centric model. Similar to the IoT
Domain Model, the IoT Information Model is presented using Unified Modelling Language
(UML) diagrams.

INFORMATION VIEW OF IoT REFERENCE

DEPLOYMENT AND OPERATIONAL VIEW
Addresses how an IoT system can be realized by selecting the proper technologies, devices,
resources, and services, as well as guidelines for architects/developers through the different
decisions to be made.

REAL-WORLD DESIGN CONSTRAINTS-
INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things has been facing many areas like Information Technology, Healthcare,
Data Analytics and Agriculture. The main focus is on protecting privacy as it is the primary
reason for other challenges including government participation.
Scalability:
Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network, large volumes of data
are needed to be processed. The system that stores, analyses the data from these IoT
devices needs to be scalable.

REAL-WORLD DESIGN CONSTRAINTS- INTRODUCTION
Interoperability:
Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These technologies need to be
converged. Which would help us in establishing a common framework and the standard for
the IoT devices.
Security and Personal Privacy:
There has been no research in security vulnerabilities and its improvements. It should
ensure Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability of personal data of patient.

TECHNICAL DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Technical requirements – coverage, energy efficiency, data rate, other features relevant to
specific applications (mobility, positioning, latency, density);
Lack of encryption
Although encryption is a great way to prevent hackers from accessing data, it is also one of
the leading IoT security challenges. These drives like the storage and processing capabilities
that would be found on a traditional computer.

Insufficient testing and updating
With the increase in the number of IoT(internet of things) devices, IoT manufacturers are
more eager to produce and deliver their device as fast as they can without giving security
too much of although.
IoT Malware and ransomware
Increases with increase in devices. Ransomware uses encryption to effectively lock out users
from various devices and platforms and still use a user’s valuable data and info.

HARDWARE IS POPULAR AGAIN
IoT Hardware includes a wide range of devices such as devices for routing, bridges, sensors
etc. These IoT devices manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, security,
action specifications, communication, and detection of support-specific goals and actions.
BLE and Wireless Sensors
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless data transfer technology. BLE is aimed at novel
applications in the healthcare, fitness, security, and home entertainment industries.

DATA REPRESENTATION AND VISUALIZATION
Data Visualization is referred as the process of representing information or data into a visual
context that provides useful insights from the data.
It is a way to display the vast amount of data in a meaningful way that clearly presents
trends and patterns from the raw data collected.

DATA REPRESENTATION AND VISUALIZATION
Role of data visualization in IOT
Internet of Things (IOT) and data are interlinked together as IOT is all about collecting data
and making sense of it. One of the challenges for IoT industry is data analysis and
interpretation.
The data collected is impractical if we cannot extract useful information from it and analyse
and translate that information to identify hidden trends, outliers, and patterns in data and
make data-driven decisions.

INTERACTION AND REMOTE CONTROL
There are many possible interactions between devices and users in the world of the Internet
of Things.
1. Machine-human interaction, where we use an IoT device to log data on a server, which is
then used to display a graph that can be understood and used by the final user.
2. human-machine interaction, where the user is triggering a command to a remote device,
for example, to activate a lamp remotely.
3. machine-to-machine interaction, where two or more devices are directly talking to each
other, without the intervention of any human.

INTERACTION AND REMOTE CONTROL
Remote Monitoring of IoT Devices creates remote monitoring for IoT device data
transmission or data validity.
Remote Monitoring of IoT Devices ingests real-time device data from IoT devices to assess
the state of each IoT device and send you notifications if there are data transmission issues
or out of range data.
Remote Monitoring of IoT Devices also provides a framework for collecting diagnostic
information for deriving outcome-oriented insights about the health of your assets.

IOT DATA LINK LAYER & NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS
PHY/MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Physical medium can be copper wire, fiber optic cable, twisted pair or even wireless channel.
Functions of PHY layer:
1. It converts MAC layer format suitable to be transported over the medium.
2. It adds forward error correction functionality to enable error correction at the receiver.
MAC Layer
MAC is the short form of Medium Access Control Layer. It interfaces PHY layer and Upper
layers.

PHY/MAC Layer
Functions of MAC layer
It incorporates MAC header at the start of upper layer IP packet and CRC (Cyclic Redundancy
check) at the end of IP packet.
Incorporates ARQ (Automatic repeat request) functionality as a means for requesting
retransmission in case of errors.

