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IT-106 Pseudo-Coding Wk 5

The document outlines a comprehensive design and development plan for an e-commerce system, detailing various phases including design concepts, sequential logic, decision-making, and loops. Key features include customer registration, inventory management, sales tracking, and discount applications. Various use cases are presented along with pseudocode and flowcharts to illustrate the implementation of these functionalities.

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Contents Phase 1: Design Concepts............................................................................................................... 1 Project Description...................................................................................................................... 1 Use Cases .................................................................................................................................... 1 Data Dictionary........................................................................................................................... 3 High Level Design Components ................................................................................................. 4 Detailed Design: Checkout Diagrams......................................................................................... 7 Design Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 8 Detailed Design: Product Research........................................................................................... 10 Diagrams................................................................................................................................ 10 Design – Using Pseudocode...................................................................................................... 11 Product Profit......................................................................................................................... 11 Phase 2: Sequential Logic Structures............................................................................................ 12 Design........................................................................................................................................ 12 Product Profit......................................................................................................................... 12 Phase 3: Problem Solving with Decisions .................................................................................... 13 Safe Discount......................................................................................................................... 14 Return Customer Bonus......................................................................................................... 16 Applying Discounts ............................................................................................................... 18 Phase 4: Problem Solving with Loops .......................................................................................... 21 Total order ............................................................................................................................. 21 Problems to Solve .................................................................................................................. 22 Calculate Profits..................................................................................................................... 22 Rock, Paper, Scissors............................................................................................................. 24 Number Guessing Game........................................................................................................ 27 Phase 5: Using Abstractions in Design ......................................................................................... 29 Seeing Abstractions................................................................................................................... 29 Refactoring................................................................................................................................ 29
1 Phase 1: DesignConcepts Project Description Althoughwe maybe late to the game,we will nevertheless jointhe worldof e-commerce tosell our fantasticproducton the Internet. Todo so,we needa Website that will allow forcommerce andsales. To be quickaboutit, we require the following:  Searchable inventoryandshoppingpages  A shoppingcart  A place forcustomersto registerwhentheymake purchases  A checkoutprocesstomake the purchase Withinthismainprocess,there are a bunch of otherneedsthatmustbe met,as follows:  We wantto track the date of the lastpurchase a customermake so we can offerincentivesand discountsbasedonthe lasttime theyshopped.  We will offersalesbasedonthe numberof differentitems thata personpurchases.  We will alsogive discountsfor bulkordersadiscountwhena personbuysmanyof the same item In additiontosalesfeature,the solutionmustprovide the abilitytomanage andresearchthe salesof products. It mustinclude the following:  Must be able toadd, update andremove product inventoryinreal time onthe site  Needstohave researchcapabilitiestodetermine how well aproductisselling, suchasthe following: o How oftenthe itemisviewed,addedtoshoppingcarts,andthenpurchased o How a price change affectssalesandprofit Use Cases From the descriptionabove,we canrelate thistothe followinguse cases,whichdescribe how the user will interactwithoursystem. Eachuse case isa set of screens that the userswouldinteractwithto accomplishsomethingtheyneedonthe site.
2 In additiontothe customer’sactivity,the solutionwill allow SalesAnalyststomanage andresearch productsales.
3 Data Dictionary Variable Name Type Description todaysDate Date Today’sdate,whenthe programis running creationDate Date The date the customercreatedtheiraccount priorPurchases Integer Numberof Purchasesthiscustomerhasmade in the past lastPurchaseDate Date The date of the lastpurchase the customermade lineItemPrice Array The price of each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart lineItemQuantity Array The quantityof each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart membershipLevel Integer The account nature of the customer 1 – Guest 2 – Registered 3 – Preferred totalPurchaseAmount Double The cost of all the itemsintheircurrentpurchase salesTaxRate Double The salestax to be chargedon a purchase productCategory Integer An indicatorof the categoryof the product 1 – ConsumerGoods 2 – Electronics 3 – Clothing productPrice Double The price of the product as soldto the customer wholesalePrice Double The price at whichwe purchase the product numberInCarts Integer The total numberof timesthisproducthas been addedto a shoppingcart numberOfPurchases Integer The numberof timesthis producthasbeen purchased allProductSalesNumbers Array A listforeach product of the numberof timesa producthas sold allProductPrices Array A listforeach productof the productprice allProductWholesalePrices Array A listforeach productof the productwholesale price
4 High Level Design Components Our architectshave createdthe followingcomponentstobe realizedbyourdevelopmentteamin meetingthe use casesabove. SearchEngine ProductInventory ShoppingCart CardProcessing Purchasing CustomerManager UserSecurity
5 Fill outthe followingtable todescribe whichcomponentsare usedbyeachuse case and how each componentwill helprealize the use case: Use Case Component ServicesProvided Date todaysDate Today’sdate,whenthe programis running Search/Browse Inventory productInventory Providesaccessto the databaseof inventory of all productsand theirdescriptionsand prices and such. searchEngine Allowsfor searching on many criteria within the productdatabase productCategory 1 – ConsumerGoods 2 – Electronics 3 – Clothing lineItemPrice The price of each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart lineItemQuantity The quantityof each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart RegisterAsCustomer customerManager Createand managecustomerprofileand personalinformation creationDate The date the customercreatedtheiraccount priorPurchases Numberof Purchasesthiscustomerhasmade in the past lastPurchaseDate The date of the lastpurchase the customer made userSecurity Providesecurity solutionsforthe visitors to the site Choose Products numberInCarts 1-Item 2-Item 3-Item totalPurchaseAmount The cost of all the itemsintheircurrent purchase salesTaxRate The salestax to be chargedon a purchase ApplyDiscounts membershipLevel 1 – Guest 2 – Registered 3 – Preferred Manage Products wholesalePrice The price at whichwe purchase the product productPrice The price of the product as soldto the customer allProductPrices A listforeach productof the productprice allProductWholesalePrices A listforeach productof the productwholesale price ResearchSales numberOfPurchases The numberof timesthisproducthasbeen purchased allProductSalesNumbers A listforeach productof the numberof timesa producthas sold