PHY/MAC Layer
3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaborative project between a groups of
telecommunications associations with the initial goal of developing globally applicable
specifications for third-generation (3G) mobile systems.
3GPP standards are designed for mobile systems based on evolved GSM core networks.
Technical Specification Groups in 3GPP
Radio Access Networks (RAN),
Services & Systems Aspects (SA),
Core Network & Terminals (CT)

PHY/MAC Layer
MTC
The MTC (Machine Type Communications or Machine to Machine Communication) system is
one of the most promising technologies to provide IoT (Internet of Things) applications.
MTC describes data communication between two entities without the involvement of a
human.
MTC has great potential in a wide range of applications and services. The potential
applications are widespread across different industries, including healthcare, logistics,
manufacturing, process automation, energy, and utilities.

PHY/MAC Layer
IEEE 802.11
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 refers to the set of standards
that define communication for wireless LANs (wireless local area networks, or WLANs).
IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and Information Exchange
between Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Specific Requirements - Part 11:
Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.
The IEEE developed an international standard for WLANs. The 802.11 standard focuses on the
bottom two layers of the OSI model, the physical layer (PHY) and data link layer (DLL).

PHY/MAC Layer
IEEE 802.11 Architecture
Two network architectures are defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard
Infrastructure network - An infrastructure network is the network architecture for providing
communication between wireless clients and wired network resources.
Point-to-point (ad-hoc) network - An ad-hoc network is the architecture that is used to
support mutual communication between wireless clients.

PHY/MAC Layer
IEEE 802.11 Architecture

PHY/MAC Layer
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.15.4 is a low-cost, low-data-rate wireless access technology for devices that are
operated or work on batteries. This describes how low-rate wireless personal area networks
(LR-WPANs) function.
Properties of IEEE 802.15
 Standardization and alliances
 Physical Layer
 MAC layer
 Topology
 Security
 Competitive Technologies

PHY/MAC Layer
Advantages of IEEE 802.15.4 :
 cheap cost
 long battery life,
 Quick installation
 simple
 extensible protocol stack

WIRELESS HART
Wireless HART is the latest release of Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART)
Protocol.
WirelessHART is a Wireless Mesh Network Communications Protocol designed to meet the
needs for process automation applications.
HART encompasses the most number of field devices incorporated in any field network.

WIRELESS HART
HART Physical Layer
Derived from IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
It operates only in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Employs and exploits 15 channels of the band to increase reliability.
HART Application Layer
Handles communication between gateways and devices via a series of command and response
messages.
Responsible for extracting commands from a message, executing it and generating responses.
This layer is seamless and does not differentiate between wireless and wired versions of HART.

WIRELESS HART

WIRELESS HART-ZWAVE
Z-wave is one of the Personal Area Network(PAN) technology used. Z-wave proprietary
wireless communication protocol is designed for home automation similar to zigbee.
It uses low power wireless communication technology, designed to control home based
electronic products using remote control and smoke alarm.

WIRELESS HART-ZWAVE

WIRELESS HART-ZWAVE
System Specifications
Works at 868.42 MHz (in Europe) and 908.42 MHz MHz (in US) frequency range
Data rate(bandwidth) is about 9.6, 40, 200 kbps
Modulation is GFSK in the 900MHz ISM band
Range is about 30 meter(indoors) and 100 meters(outdoors)
Home automation and security

WIRELESS HART -BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY
Bluetooth there are different versions based on data rate and distance coverage
requirements such as version 1.2, 2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 4.0 and 4.1. Bluetooth version 4.0 is known as
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
Once the devices are connected with bluetooth link the connection is maintained even if
there is no data to be transferred.

WIRELESS HART -BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY

BLE Message Exchange

ZIGBEE SMART ENERGY
Zigbee devices are used everywhere including smart energy, medical and in home automation.
It has two bands of operation 868/915MHz and 2450MHz. 868/915 band provides about 20-40Kb/s
and 2450MHz band provides about 250 kb/s data rates.
Joining the Zigbee Network
There are two ways to join a zigbee network viz. MAC association and network re-join.

ZIGBEE SMART ENERGY

DASH7
The Dash7 technology is promoted by DASH7 Alliance. This technology provides long battery life and
coverage of about 2Km in indoor places. Following are the features of Dash7 wireless technology.
Dash7 protocol and home automation basics in IoT,M2M
The RFID technologies such as NFC and Dash7 is widely used in WSN(wireless sensor networking).
Most of the smartphones will have these technologies integrated to provide many facilities to the
users.