6 My interpretation of graph above ↑ and below ↓ is yours. Use Case Component ServicesProvided Search/Browse Inventory ProductInventory Provides accessto the databaseof inventory of all productsand theirdescriptionsand prices and such. SearchEngine Allowsfor searching on many criteria within the productdatabase RegisterAs Customer CustomerManager Createand managecustomerprofile and personal information UserSecurity Providesecurity solutionsforthe visitors to the site Choose Products Search Engine Allowsfor searchingon manycriteria withinthe product database Purchasing Types ofproducts beingpurchasedand placed in cart Checkout ShoppingCart Whatcan be seen inthe cart for purchaseor return. UserSecurity Keepsusersecure while accessingsite for shopping preferencesandcheckout for creditcards Card Processing Monitors typesof payment and encrypts contents for secure transfer Apply Discounts Card Discount Amountof allowablediscountbasedonnew, returning or bulkbuyer. Manage Products Product Inventory Reviews the amountofproducts soldverses productsin stock Purchasing Assesswholesale versesretail and profits establishedthroughinput variables Research Sales Product Inventoy Reviews the amountofproducts soldverses productsin stock Purchasing Monitors numberof timesitempurchased, overall itemssold
7 Detailed Design: Checkout Diagrams We couldrealize thisdesignaseither structured orObject-Orientedgiventhe followingdesigndiagrams. Figure 1 Structure Designfor calculateOrderTotal calculate OrderTotal Calculate Subtotal bigBuyer Discount bulkBuyer Discount returnCustomer Bonus daysSinceLast Purchase
8 Figure 2: Sequence Diagram for calculateOrderTotal DesignAnalysis Giventhe designsabove,we needtoanalyze whichapproachwe shouldtake andhow the code realizationwill differ. StructureDesign  Describe the implementationof the structure designin Figure 1and how it relatestothe Checkoutuse case. ANSWER: Implementationof the structure designcanbe usedwiththe decoratorstyle method as it ensures additional responsibilitiesare attachedtoan objectdynamicallykeepingthe same interface.Decoratorsprovide aflexiblealternativetosub-classingforextendingfunctionality.  What proceduresand functionsare beingcreatedinthe design? ANSWER:A procedure is a finite sequenceof well-defined instructions,each of which can be mechanically carried outin a finite amountof time. A functionisthe computerreadingthe variablesandconstantstofigure an outputcalculationbasedoncalculationsran. There are six executable functionsandprocedureswithinthisdesign.  What data wouldbe passedbetweenthese procedures andfunctions? ANSWER: The data isthe “calculateOrderTotal;bigBuyerDiscount;bulkBuyerDiscount; returnCustomerBonus”;passedto“discountManager; daysSinceLastPurchase; calculateSubtotal”;customer;calculateTotal. These wouldsendnumericalcalculationsthrough the psuedocode algorithmtogive afinal costassessmenttothe customer. ;Order ;DiscountManager ;Customer ;Taxes bigBuyerDiscount() bulkBuyerDiscount() returnCustomerBonus() daysSinceLastPurchase() calculateSubtotal()
9 Object-Oriented Design Describe the implementationof the object-orienteddesignin
10  Figure 2 and howit relatestothe Checkoutuse case. ANSWER:Unlike a procedural language,where the programisa seriesof tasksthatmust be performed,object-orientedlanguage ismade upof objectsthatinteractwithone another. Each objectismade up of a seriesof tasksthat can be performedindependentlyof otherobjects. These tasksare generallyhidden fromotherobjects,which preventsthemfrominterfering.Only the endresultsof the object’soperationsare thenseenbyotherobjects  What methodsare beingcreatedinthe design? ANSWER:A methodisreallythe same asa procedure, function orroutinein procedural programminglanguages.The onlydifference isthatinobject-orientedprogramming,amethod isalwaysassociatedwithaclass. The class definesall the commonproperties of the different objectsthatbelongtoit. In thisdesignthere are fourmethodsbeingcompiled. Theyare order; dicountManager;customer;taxes. What data wouldbe passedbetweenthese methods? ANSWER: The discounts, bonuses,dayssince lastpurchase,calculationsubtotal andtaxes. Comparison  How dothese approaches(StructuredversusOO) differ? ANSWER: Structuredcodingruns ina sequential format,whichrunseachfunctioninastep-by- stepprocess. Structureddesignisalsobetterforsmallerprogrammingcode asitismore efficientanddoesn’tuse asmanyfactorsto functionas OOPdoes. Asthe numberof functions withinthe structure increase,itbecomesintensivelydifficultforthe programtomanage data and operate efficiently. Youmayevenbe able to runa procedure withinthe OOPdesign. OOP has polymorphismwhere structureddoesn’t. Structuredmaybe identifiedasaclass within
11 OOP. The classesworktogethertobettermanage the whole flow of the programdependenton informationthatisinputted.  Whenwe get to code,howmuchwill the detailedimplementationdifferbecause of the high level designapproachwe have chosen? ANSWER: Unlike low-level languages,high-level languageshave highabstraction.Inother words,theyare much more similartothe language youspeakthanare the low-level languages. Many high-level languagesare verysimilarinsyntax tonatural language. Thismakes programmingmucheasier. High-level programminglanguagesuse abstractconceptssuchas loops,variables,andarrays.The mostrecenthigh-levellanguagesuse objectsthatare reusable. The drawback to high-levellanguagesisthattheyuse a lotof memoryandtake a lotof time to process.However,moderncomputersare fasterallowingthemtohandle these largerprograms. High-level languageprogramscanoftenbe compiledfordifferentplatforms. Detailed Design: Product Research Diagrams For the product research use case,take a stab at eithera structureddesigndiagramora sequence diagramthat wouldfulfill atleastpartof the functionalityof the use case. We will compare whatyou create here to the detaileddesignwe create throughthe restof the course as a wayof measuringyour progress. Provide adiagramof yourchoice here to show a flow forresearchingproducts. The exact detailsare flexible within the descriptionof the functionality,sodoyourbestto create a flowthatlookslike acode solutionusingthe componentsabove oronesyouthinkyouneed. Thisis practice that will give youameasuringstickforyour learningaswe see problemslater inthe course relatedtothissystem. Yes No No Yes NoYes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Product Research HP Computer Is item in stock? Input “n” quantity left Customer purchase +1 Add to cart/Purchase ? Adjust inventory = 0 Purchase Re-order item ? Adjust inventory -1 New Customer Gather information High Selling item Phase out Returning Customer Apply discount ? Visitor Discount applied First Name Last Name Proceed to Checkout?Continue Shopping?
12 Design – Using Pseudocode ProductProfit Description It isimportantto knowthe profiteachproduct isprovidingtothe bottomline. Giventhatwe knowthe wholesalecost, the retail costto consumersand the numberof items we have sold, calculate the profit for a givenproduct. Pseudocode {function productProfit(productPrice : Double, wholesalePrice : Double, numberOfPurchases : Integer} Return Double { Input = createVariable(productPrice) Input2 = createVariable(wholesalePrice) profitPrice = (productPrice – wholesalePrice) returnProductprofit } End function
13 Phase 2: Sequential Logic Structures Design ProductProfit Description Continuingwiththe same example of calculationproductprofit,utilize the same scenariotocreate a flowchart. Description - Itis importanttoknowthe profiteach productisprovidingtothe bottomline. Giventhat we knowthe wholesale cost,the retail costtoconsumersandthe numberof itemswe have sold, calculate the profitfora givenproduct. Flowchart profitPrice = (productPrice – wholesalePrice) Return ProductProfit endFunction productProfit(productPrice : Double