DASH7

DASH 7
Different gateways in DASH 7
Blinker: It only transmits and does not use a receiver.
EndPoint: It can transmit and receive the data. It also supports wake-up events.
Subcontroller: It is full featured device. It is not always active. It uses wake on scan cycles
similar to end points.
Gateway: It connects D7A network with the other network.It will always be online. It always
listens unless it is transmitting.
DASH7 defines two types of frames viz. a foreground frame and a background frame.

NETWORK LAYER
A network is a group of two or more connected computing devices. Usually all devices in the
network are connected to a central hub.
Network-to-network connections are what make the Internet possible. The "network layer" is
the part of the Internet communications process where these connections occur, by sending
packets of data back and forth between different networks.

NETWORK LAYER

NETWORK LAYER
The main functions performed by the network layer are
 Routing - When a packet reaches the router's input link, the router will move the packets
to the router's output link
 Logical Addressing - Logical addressing is also used to distinguish between source and
destination system.
 Internetworking - logical connection between different types of networks.
 Fragmentation - The fragmentation is a process of breaking the packets into the smallest

PHY/MAC Layer
NETWORK LAYER
The main functions performed by the network layer are
 Routing - When a packet reaches the router's input link, the router will move the packets
to the router's output link
 Logical Addressing - Logical addressing is also used to distinguish between source and
destination system.
 Internetworking - logical connection between different types of networks.
 Fragmentation - The fragmentation is a process of breaking the packets into the smallest

IPv4
IP stands for Internet Protocol and v4 stands for Version Four (IPv4). IPv4 was the primary
version brought into action for production within the ARPANET in 1983.
IP version four addresses are 32-bit integers which will be expressed in decimal notation.
IPv4 supports three different types of addressing modes
 Unicast Addressing Mode
 Broadcast Addressing Mode
 Multicast Addressing Mode

IPv4
Unicast Addressing Mode
Data is sent only to one destined host. The Destination Address field contains 32- bit IP
address of the destination host. Here the client sends data to the targeted server.
Broadcast Addressing Mode
The packet is addressed to all the hosts in a network segment. The Destination Address field
contains a special broadcast address, i.e. 255.255.255.255.
Multicast Addressing Mode
This mode is a mix of the previous two modes, i.e. the packet sent is neither destined to a
single host nor all the hosts on the segment.

IPv4
Parts of IPv4
Network part
The network part indicates the distinctive variety that’s appointed to the network. The
network part conjointly identifies the category of the network that’s assigned.
Host Part:
The host part uniquely identifies the machine on your network. This part of the IPv4 address
is assigned to every host.
Subnet number:
This is the nonobligatory part of IPv4. Local networks that have massive numbers of hosts are
divided into subnets and subnet numbers are appointed to that.

IPv4
Advantages of IPv4
 IPv4 security permits encryption to keep up privacy and security.
 IPV4 network allocation is significant and presently has quite 85000 practical routers.
 It becomes easy to attach multiple devices across an outsized network while not NAT.
 This is a model of communication so provides quality service also as economical
knowledge transfer.
 IPV4 addresses are redefined and permit flawless encoding.
 Routing is a lot of scalable and economical as a result of addressing is collective more
effectively.

IPv6
 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer protocol that enables data
communications over a packet switched network.
 Packet switching involves the sending and receiving of data in packets between two nodes
in a network.
 The working standard for the IPv6 protocol was published by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) in 1998.
 IPv6 was intended to replace the widely used Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) that is
considered the backbone of the modern Internet.

IPv6
Type of IPv6 addressing methods :
 Unicast - Unicast Address identifies a single network interface. A packet sent to a unicast
address is delivered to the interface identified by that address.
 Multicast - Multicast Address is used by multiple hosts, called as Group, acquires a
multicast destination address. These hosts need not be geographically together
 Anycast - Anycast Address is assigned to a group of interfaces. Any packet sent to an
anycast address will be delivered to only one member interface

6LoWPAN
The term "6LoWPAN" stands for IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks. This
is open standard defined in RFC6282 by IETF. It allows IPv6 packets to be passed to/from
6LoWPAN network.
6LoWPAN provides a means of carrying packet data in the form of IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4
and other networks.