14 AdditionalPseudocode Discusshowinput/output,operators,andexpressionsare presentedin pseudocode aswell ashowthey are usedto accommodate needsforsequentiallogicwithinbusinessapplications. Additionally,discuss howvariousdata typesmaybe usedwithinsequential logicstructures. ANSWER: Pseudocode isdeliveredinafive-stepmethod. Aspartof these steps,input/output, expressionsandoperatorsare addressed. The firststepinvolvesdefiningthe elementsandother variablesof the functionthatyouwill needforthe pseudocode. Itwill alsoinclude the dimensional data variables,whichare partof the “INPUT” valuesof the code beingused. The input/outputoperatorscan alsobe establishedinthisprocesstouse informationfromthe keyboard,applyittothe functionand outputto the screenor printer. The final step,instepone,istoset upthe control functionsyouwill use. Be ittextand imagesorbasic controlsfromsimplerlanguages. Step2involvesaddingfunctional pseudocode toaddspecific“eventdriven”code toinitiate the projectonce youhave completedthe initial controls. Functional pseudocode normallyusesthe parametersof the “if”,“then”,“while”and “else”. Functional code alsoincorporatesthe expressionsof “READ”,“WRITE”, and“PRINT”. Step3 involvescheckingyourpseudocode forcompliance conventions. Ensure the above elementsare inyour code. These elementsadiversifiedthroughoutmanycode languagesandare an intrinsicpartof the processingof the function. Under step-4of the process,commentsshouldbe enteredtoensure the role of differenttaskandpartsof the code to the reader. Commentstonothave to riveteveryline of the processbut are goodfor transferringtoothersteps.Finally,step-5looksatreviewingthe syntax or pseudocode youhave justwritten. Ensure properspelling,markerpoint’s parenthesisare inkey positionsandsoon. SequentialLogicstructure isconsideredthe oldestformandmostusedtype of structure. The nice thingaboutsequential logicisitisbasicallyadesignerwritingastep-by-stepfunctionto be accomplishedforsearching,mappingoranyotheroperationneedingtobe conductedona system. Sequentiallogicislike writingashoppinglistandcanbe utilizedinanyprogrammingcode format, whetheritisone of the lowerendorhighendcoding programs. Itemsbelow are fortestingdata.  > Greaterthan  < Lessthan  ≥ Greaterthan or equal to  ≤ Lessthan or equal to  or && and symbol  or | | the “or” symbol  ¬ “is Not”  == logically equivalent
15 Phase 3: Problem Solving with Decisions SafeDiscount Description We wantto ensure thatthe systemwill notaccidentallydiscountaproductbelow the price thatitis purchasedfor. Thus, we want an operationto ensure that, whenadiscountisapplied,italwaysstays more than the original purchase price. Sample datacouldinclude the following:  A productat $10 witha wholesale price of $5and a discountof 10% returning$9.  A productat $10 witha wholesale price of $6and a discountof 50% returning$6. Pseudocode function applyDiscount(productPrice : Double, wholesalePrice : Double, applyDiscount : Double) Return Double createVariable (finalPrice : Double){ if finalPrice = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 100 return discount } if (finalPrice ≥ wholesalePrice)then{ returnPrice } else {return wholesalePrice ) ]return productPrice }fi End function
16 Flowchart Flowchart finalPrice : Double returnProductPrice returnWholsalePriceif (finalPrice ≥ wholesalePrice) if finalPrice = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 100 returnProductPrice T F returnDiscount T F
17 ReturnCustomerBonus Description We want to reward customers for returning to make a purchase. To incentivize, they receive a bonus discountas by the following levels. • Less than a week = 10% • More than 6 months = 6% • Otherwise, 1% for each month (consider a month to be 30 days) Sample data for testing: Scenario todaysDate lastPurchaseDate totalPuchaseAmount Return amount 1 2/1/2014 1/25/2014 $100 $90 2 2/1/2014 3/17/2013 $100 $94 3 2/1/2014 12/11/2013 $100 $99 customerReward todaysDate LstPurchDate TotPurchAmnt dicount 1 string string double 10 2 string string double 6 3 string string double 1
18 Pseudocode function returnCustReward (todaysDate : Date, lastPurchaseDate : Date, totalPurchaseAmount : Double) returns double function returnCustomerBonus(customerBonus:double)then{ createVariable (TodaysDate:String) createVariable lastPurchaseDate:string crateVariable totalDays : intger createVariable totalPurchaseAmount:Double)return{ If totalDays = (todaysDate – lastPurchaseDate) return totalDays if (totalDays ≤ 7){ return customerBonus customerBonus = TotalPurchaseAmount X 0.10) } else { if (totaldays ≥ 30){ customerBonus = TotalPurchaseAmount X 0.01) } else { If (totalDays > 180) customerBonus = TotalPurchaseAmount X 0.06) return customerBonus ] }fi endFunction
19 Flowchart . T Return Customer Bonus If totalDays = (todaysDate – lastPurchaseDate) Return totalDays if (totalDays ≤ 7 = customerPurchase x 0.10) if (totalDays ≥ 30 = customerPurchase x 0.01) If (totalDays > 180 = customerPurchase x 0.06) F newCustomer=NoBonus Return customerBonus End Function
20 ApplyingDiscounts Description A customerreceives hisorherdiscountbasedon hisor hermembershipstatus. Preferredmembers receive areturnmemberbonus, andall registeredmembersreceiveabulkdiscount,butguestsdonot receive anydiscounts. Thisshouldreuse the discountsfromthe priorwork,sotestcases fromthere wouldapply. Justmake sure that guestsreceive nodiscount,registeredmembersjustgetadiscountforany itemsforthe bulk discount, andpreferredmembersgetboththe bulkdiscountandthe returncustomerbonus. Status bonusDiscount bulkDiscount noDiscount returnDiscount Preferred 10% 6% Registerd 6% Guests 0%` Pseudocode function applyDiscounts (todaysDate : Date, lastPurchaseDate : Date, totalPurchaseAmount : Double, membershipLevel : Integer) returns double if membershipLevelDiscount=(todaysDate – lastPurchasedate) x365 return days if (guest = membershipLevel < 7){ membershipLevelDiscount = guestDiscount (todaysDate,lastPurchaseDate,purchaseAmount,) } else if { if (membershipLevel = registered > 30) membershipLevelBonus = bulkDiscount (todaysDate,lastPurchaseDate,purchaseAmount) } else if{ If (membershipLevel = preferred > 180) membershipLevelDiscount = preferredDiscount + bulkDiscount (todaysDate,lastPurchaseDate,purchaseAmount) } Return membershipLevelDiscount }fi end function
21 (Flowchart) .bulk Start Apply Discount (membershipLevelDiscount = (todaysDate – lastPurcahsedate, purchaseAmount X membershipLevelDiscount) if (guest = membershipLevel < 7) membershipLevelDiscount = guestDiscount) T F T T F F if (registered = membershipLevel > 30) if (preferred = membershipLevel > 180) membershipLevelDiscount = (bulkDiscount) membershipLevelDiscount = preferredDisount) Return membershipLevelDiscount endFunction
22 Phase 4: Problem Solving withLoops Total order Once the final pricesare calculatedforeach product,we needtototal up the order andthenadd in salestax. We needto go throughthe line itemsin anorderand figure outthe final price. Flowchart v Pseudocode function totalOrder (lineItemPrice: Array, lineItemQuantity : Array, saleTaxRate : Double) returns double Create variable Double : subtotal for (index = each item in lineItemPrice){ lineItemTotal = lineItemPrice[array] * lineItemQuantity[array] subtotal =subtotal + lineItemTotal end loop } return calculateSubtotal (subtotal x salesTaxRate) end function orderTotal Return calculateSubtotal (subtotal, salesTaxRate) Subtotal = subtotal +lineItemTotal index = each item in lineItemPrice lineItemTotal= lineItemPrice[index] x lineItemQuantity[index] End T Start
23 Problemsto Solve Fill inthe followingtable by walkingthroughthe logicabove. The ideaistoanalyze how the chart and pseudocode wascreated, because youwill be doingthisinafew minutes,so donotjustjumpto the easyanswer. Followthe stepsasif youare the computerexecutingthe software designed. Problem lineItemPrice lineItemQuantity saleTaxRate Return amount 1 [5.50, 3.00, 2.25] [12, 3, 10] 5% (5.5 x 12)x 0.05 = $69.30 (3.0 x 3) x 0.05 = $9.27 ($2.25 x 10) x 0.05 = $23.63 2 [5.50] [5] 5% ($5.50 x 5) x 0.05 = $28.88 3 [0] [0] 5% ($0.00 x 0) x 0.05 = $0.00 CalculateProfits Description Giventhe listof all the product pricesandwholesale pricesaswell asa listof all the itemssoldforeach productcalculate the netprofitfor all the products. Problem allProductPrices allWholesalePrices allSalesNumbers returnNetProfits (50,30,20,10,5) (35, 15,10,5,2) (60,80,20,45,70) $2735.00 allProductPrices:array - allWholsalePrices:array x allSalesNumbers:array = netReturns
24 Flowchart Pseudocode function netProfits (allProductSalesNumbers: Array, allProductPrices : Array, allProductWholesalePrices : Array) returns double creatVariable Double : netProfits{ for (array = each item in allProductPrices, allWholesalePrices, allSalesNumbers ) netProfits=(allSalesNumbers) x allProductPrices – allPriductWholesalePrices netProfits = netprofits x allSalesNumbers } end Loop returnCalculateNetProfits (allSalesNumbers x allProductPrices - allWholesalePrices ) }fi end function createVariable Double : netProfits array = each item in allProductPrices, allWholesalePrices, allSalesNumbers netProfits = allSalesNumbers(array)x allProductPrices[array] – allPriductWholesalePrices[array) netProfits = netprofits x allSalesNumbers(array) returnCalculateNetProfits (allSalesNumbers x allProductPrices - allWholesalePrices ) End
25 Rock,Paper, Scissors Description To expandfurther,we wanttotry out logicininteractingwithusers. Here isasample of a game,using loopsanddecisionstoallowapersonto play rock-paper-scissors withacomputer. Pseudocode We have a helperfunction thatwe will use here thattellsuswhowon. Itwill resultin +1if the player wins,a -1 if the computerwins,anda 0 if it isa tie. function compareOutcome(computerChoice: Integer, playerChoice : Integer) returns Integer Andthe main flowof my logicis as such. createVariable computerChoice : integer createVariable playerChoice : interger while (true) Integer : computerChoice = randomChooser() Integer : playerChoice = prompt “Enter a value” print “Enter a value” read value If (playerChoice is not a valid input) returnPrint “You picked bad number. Try again” Else Integer : outcome = compareOutcome(computerChoice, playerChoice) If (outcome = 0) Prompt user “It is a tie, try again” Else if (outcome = -1) Prompt user “You lost” Break out of loop Else Prompt user “You win” Break out of loop End if End if end loop
26 Flowchart playerEntry is not a valid input outcome = 0 outcome = -1 Integer : computerChoice = ramdonChooser() Integer : playerChoice = prompt “Enter a value” Prompt user “You picked bad number, try again” Integer : outcome = compareOutcome(computerChoice, playerChoice) Prompt user ”It is a tie, try again” Prompt user “You lost” BreakPrompt “You won” End of game Break whileTrue
27 Note:Inthiscase, note the advantagesanddisadvantagesof flowchartsand psuedocode.The flowchart iseasyto followthe logicforone scenario,butdoesitmake it easierorharderto understandthe code as a whole? There isno strictanswer,butone that tellsyoua bitabout yourway of thinkingand personal preference. InteractionScenario For eitherof the solutionsabove, follow the logicandmap outyour interactionstep-by-step,tryingto exercise all pathsof the logic. Youwill have totake at least2 timesthroughthe game to mapall scenarios. Scenario1 = 1 rock 2 paper 3 scissors Step UserInput SystemResponse 1 User chooses50 Systemsayslower 2 User chooses(1) Systemsays(1) “Tie” Select “Go” to play again" 3 User chooses(3) Systemsays(1) “ I Win” Select “Go” to play again" 4 User chooses(2) Systemsays(1) “YouWin” Select “Go” to play again" Scenario2 Step UserInput SystemResponse 1 User chooses(4) Systemsayslower 2 User chooses(2) Systemsays(1) “You Win” Select“Go”to playagain" 3 User chooses(3) Systemsays(1) “ I Win”Select“Go”to play again" 4 User chooses(1) Systemsays(1) “Tie” Select“Go”to playagain" Step UserInput SystemResponse 1 User chooses(10) Systemsayslower 2 User chooses(3) Systemsays(1) “ I Win”Select“Go” to playagain" 3 User chooses(1) Systemsays(1) “Tie” Select“Go”to playagain" 4 User chooses(2) Systemsays(1) “You Win”Select“Go” to play again"
28 NumberGuessingGame Description Nowit isyour turnto try out userinteractionwithasimple game. Thisgoesbackto the number guessinggame. The userwill inputanumbereachtime,saybetween 1and100. The computerwill randomlyselect1numbereachgame (note thisisdifferentthanthe example above whereitselectsa newanswereachround),andthe game continuesuntil the userguessesthe rightnumber. Like above,yoursolutionshouldaccommodateforinvalidinput,butdonotworryabout how to make that logicworkfor now. Your solutionshouldgivesome hintsthoughif the guessthe usermade wastoo highor too low,tohelpthemon theirway. Flowchart
29 Pseudocode function guessNumber(randomNumber: Integer, create Variable RandomNumber(1,100) : Integer create Variable enterNumber(1,100) : Integer create variable guessesTaken = (Φ) : Integer) returns Integer while enteredNumber = randomNumber(Φ){ Interger(1,100) return printString “Thinking number 1 thru 100” } while guessesTaken > (?){ returnPrintString “Make a Guess” guess = input() guess = integer{ if enteredNumber > random_number printreturn “too high” }if else{ enteredNumber < random_number printReturn “too low” enteredNumber = input; when done return “You have a match” } }fi endFunction
30 Phase 5: Using Abstractions inDesign Seeing Abstractions Throughoutthiscourse,we have beenrealizingthe detaileddesignforthe piecesof the whole picture we startedwithat the beginningof the course. We have builtmanyabstractions, solet’sgoback and documentwhatwe have foundandsee the abstractionswe have created. Abstraction Name Parameter List Scope/Purpose calculateSubtotal (totalPurchaseAmount :double, salesTaxRate : double) Appliessalestax andcomputesthe final amountdue. calculateProductProfit (productProfit Double, wholesalePrice : Double numberOfPurchases : Integer) Takesthe product retail price minus the wholesale price togetnet profits. applySafeDiscount (productPrice : Double, wholesalePrice : Double, applyDiscount : Double) Ensuresthat the systemwill not accidentallydiscountaproductbelow the wholesale price. Return Customer Bonus createVariable todaysDate:String createVariable lastPurchaseDate: string crateVariable totalDays : intger createVariable totalPurchaseAmount :Double) We wantto rewardcustomersfor returningtomake a purchase. Apply DiscountsFor Members (todaysDate : Date, lastPurchaseDate : Date, totalPurchaseAmount : Double, membershipLevel : Integer) Memberdiscounts basedonhisor hermembershipstatus. Order Total with Sales Tax (lineItemPrice: Array, lineItemQuantity : Array, saleTaxRate : Double) Appliestototalingupthe orderand thenaddinginsalestax. Calculate Profits (allProductSalesNumbers: Array, allProductPrices : Array, allProductWholesalePrices : Array) Appliestocalculatingprofitsfromall businessoperationsof sales. Rock, Paper, Scissors (computerChoice: Integer, playerChoice : Integer) Applieslogicloopsthatinteractwith others. The NumberGuessing Game create Variable (RandomNumber(1,100) :Integer create Variable enterNumber(1,100) :Integer create variable guessesTaken = 0 : Integer) A guessinggame createdtointeract withuserusingloops. Refactoring Sometimesitiseasyto see howthe whole solutioncanbe brokenintopieces,andothertimesitisdone as yousee abstractionsandopportunitiesforreuse inthe resultingdesign. Thisiscalled refactoring. For the pseudocode yousee below,lookforabstractionsyoucouldcreate andcreate a flowchartusingyour simplifications.
31 PsuedocodeinNeed of Refactoring NOTE: Comparisontable. WORKAREA –NOT FINAL. FIANLON NEXT PAGE(P-31) OLD: Color coded for inspection SWAG-1/(Scientific Wild Ass Guess) Array : namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput While (nameInput is not valid){ nameInput = prompt user for input if (nameInput is provided and not blank){ break out of loop }end loop Prompt user the input is required and not blank ]End loop Integer : indexForName = -1 For (index = all items in namesInSystem If (nameInput = namesInSystem[index]){ indexForName = index }endFi }End loop If (indexForName = -1){ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” }Else{ String : phoneNumberInput While (phoneNumber is not valid){ phoneNumber = prompt user for input if (phoneNumber is provided and not blank){ break out of loop }end loop Prompt user the input is required and not blank }End loop If (phoneNumber = phoneNumbersInSystem[indexForName]) Prompt “we found your account welcome” Else Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” End if End if Array : namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput nameInput = Validate (“User Name”); Integer : indexForName = -1 userExist = (CheckNameInSytem/nameInput,nameInSytem) If indexForName = index }Else{ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” }End Loop String : phoneNumberInput phoneNumberInput = validate (“Phone Number”); If (phoneNumber = phoneNumbersInSystem [indexForName]){ Prompt “we found your account welcome” }Else{ Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” }End Loop functionValidate (identifier:string) returnString{ createVariable valueString Repeat{ Print “Enter” identifier readValue Until (value < > empty) return Value } ]endFi
32 SWAG-3/ Pseudocode FINAL Array : namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput Intger : userExist nameInput = validate (“User Name”); Integer : indexForName = -1 userExist=checkUserNameInSytem(nameInput,nameInSytem) if (userExist==-1){ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” } String : phoneNumberInput phoneNumberInput = validate(“Phone Number”) if phoneNumberInput == phoneNumbersInSystem(userExist){ Prompt “we found your account welcome” }Else{ Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” }End Loop functionValidate (identifier:string) returnString{ createVariable value:String Repeat{ Print “Enter” identifier readValue Until (value < > empty) return Value } ]endFi Refactored Flowchart The above pseudocode islong,butyoucan omitmuch of the details. Youcan accomplishthe same logic removingmore than30 lines. Youdonot have to show all of the detailsremovedif movedintoan abstraction,simplyname the abstractionanddefinethe parameters tobe passedtothe call replacing the linesof code.