6LoWPAN

6LoWPAN
Benefits or advantages of 6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN is a mesh network which is robust, scalable and self healing.
It offers long range of communication which detects signals below noise level.
It consumes less power as it uses reduced transmission time (using short time pulses).
Hence this saves energy and consecutively battery can be used for very long duration.
It offers large network which can be used by millions of devices.

6TiSCH
6TiSCH is a working group at the IETF, which is standardizing how to combine IEEE802.15.4
time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) with IPv6.
The 6TiSCH protocol stack combines the ease of use of IPv6 with the industrial performance
of TSCH. 6TiSCH uses IEEE802.15.4 O-QPSK 2.4 GHz as its PHY and IEEE802.15.4e at the
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer.
6TiSCH defines an operational sub-layer (6top) which coordinates a mote’s negotiations with
its neighbors to allocate cells.

DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) is an application layer protocol which is used to
provide:
Subnet Mask (Option 1 – e.g., 255.255.255.0)
Router Address (Option 3 – e.g., 192.168.1.1)
DNS Address (Option 6 – e.g., 8.8.8.8)
Vendor Class Identifier (Option 43 – e.g., ‘unifi’ = 192.168.1.9 ##where unifi = controller)

DHCP

DHCP
Advantages
 Centralized management of IP addresses.
 Ease of adding new clients to a network.
 Reuse of IP addresses reducing the total number of IP addresses that are required.
 Simple reconfiguration of the IP address space on the DHCP server without needing to
reconfigure each client.

ICMP
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol used by network
devices to diagnose network communication issues.
ICMP is mainly used to determine whether or not data is reaching its intended destination in
a timely manner. Commonly, the ICMP protocol is used on network devices, such as routers.

RPL
RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) is a routing protocol for wireless
networks with low power consumption and generally susceptible to packet loss.
RPL is a routing protocol that is based on the IPv6 lower power wireless personal area
network, which is connected to the IP network by the sink node.
 Distance vector;
 Source routing: allow the sender to specify the route;

CORPL (cognitive RPL)
CORPL protocol is the extension of the RPL protocol, which is termed as cognitive RPL. This
network protocol is designed for cognitive networks and uses DODAG topology.
CORPL protocol makes two new modifications in the RPL protocol. It uses opportunistic
forwarding to forward a packet between the nodes.
Each node of CORPL protocol keeps the information of forwarding set rather than parents
only maintaining it.

CARP
CARP (Channel-Aware Routing Protocol) is a distributed routing protocol. It is designed for
underwater communication. It has lightweight packets so that it can be used for Internet of
Things (IoT). It performs two different functionalities:
Network initialization and data forwarding. CARP protocol does not support previously
collected data.

TRANSPORT & SESSION LAYER PROTOCOLS
TRANSPORT LAYER
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol a communications standard that enables
application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network.
It is designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the successful delivery of
data and messages over networks.
TCP is one of the basic standards that define the rules of the internet and is included
within the standards defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

MPTCP (Multipath TCP)
The Multipath TCP (MPTCP) project looks to change that view of networking by adding
support for multiple transport paths to the endpoints; it offers a lot of benefits, but
designing a deployable protocol for today's Internet is surprisingly hard.
MPTCP represents the most recent efforts that the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
is promoting to enhance the TCP capabilities to handle multiple addresses.
Multipath TCP is particularly useful in multipath data centre and mobile phone
environments. All mobiles allow you to connect via WiFi and 3G network.

MPTCP (Multipath TCP)

UDP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer protocol. UDP is a part of the Internet
Protocol suite, referred to as UDP/IP suite.
Unlike TCP, it is an unreliable and connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to
establish a connection prior to data transfer.
UDP Header
UDP header is an 8-bytes fixed and simple header, while for TCP it may vary from 20 bytes
to 60 bytes.

UDP

UDP
UPD features
 UDP is used when acknowledgement of data does not hold any significance.
 UDP is good protocol for data flowing in one direction.
 UDP is simple and suitable for query based communications.
 UDP is not connection oriented.

DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol)
DCCP is acronym of Datagram Congestion Control Protocol. The DCCP Datagram Congestion
Control Protocol is a transport layer protocol in TCP/IP model.
Millions person uses internet at a time because of this a lot of data flow every time on internet
network.
The data flow generates congestion in the network. Congestion cause the internet speed slow and
poor performance occurs.
To overcome this problem DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol invented by IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force).