33 Enter flowchart: T Start Array : namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput functionValidate (identifier:string) Print “Enter” identifier nameInput = validate (“User Name”) readValue Until (value < > empty) If (nameInput = namesInSystem[index] F if phoneNumberInput == phoneNumbersInSystem){ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” phoneNumberInput = validate (“Phone Number F Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” T T Prompt “we found your account welcome”” EndFi

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IT-106 Pseudo-Coding Wk 5

  • 1.
    Contents Phase 1: DesignConcepts............................................................................................................... 1 Project Description...................................................................................................................... 1 Use Cases .................................................................................................................................... 1 Data Dictionary........................................................................................................................... 3 High Level Design Components ................................................................................................. 4 Detailed Design: Checkout Diagrams......................................................................................... 7 Design Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 8 Detailed Design: Product Research........................................................................................... 10 Diagrams................................................................................................................................ 10 Design – Using Pseudocode...................................................................................................... 11 Product Profit......................................................................................................................... 11 Phase 2: Sequential Logic Structures............................................................................................ 12 Design........................................................................................................................................ 12 Product Profit......................................................................................................................... 12 Phase 3: Problem Solving with Decisions .................................................................................... 13 Safe Discount......................................................................................................................... 14 Return Customer Bonus......................................................................................................... 16 Applying Discounts ............................................................................................................... 18 Phase 4: Problem Solving with Loops .......................................................................................... 21 Total order ............................................................................................................................. 21 Problems to Solve .................................................................................................................. 22 Calculate Profits..................................................................................................................... 22 Rock, Paper, Scissors............................................................................................................. 24 Number Guessing Game........................................................................................................ 27 Phase 5: Using Abstractions in Design ......................................................................................... 29 Seeing Abstractions................................................................................................................... 29 Refactoring................................................................................................................................ 29
  • 2.
    1 Phase 1: DesignConcepts ProjectDescription Althoughwe maybe late to the game,we will nevertheless jointhe worldof e-commerce tosell our fantasticproducton the Internet. Todo so,we needa Website that will allow forcommerce andsales. To be quickaboutit, we require the following:  Searchable inventoryandshoppingpages  A shoppingcart  A place forcustomersto registerwhentheymake purchases  A checkoutprocesstomake the purchase Withinthismainprocess,there are a bunch of otherneedsthatmustbe met,as follows:  We wantto track the date of the lastpurchase a customermake so we can offerincentivesand discountsbasedonthe lasttime theyshopped.  We will offersalesbasedonthe numberof differentitems thata personpurchases.  We will alsogive discountsfor bulkordersadiscountwhena personbuysmanyof the same item In additiontosalesfeature,the solutionmustprovide the abilitytomanage andresearchthe salesof products. It mustinclude the following:  Must be able toadd, update andremove product inventoryinreal time onthe site  Needstohave researchcapabilitiestodetermine how well aproductisselling, suchasthe following: o How oftenthe itemisviewed,addedtoshoppingcarts,andthenpurchased o How a price change affectssalesandprofit Use Cases From the descriptionabove,we canrelate thistothe followinguse cases,whichdescribe how the user will interactwithoursystem. Eachuse case isa set of screens that the userswouldinteractwithto accomplishsomethingtheyneedonthe site.
  • 3.
    2 In additiontothe customer’sactivity,thesolutionwill allow SalesAnalyststomanage andresearch productsales.
  • 4.
    3 Data Dictionary Variable NameType Description todaysDate Date Today’sdate,whenthe programis running creationDate Date The date the customercreatedtheiraccount priorPurchases Integer Numberof Purchasesthiscustomerhasmade in the past lastPurchaseDate Date The date of the lastpurchase the customermade lineItemPrice Array The price of each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart lineItemQuantity Array The quantityof each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart membershipLevel Integer The account nature of the customer 1 – Guest 2 – Registered 3 – Preferred totalPurchaseAmount Double The cost of all the itemsintheircurrentpurchase salesTaxRate Double The salestax to be chargedon a purchase productCategory Integer An indicatorof the categoryof the product 1 – ConsumerGoods 2 – Electronics 3 – Clothing productPrice Double The price of the product as soldto the customer wholesalePrice Double The price at whichwe purchase the product numberInCarts Integer The total numberof timesthisproducthas been addedto a shoppingcart numberOfPurchases Integer The numberof timesthis producthasbeen purchased allProductSalesNumbers Array A listforeach product of the numberof timesa producthas sold allProductPrices Array A listforeach productof the productprice allProductWholesalePrices Array A listforeach productof the productwholesale price
  • 5.
    4 High Level DesignComponents Our architectshave createdthe followingcomponentstobe realizedbyourdevelopmentteamin meetingthe use casesabove. SearchEngine ProductInventory ShoppingCart CardProcessing Purchasing CustomerManager UserSecurity
  • 6.
    5 Fill outthe followingtabletodescribe whichcomponentsare usedbyeachuse case and how each componentwill helprealize the use case: Use Case Component ServicesProvided Date todaysDate Today’sdate,whenthe programis running Search/Browse Inventory productInventory Providesaccessto the databaseof inventory of all productsand theirdescriptionsand prices and such. searchEngine Allowsfor searching on many criteria within the productdatabase productCategory 1 – ConsumerGoods 2 – Electronics 3 – Clothing lineItemPrice The price of each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart lineItemQuantity The quantityof each line itemthe customerhas addedto the cart RegisterAsCustomer customerManager Createand managecustomerprofileand personalinformation creationDate The date the customercreatedtheiraccount priorPurchases Numberof Purchasesthiscustomerhasmade in the past lastPurchaseDate The date of the lastpurchase the customer made userSecurity Providesecurity solutionsforthe visitors to the site Choose Products numberInCarts 1-Item 2-Item 3-Item totalPurchaseAmount The cost of all the itemsintheircurrent purchase salesTaxRate The salestax to be chargedon a purchase ApplyDiscounts membershipLevel 1 – Guest 2 – Registered 3 – Preferred Manage Products wholesalePrice The price at whichwe purchase the product productPrice The price of the product as soldto the customer allProductPrices A listforeach productof the productprice allProductWholesalePrices A listforeach productof the productwholesale price ResearchSales numberOfPurchases The numberof timesthisproducthasbeen purchased allProductSalesNumbers A listforeach productof the numberof timesa producthas sold
  • 7.
    6 My interpretation ofgraph above ↑ and below ↓ is yours. Use Case Component ServicesProvided Search/Browse Inventory ProductInventory Provides accessto the databaseof inventory of all productsand theirdescriptionsand prices and such. SearchEngine Allowsfor searching on many criteria within the productdatabase RegisterAs Customer CustomerManager Createand managecustomerprofile and personal information UserSecurity Providesecurity solutionsforthe visitors to the site Choose Products Search Engine Allowsfor searchingon manycriteria withinthe product database Purchasing Types ofproducts beingpurchasedand placed in cart Checkout ShoppingCart Whatcan be seen inthe cart for purchaseor return. UserSecurity Keepsusersecure while accessingsite for shopping preferencesandcheckout for creditcards Card Processing Monitors typesof payment and encrypts contents for secure transfer Apply Discounts Card Discount Amountof allowablediscountbasedonnew, returning or bulkbuyer. Manage Products Product Inventory Reviews the amountofproducts soldverses productsin stock Purchasing Assesswholesale versesretail and profits establishedthroughinput variables Research Sales Product Inventoy Reviews the amountofproducts soldverses productsin stock Purchasing Monitors numberof timesitempurchased, overall itemssold
  • 8.
    7 Detailed Design: CheckoutDiagrams We couldrealize thisdesignaseither structured orObject-Orientedgiventhe followingdesigndiagrams. Figure 1 Structure Designfor calculateOrderTotal calculate OrderTotal Calculate Subtotal bigBuyer Discount bulkBuyer Discount returnCustomer Bonus daysSinceLast Purchase
  • 9.
    8 Figure 2: SequenceDiagram for calculateOrderTotal DesignAnalysis Giventhe designsabove,we needtoanalyze whichapproachwe shouldtake andhow the code realizationwill differ. StructureDesign  Describe the implementationof the structure designin Figure 1and how it relatestothe Checkoutuse case. ANSWER: Implementationof the structure designcanbe usedwiththe decoratorstyle method as it ensures additional responsibilitiesare attachedtoan objectdynamicallykeepingthe same interface.Decoratorsprovide aflexiblealternativetosub-classingforextendingfunctionality.  What proceduresand functionsare beingcreatedinthe design? ANSWER:A procedure is a finite sequenceof well-defined instructions,each of which can be mechanically carried outin a finite amountof time. A functionisthe computerreadingthe variablesandconstantstofigure an outputcalculationbasedoncalculationsran. There are six executable functionsandprocedureswithinthisdesign.  What data wouldbe passedbetweenthese procedures andfunctions? ANSWER: The data isthe “calculateOrderTotal;bigBuyerDiscount;bulkBuyerDiscount; returnCustomerBonus”;passedto“discountManager; daysSinceLastPurchase; calculateSubtotal”;customer;calculateTotal. These wouldsendnumericalcalculationsthrough the psuedocode algorithmtogive afinal costassessmenttothe customer. ;Order ;DiscountManager ;Customer ;Taxes bigBuyerDiscount() bulkBuyerDiscount() returnCustomerBonus() daysSinceLastPurchase() calculateSubtotal()
  • 10.
    9 Object-Oriented Design Describe theimplementationof the object-orienteddesignin
  • 11.
    10  Figure 2 andhowit relatestothe Checkoutuse case. ANSWER:Unlike a procedural language,where the programisa seriesof tasksthatmust be performed,object-orientedlanguage ismade upof objectsthatinteractwithone another. Each objectismade up of a seriesof tasksthat can be performedindependentlyof otherobjects. These tasksare generallyhidden fromotherobjects,which preventsthemfrominterfering.Only the endresultsof the object’soperationsare thenseenbyotherobjects  What methodsare beingcreatedinthe design? ANSWER:A methodisreallythe same asa procedure, function orroutinein procedural programminglanguages.The onlydifference isthatinobject-orientedprogramming,amethod isalwaysassociatedwithaclass. The class definesall the commonproperties of the different objectsthatbelongtoit. In thisdesignthere are fourmethodsbeingcompiled. Theyare order; dicountManager;customer;taxes. What data wouldbe passedbetweenthese methods? ANSWER: The discounts, bonuses,dayssince lastpurchase,calculationsubtotal andtaxes. Comparison  How dothese approaches(StructuredversusOO) differ? ANSWER: Structuredcodingruns ina sequential format,whichrunseachfunctioninastep-by- stepprocess. Structureddesignisalsobetterforsmallerprogrammingcode asitismore efficientanddoesn’tuse asmanyfactorsto functionas OOPdoes. Asthe numberof functions withinthe structure increase,itbecomesintensivelydifficultforthe programtomanage data and operate efficiently. Youmayevenbe able to runa procedure withinthe OOPdesign. OOP has polymorphismwhere structureddoesn’t. Structuredmaybe identifiedasaclass within
  • 12.
    11 OOP. The classesworktogethertobettermanagethe whole flow of the programdependenton informationthatisinputted.  Whenwe get to code,howmuchwill the detailedimplementationdifferbecause of the high level designapproachwe have chosen? ANSWER: Unlike low-level languages,high-level languageshave highabstraction.Inother words,theyare much more similartothe language youspeakthanare the low-level languages. Many high-level languagesare verysimilarinsyntax tonatural language. Thismakes programmingmucheasier. High-level programminglanguagesuse abstractconceptssuchas loops,variables,andarrays.The mostrecenthigh-levellanguagesuse objectsthatare reusable. The drawback to high-levellanguagesisthattheyuse a lotof memoryandtake a lotof time to process.However,moderncomputersare fasterallowingthemtohandle these largerprograms. High-level languageprogramscanoftenbe compiledfordifferentplatforms. Detailed Design: Product Research Diagrams For the product research use case,take a stab at eithera structureddesigndiagramora sequence diagramthat wouldfulfill atleastpartof the functionalityof the use case. We will compare whatyou create here to the detaileddesignwe create throughthe restof the course as a wayof measuringyour progress. Provide adiagramof yourchoice here to show a flow forresearchingproducts. The exact detailsare flexible within the descriptionof the functionality,sodoyourbestto create a flowthatlookslike acode solutionusingthe componentsabove oronesyouthinkyouneed. Thisis practice that will give youameasuringstickforyour learningaswe see problemslater inthe course relatedtothissystem. Yes No No Yes NoYes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Product Research HP Computer Is item in stock? Input “n” quantity left Customer purchase +1 Add to cart/Purchase ? Adjust inventory = 0 Purchase Re-order item ? Adjust inventory -1 New Customer Gather information High Selling item Phase out Returning Customer Apply discount ? Visitor Discount applied First Name Last Name Proceed to Checkout?Continue Shopping?
  • 13.
    12 Design – UsingPseudocode ProductProfit Description It isimportantto knowthe profiteachproduct isprovidingtothe bottomline. Giventhatwe knowthe wholesalecost, the retail costto consumersand the numberof items we have sold, calculate the profit for a givenproduct. Pseudocode {function productProfit(productPrice : Double, wholesalePrice : Double, numberOfPurchases : Integer} Return Double { Input = createVariable(productPrice) Input2 = createVariable(wholesalePrice) profitPrice = (productPrice – wholesalePrice) returnProductprofit } End function
  • 14.
    13 Phase 2: SequentialLogic Structures Design ProductProfit Description Continuingwiththe same example of calculationproductprofit,utilize the same scenariotocreate a flowchart. Description - Itis importanttoknowthe profiteach productisprovidingtothe bottomline. Giventhat we knowthe wholesale cost,the retail costtoconsumersandthe numberof itemswe have sold, calculate the profitfora givenproduct. Flowchart profitPrice = (productPrice – wholesalePrice) Return ProductProfit endFunction productProfit(productPrice : Double
  • 15.