Function of DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
DCCP protocol provides a reliable data delivery from one device to another device. There
is no any other control system available on internet network.

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport-layer protocol that ensures
reliable, in-sequence transport of data.
SCTP provides multihoming support where one or both endpoints of a connection can
consist of more than one IP address.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is an IP Transport Layer protocol.
SCTP exists at an equivalent level with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP), which provides transport layer functions to many Internet
applications.

SCTP Services
 Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP)
 Bearer-independent Call Control (BICC)
 Direct Data Placement Segment chunk (DDP-segment)
 Direct Data Placement Stream session control (DDP-stream)
 Diameter in a DTLS/SCTP DATA chunk (Diameter-DTLS)

SCTP Features
Delivery of data in chunks within an independent stream eliminates unnecessary head-of-
line blocking.
Path selection and monitoring functionality to select a primary data transmission path and
test the connectivity of the transmission path.
Validation and acknowledgment mechanisms protect against flooding attacks and provide
notification of duplicated or missing data chunks.

TLS (Transport Layer Security)
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the most widely used protocol for implementing
cryptography on the web.
TLS uses a combination of cryptographic processes to provide secure communication over
a network.
TLS provides a secure enhancement to the standard TCP/IP sockets protocol used for
Internet communications.
The secure sockets layer is added between the transport layer and the application layer in
the standard TCP/IP protocol stack.

DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
DTLS is a protocol based on TLS that is capable of securing the datagram transport. DTLS is
well-suited for securing applications and services that are delay-sensitive (and hence use
datagram transport), tunneling applications such as VPNs, and applications that tend to
run out of file descriptors or socket buffers.

SESSION LAYERHTTP
Functions of Session Layer
Session Layer works as a dialog controller through which it allows systems to communicate
in either half-duplex mode or full duplex mode of communication.
This layer is also responsible for token management, through which it prevents two users
to simultaneously access or attempting the same critical operation.
This layer allows synchronization by allowing the process of adding checkpoints, which are
considered as synchronization points to the streams of data.
This layer is also responsible for session checkpointing and recovery.

CoAP
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with
constrained nodes and constrained networks in the Internet of Things.
CoAP is designed to enable simple, constrained devices to join the IoT even through
constrained networks with low bandwidth and low availability.
It is generally used for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and
building automation.

CoAP

XMPP
XMPP is the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol, a set of open technologies for
instant messaging, presence, multi-party chat, voice and video calls, collaboration,
lightweight middleware, content syndication, and generalized routing of XML data.
Architecture of the XMPP Protocol
XMPP technologies use a decentralized client-server architecture related to the
architecture used for the World Wide Web and the email network. In decentralized client-
server architecture, client developers can focus on user experience, and server developers
can focus on reliability and scalability.

XMPP

AMQP
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is created as an open standard protocol that
allows messaging interoperability between systems, regardless of message broker vendor
or platform used; With AMQP, you can use whatever AMQP-compliant client library you
want, and any AMQP-compliant broker you want. Message clients using AMQP are
completely agnostic.
It defines a set of messages capabilities which must be made available by an AMQP
compliant server implementation (like RabbitMQ). Including rules of how messages must
be routed and stored within the broker to follow the AMQ Model.

AMQP

MQTT
MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. MQTT is a machine to machine
internet of things connectivity protocol.
It is an extremely lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol.
This protocol is useful for the connection with the remote location where the bandwidth is
a premium.
It makes it easy for communication between multiple devices.

MQTT
Architecture of MQTT
Message
Client
Server or Broker
TOPIC

MQTT
Architecture of MQTT

SERVICE LAYER PROTOCOLS & SECURITY
Service Layer
Service Layer is an abstraction over domain logic. It defines application's
boundary with a layer of services that establishes a set of available operations
and coordinates the application's response in each operation.
Features of Service Layer Design
Faster and easy Integration with multiple applications
Light weight design to provide scalability
Self discoverable

Service Layer
Service Layer design has 3 discrete sections with a 3-Tier application:
Domain/functional Model
Series of REST Endpoints
A means for storing domain objects, or a persistence layer

Service Layer

Service Layer
oneM2M
oneM2M is the global standards initiative that covers requirements, architecture, API
specifications, security solutions and interoperability for Machine-to-Machine and IoT
technologies.

Service Layer
ETSI M2M
Existing M2M solutions are highly fragmented and typically dedicated to a single application.
(Eg. Fleet management, meter reading, vending machines)
Multitude of technical solutions and dispersed standardization activities result in the slow
development of the global M2M market.
Standardization is a key enabler to remove the technical barriers and ensure interoperable
M2M services and networks.

Service Layer
Features of ETSI M2M
Identification of the M2M application and the M2M devices
Asynchronous and synchronous communication.
Store and forward mechanism based on policies for optimizing the communication
Location information
Device management based both on OMA DM (wireless) and BBF TR-69 (wireline).

OMA (OPEN MOBILE ALLIANCE)
The OMA-DM protocol is Client-initiated remote HTTPS DM session.
OMA Device Management is a device management protocol specified by the Open Mobile
Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM) Working Group and the Data Synchronization (DS)
Working Group.

OMA (OPEN MOBILE ALLIANCE)
OMA Device management is intended to support the following uses:
Provisioning – Configuration of the device (including first time use), enabling and disabling
features
Device Configuration – Allow changes to settings and parameters of the device
Software Upgrades – Provide for new software and/or bug fixes to be loaded on the device,
including applications and system software
Fault Management – Report errors from the device, query about status of device

OMA Features:
 Full support of the OMA-DM and OMA-CP protocol
 Extensive SDK with implementation samples
 Support of OMA-DM data model
 Support for Linux and non-Linux OS
 Provisioning
 Bootstrap

SECURITY IN IoT PROTOCOLS
IoT security refers to the methods of protection used to secure internet-connected or
network-based devices. The term IoT is incredibly broad, and with the technology continuing
to evolve, the term has only become broader.
From watches to thermostats to video game consoles, nearly every technological device has
the ability to interact with the internet, or other devices, in some capacity.

MQTT
MQTT is one of the most common security protocols used in internet of things security. It was
invented by Dr Andy Stanford-Clark and Arlen Nipper in 1999.
MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport and is a client-server communicating
messaging transport protocol.
The MQTT runs over TCP/IP or over other conventions that provide requested, lossless, two-
way associations.

MQTT
Features of MQTT
 Its a simple and extremely lightweight protocol with easy and fast data transmission.
 MQTT is designed for constrained devices as well as low-bandwidth, unreliable or high-latency
networks.
 Minimum use of data packets ensures less network usage.
 It’s based on the messaging technique and so, is extremely fast and reliable.
 It’s ideal for IoT applications.

CoAP (Constraint Application Protocol)
CoAP (Constraint Application Protocol) is a web transfer protocol designed for constrained
devices (like microcontrollers) and the constrained network called low power or lossy
networks.
It is also one of the most popular protocols to secure internet of things applications.

CoAP (Constraint Application Protocol)
Features of CoAP
Similar to HTTP, CoAP is based on the REST model. Clients access the resources made available by servers under URLs
using methods like GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE.
CoAP is designed to work on microcontrollers, which makes it perfect for the internet of things as it requires millions of
inexpensive nodes.
CoAP uses minimal resources, both on the device and on the network. Instead of a complex transport stack, it gets by
with UDP on IP.
CoAP is one of the most secure protocols as its default choice of DTLS parameters is equivalent to 3072-bit RSA keys.

DTLS
The DTLS (Datagram transport layer security) is an internet of things security protocol
designed to protect data communication between data-gram-based applications.
It is based on TLS (transport layer security) protocol and provides the same level of security.

DTLS
Features of DTLS
DTLS uses a retransmission timer to solve the issue of packet loss. If the timer terminates before the client
receives the confirmation message from the server, then the client retransmits the data.
The issue of reordering is solved by giving each message a specific sequence number. This helps in determining if
the next message received is in sequence or not.
If it is out of sequence, it is put in a queue and handled when the sequence number is reached.
DTLS is unreliable and does not guarantee the delivery of data, even for payload information.

6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) is a protocol for low-power networks like IoT systems and wireless sensor
networks.
Features of 6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN is used to carry data packets in the form of IPv6 over various networks.
Provides end-to-end IPv6 and hence provides direct connectivity to a wide variety of networks including direct connectivity to the Internet.
6LoWPAN is used for protecting the communications from the end-users to the sensor network.