    14 AdditionalPseudocode Discusshowinput/output,operators,andexpressionsare presentedin pseudocodeaswell ashowthey are usedto accommodate needsforsequentiallogicwithinbusinessapplications. Additionally,discuss howvariousdata typesmaybe usedwithinsequential logicstructures. ANSWER: Pseudocode isdeliveredinafive-stepmethod. Aspartof these steps,input/output, expressionsandoperatorsare addressed. The firststepinvolvesdefiningthe elementsandother variablesof the functionthatyouwill needforthe pseudocode. Itwill alsoinclude the dimensional data variables,whichare partof the “INPUT” valuesof the code beingused. The input/outputoperatorscan alsobe establishedinthisprocesstouse informationfromthe keyboard,applyittothe functionand outputto the screenor printer. The final step,instepone,istoset upthe control functionsyouwill use. Be ittextand imagesorbasic controlsfromsimplerlanguages. Step2involvesaddingfunctional pseudocode toaddspecific“eventdriven”code toinitiate the projectonce youhave completedthe initial controls. Functional pseudocode normallyusesthe parametersof the “if”,“then”,“while”and “else”. Functional code alsoincorporatesthe expressionsof “READ”,“WRITE”, and“PRINT”. Step3 involvescheckingyourpseudocode forcompliance conventions. Ensure the above elementsare inyour code. These elementsadiversifiedthroughoutmanycode languagesandare an intrinsicpartof the processingof the function. Under step-4of the process,commentsshouldbe enteredtoensure the role of differenttaskandpartsof the code to the reader. Commentstonothave to riveteveryline of the processbut are goodfor transferringtoothersteps.Finally,step-5looksatreviewingthe syntax or pseudocode youhave justwritten. Ensure properspelling,markerpoint’s parenthesisare inkey positionsandsoon. SequentialLogicstructure isconsideredthe oldestformandmostusedtype of structure. The nice thingaboutsequential logicisitisbasicallyadesignerwritingastep-by-stepfunctionto be accomplishedforsearching,mappingoranyotheroperationneedingtobe conductedona system. Sequentiallogicislike writingashoppinglistandcanbe utilizedinanyprogrammingcode format, whetheritisone of the lowerendorhighendcoding programs. Itemsbelow are fortestingdata.  > Greaterthan  < Lessthan  ≥ Greaterthan or equal to  ≤ Lessthan or equal to  or && and symbol  or | | the “or” symbol  ¬ “is Not”  == logically equivalent
  • 16.
    15 Phase 3: ProblemSolving with Decisions SafeDiscount Description We wantto ensure thatthe systemwill notaccidentallydiscountaproductbelow the price thatitis purchasedfor. Thus, we want an operationto ensure that, whenadiscountisapplied,italwaysstays more than the original purchase price. Sample datacouldinclude the following:  A productat $10 witha wholesale price of $5and a discountof 10% returning$9.  A productat $10 witha wholesale price of $6and a discountof 50% returning$6. Pseudocode function applyDiscount(productPrice : Double, wholesalePrice : Double, applyDiscount : Double) Return Double createVariable (finalPrice : Double){ if finalPrice = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 100 return discount } if (finalPrice ≥ wholesalePrice)then{ returnPrice } else {return wholesalePrice ) ]return productPrice }fi End function
  • 17.
    16 Flowchart Flowchart finalPrice : Double returnProductPrice returnWholsalePriceif(finalPrice ≥ wholesalePrice) if finalPrice = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 100 returnProductPrice T F returnDiscount T F
  • 18.
    17 ReturnCustomerBonus Description We want toreward customers for returning to make a purchase. To incentivize, they receive a bonus discountas by the following levels. • Less than a week = 10% • More than 6 months = 6% • Otherwise, 1% for each month (consider a month to be 30 days) Sample data for testing: Scenario todaysDate lastPurchaseDate totalPuchaseAmount Return amount 1 2/1/2014 1/25/2014 $100 $90 2 2/1/2014 3/17/2013 $100 $94 3 2/1/2014 12/11/2013 $100 $99 customerReward todaysDate LstPurchDate TotPurchAmnt dicount 1 string string double 10 2 string string double 6 3 string string double 1
  • 19.
    18 Pseudocode function returnCustReward (todaysDate: Date, lastPurchaseDate : Date, totalPurchaseAmount : Double) returns double function returnCustomerBonus(customerBonus:double)then{ createVariable (TodaysDate:String) createVariable lastPurchaseDate:string crateVariable totalDays : intger createVariable totalPurchaseAmount:Double)return{ If totalDays = (todaysDate – lastPurchaseDate) return totalDays if (totalDays ≤ 7){ return customerBonus customerBonus = TotalPurchaseAmount X 0.10) } else { if (totaldays ≥ 30){ customerBonus = TotalPurchaseAmount X 0.01) } else { If (totalDays > 180) customerBonus = TotalPurchaseAmount X 0.06) return customerBonus ] }fi endFunction
  • 20.
    19 Flowchart . T Return Customer Bonus If totalDays= (todaysDate – lastPurchaseDate) Return totalDays if (totalDays ≤ 7 = customerPurchase x 0.10) if (totalDays ≥ 30 = customerPurchase x 0.01) If (totalDays > 180 = customerPurchase x 0.06) F newCustomer=NoBonus Return customerBonus End Function
  • 21.
    20 ApplyingDiscounts Description A customerreceives hisorherdiscountbasedonhisor hermembershipstatus. Preferredmembers receive areturnmemberbonus, andall registeredmembersreceiveabulkdiscount,butguestsdonot receive anydiscounts. Thisshouldreuse the discountsfromthe priorwork,sotestcases fromthere wouldapply. Justmake sure that guestsreceive nodiscount,registeredmembersjustgetadiscountforany itemsforthe bulk discount, andpreferredmembersgetboththe bulkdiscountandthe returncustomerbonus. Status bonusDiscount bulkDiscount noDiscount returnDiscount Preferred 10% 6% Registerd 6% Guests 0%` Pseudocode function applyDiscounts (todaysDate : Date, lastPurchaseDate : Date, totalPurchaseAmount : Double, membershipLevel : Integer) returns double if membershipLevelDiscount=(todaysDate – lastPurchasedate) x365 return days if (guest = membershipLevel < 7){ membershipLevelDiscount = guestDiscount (todaysDate,lastPurchaseDate,purchaseAmount,) } else if { if (membershipLevel = registered > 30) membershipLevelBonus = bulkDiscount (todaysDate,lastPurchaseDate,purchaseAmount) } else if{ If (membershipLevel = preferred > 180) membershipLevelDiscount = preferredDiscount + bulkDiscount (todaysDate,lastPurchaseDate,purchaseAmount) } Return membershipLevelDiscount }fi end function
  • 22.
    21 (Flowchart) .bulk Start Apply Discount (membershipLevelDiscount =(todaysDate – lastPurcahsedate, purchaseAmount X membershipLevelDiscount) if (guest = membershipLevel < 7) membershipLevelDiscount = guestDiscount) T F T T F F if (registered = membershipLevel > 30) if (preferred = membershipLevel > 180) membershipLevelDiscount = (bulkDiscount) membershipLevelDiscount = preferredDisount) Return membershipLevelDiscount endFunction
  • 23.
    22 Phase 4: ProblemSolving withLoops Total order Once the final pricesare calculatedforeach product,we needtototal up the order andthenadd in salestax. We needto go throughthe line itemsin anorderand figure outthe final price. Flowchart v Pseudocode function totalOrder (lineItemPrice: Array, lineItemQuantity : Array, saleTaxRate : Double) returns double Create variable Double : subtotal for (index = each item in lineItemPrice){ lineItemTotal = lineItemPrice[array] * lineItemQuantity[array] subtotal =subtotal + lineItemTotal end loop } return calculateSubtotal (subtotal x salesTaxRate) end function orderTotal Return calculateSubtotal (subtotal, salesTaxRate) Subtotal = subtotal +lineItemTotal index = each item in lineItemPrice lineItemTotal= lineItemPrice[index] x lineItemQuantity[index] End T Start
  • 24.
    23 Problemsto Solve Fill inthefollowingtable by walkingthroughthe logicabove. The ideaistoanalyze how the chart and pseudocode wascreated, because youwill be doingthisinafew minutes,so donotjustjumpto the easyanswer. Followthe stepsasif youare the computerexecutingthe software designed. Problem lineItemPrice lineItemQuantity saleTaxRate Return amount 1 [5.50, 3.00, 2.25] [12, 3, 10] 5% (5.5 x 12)x 0.05 = $69.30 (3.0 x 3) x 0.05 = $9.27 ($2.25 x 10) x 0.05 = $23.63 2 [5.50] [5] 5% ($5.50 x 5) x 0.05 = $28.88 3 [0] [0] 5% ($0.00 x 0) x 0.05 = $0.00 CalculateProfits Description Giventhe listof all the product pricesandwholesale pricesaswell asa listof all the itemssoldforeach productcalculate the netprofitfor all the products. Problem allProductPrices allWholesalePrices allSalesNumbers returnNetProfits (50,30,20,10,5) (35, 15,10,5,2) (60,80,20,45,70) $2735.00 allProductPrices:array - allWholsalePrices:array x allSalesNumbers:array = netReturns
  • 25.