ZigBee
ZigBee is believed to be a state-of-the-art protocol to provide security for internet of things devices
and applications.
It provides efficient machine-to-machine communication from 10–100 meters away in low-powered
embedded devices like radio systems.
It is a cost effective open-source wireless technology.

ZigBee
Features of IoT with ZigBee
ZigBee provides standardization at all layers, which enables compatibility between products from
different manufacturers.
Due to its mesh architecture, devices tend to connect with every device in the vicinity. This helps in
expanding the network and making it more flexible.
ZigBee uses “Green Power” that facilitates lower energy consumption and cost.

MAC 802.15.4
Medium access control (MAC) protocol is essential because it manages the coordination
among different IoT devices during data transmission.
However, several challenges need to be addressed at the MAC layer to provide high network
throughput, low energy consumption, and low latency.

RPL
RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) is a routing protocol for wireless networks
with low power consumption and generally susceptible to packet loss.
RPL is a routing protocol that is based on the IPv6 lower power wireless personal area network, which
is connected to the IP network by the sink node.
Distance vector;
Source routing: allow the sender to specify the route;

RPL

APPLICATION LAYER
Definition
The application layer is the top-most layer in the OSI Model and is used for establishing
process-to-process communication and user services in a network.
It's the interface between user applications and the underlying network.

APPLICATION LAYER
Application layer protocols
1. Telnet - Telnet
2. FTP - File Transfer Protocol
3. TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
4. SMTP - Simple mail transfer protocol
5. SNMP - Simple network management protocol
6. DNS - Domain Name System
7. DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

APPLICATION LAYER
1. Telnet - Telnet
Telnet is an application protocol. It provides bidirectional interactive text orientated communication feature.
For text orientated communication telnet uses terminal connection.
2. FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a application layer protocol that is used for transforming a file from one
location to another, i.e. from one host to another host. It is a standard mechanism that is provided by TCP/IP.

APPLICATION LAYER
3. TFTP
TFTP stands for Trivial File Transfer Protocol is a application layer protocol, used for sending a file from
the server to the client. Trivial File Transfer Protocol uses the concept of UDP to share files between
server and client.
4. SMTP
SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol is used to transfer the mails. It defines how both
commands and responses must be sent back and forth. It is used two times, between the sender and
the sender’s mail server and between the two mail servers.

APPLICATION LAYER
5. SNMP
SNMP stands for Simple network management protocol which is used to collect and organize the data
of managed devices on IP networks. It also modifies the information to change the behavior of the
devices.
6. DNS
DNS stands for Domain Name System is a decentralized naming system for the computers and other
devices on the internet to translate the domain name of the devices connected on the internet or any
other private network to the numerical IP addresses and vice versa.

APPLICATION LAYER
7. DHCP
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network management protocol
present in the application layer. With its help, an Internet Protocol IP address can be assigned
to any device or node on a network dynamically so that they can communicate using this IP.

DESIGN SMART SYSTEM USING IOT COMPONENTS
1.Sensors and Devices
Devices and sensors are the “thing” part of IoT projects. These and other devices interact with
the physical environment.
It is not only important that they accurately read the phenomenon application needs, but
also, they have to be integrated with the overall system architecture too.

1.Sensors and Devices
Device configuration is another important feature. Some devices provide configuration
programs while others require internal reprogramming to change their behaviour. Finally, you
must evaluate the power source the use (batteries, solar panels, AC, etc.) since it has a strong
impact in the system maintenance.

2.Communications
Although the “i” in IoT stands for internet, you have different kinds of networks available for
communications among devices and with the platform.
Choosing the right networking technology depends on the characteristics and requirements of
the project. It is common to use more than one technology in an IoT project.

3.Platform
The software platform of your IoT projects will be in charge of managing the devices
(onboarding process, monitoring, etc.) and receiving and processing the messages. It also
must provide APIs for reading the gathered data.
Platforms are usually deployed in the cloud, but you should check if they can be deployed on-
premises in case the project is big enough and investing in computing hardware is an option.

4.Applications
All IoT projects are carried out for a purpose. Maybe the goal is receiving an alarm when a
laboratory room reaches a certain temperature or optimizing the water supply of a city.
In other cases, IoT projects are used for reducing the power consumption of a building or
predicting the maintenance of an industrial engine.

IoT.pptx

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