    24 Flowchart Pseudocode function netProfits (allProductSalesNumbers:Array, allProductPrices : Array, allProductWholesalePrices : Array) returns double creatVariable Double : netProfits{ for (array = each item in allProductPrices, allWholesalePrices, allSalesNumbers ) netProfits=(allSalesNumbers) x allProductPrices – allPriductWholesalePrices netProfits = netprofits x allSalesNumbers } end Loop returnCalculateNetProfits (allSalesNumbers x allProductPrices - allWholesalePrices ) }fi end function createVariable Double : netProfits array = each item in allProductPrices, allWholesalePrices, allSalesNumbers netProfits = allSalesNumbers(array)x allProductPrices[array] – allPriductWholesalePrices[array) netProfits = netprofits x allSalesNumbers(array) returnCalculateNetProfits (allSalesNumbers x allProductPrices - allWholesalePrices ) End
  • 26.
    25 Rock,Paper, Scissors Description To expandfurther,wewanttotry out logicininteractingwithusers. Here isasample of a game,using loopsanddecisionstoallowapersonto play rock-paper-scissors withacomputer. Pseudocode We have a helperfunction thatwe will use here thattellsuswhowon. Itwill resultin +1if the player wins,a -1 if the computerwins,anda 0 if it isa tie. function compareOutcome(computerChoice: Integer, playerChoice : Integer) returns Integer Andthe main flowof my logicis as such. createVariable computerChoice : integer createVariable playerChoice : interger while (true) Integer : computerChoice = randomChooser() Integer : playerChoice = prompt “Enter a value” print “Enter a value” read value If (playerChoice is not a valid input) returnPrint “You picked bad number. Try again” Else Integer : outcome = compareOutcome(computerChoice, playerChoice) If (outcome = 0) Prompt user “It is a tie, try again” Else if (outcome = -1) Prompt user “You lost” Break out of loop Else Prompt user “You win” Break out of loop End if End if end loop
  • 27.
    26 Flowchart playerEntry is not avalid input outcome = 0 outcome = -1 Integer : computerChoice = ramdonChooser() Integer : playerChoice = prompt “Enter a value” Prompt user “You picked bad number, try again” Integer : outcome = compareOutcome(computerChoice, playerChoice) Prompt user ”It is a tie, try again” Prompt user “You lost” BreakPrompt “You won” End of game Break whileTrue
  • 28.
    27 Note:Inthiscase, note theadvantagesanddisadvantagesof flowchartsand psuedocode.The flowchart iseasyto followthe logicforone scenario,butdoesitmake it easierorharderto understandthe code as a whole? There isno strictanswer,butone that tellsyoua bitabout yourway of thinkingand personal preference. InteractionScenario For eitherof the solutionsabove, follow the logicandmap outyour interactionstep-by-step,tryingto exercise all pathsof the logic. Youwill have totake at least2 timesthroughthe game to mapall scenarios. Scenario1 = 1 rock 2 paper 3 scissors Step UserInput SystemResponse 1 User chooses50 Systemsayslower 2 User chooses(1) Systemsays(1) “Tie” Select “Go” to play again" 3 User chooses(3) Systemsays(1) “ I Win” Select “Go” to play again" 4 User chooses(2) Systemsays(1) “YouWin” Select “Go” to play again" Scenario2 Step UserInput SystemResponse 1 User chooses(4) Systemsayslower 2 User chooses(2) Systemsays(1) “You Win” Select“Go”to playagain" 3 User chooses(3) Systemsays(1) “ I Win”Select“Go”to play again" 4 User chooses(1) Systemsays(1) “Tie” Select“Go”to playagain" Step UserInput SystemResponse 1 User chooses(10) Systemsayslower 2 User chooses(3) Systemsays(1) “ I Win”Select“Go” to playagain" 3 User chooses(1) Systemsays(1) “Tie” Select“Go”to playagain" 4 User chooses(2) Systemsays(1) “You Win”Select“Go” to play again"
  • 29.
    28 NumberGuessingGame Description Nowit isyour turntotry out userinteractionwithasimple game. Thisgoesbackto the number guessinggame. The userwill inputanumbereachtime,saybetween 1and100. The computerwill randomlyselect1numbereachgame (note thisisdifferentthanthe example above whereitselectsa newanswereachround),andthe game continuesuntil the userguessesthe rightnumber. Like above,yoursolutionshouldaccommodateforinvalidinput,butdonotworryabout how to make that logicworkfor now. Your solutionshouldgivesome hintsthoughif the guessthe usermade wastoo highor too low,tohelpthemon theirway. Flowchart
  • 30.
    29 Pseudocode function guessNumber(randomNumber: Integer, createVariable RandomNumber(1,100) : Integer create Variable enterNumber(1,100) : Integer create variable guessesTaken = (Φ) : Integer) returns Integer while enteredNumber = randomNumber(Φ){ Interger(1,100) return printString “Thinking number 1 thru 100” } while guessesTaken > (?){ returnPrintString “Make a Guess” guess = input() guess = integer{ if enteredNumber > random_number printreturn “too high” }if else{ enteredNumber < random_number printReturn “too low” enteredNumber = input; when done return “You have a match” } }fi endFunction
  • 31.
    30 Phase 5: UsingAbstractions inDesign Seeing Abstractions Throughoutthiscourse,we have beenrealizingthe detaileddesignforthe piecesof the whole picture we startedwithat the beginningof the course. We have builtmanyabstractions, solet’sgoback and documentwhatwe have foundandsee the abstractionswe have created. Abstraction Name Parameter List Scope/Purpose calculateSubtotal (totalPurchaseAmount :double, salesTaxRate : double) Appliessalestax andcomputesthe final amountdue. calculateProductProfit (productProfit Double, wholesalePrice : Double numberOfPurchases : Integer) Takesthe product retail price minus the wholesale price togetnet profits. applySafeDiscount (productPrice : Double, wholesalePrice : Double, applyDiscount : Double) Ensuresthat the systemwill not accidentallydiscountaproductbelow the wholesale price. Return Customer Bonus createVariable todaysDate:String createVariable lastPurchaseDate: string crateVariable totalDays : intger createVariable totalPurchaseAmount :Double) We wantto rewardcustomersfor returningtomake a purchase. Apply DiscountsFor Members (todaysDate : Date, lastPurchaseDate : Date, totalPurchaseAmount : Double, membershipLevel : Integer) Memberdiscounts basedonhisor hermembershipstatus. Order Total with Sales Tax (lineItemPrice: Array, lineItemQuantity : Array, saleTaxRate : Double) Appliestototalingupthe orderand thenaddinginsalestax. Calculate Profits (allProductSalesNumbers: Array, allProductPrices : Array, allProductWholesalePrices : Array) Appliestocalculatingprofitsfromall businessoperationsof sales. Rock, Paper, Scissors (computerChoice: Integer, playerChoice : Integer) Applieslogicloopsthatinteractwith others. The NumberGuessing Game create Variable (RandomNumber(1,100) :Integer create Variable enterNumber(1,100) :Integer create variable guessesTaken = 0 : Integer) A guessinggame createdtointeract withuserusingloops. Refactoring Sometimesitiseasyto see howthe whole solutioncanbe brokenintopieces,andothertimesitisdone as yousee abstractionsandopportunitiesforreuse inthe resultingdesign. Thisiscalled refactoring. For the pseudocode yousee below,lookforabstractionsyoucouldcreate andcreate a flowchartusingyour simplifications.
  • 32.
    31 PsuedocodeinNeed of Refactoring NOTE:Comparisontable. WORKAREA –NOT FINAL. FIANLON NEXT PAGE(P-31) OLD: Color coded for inspection SWAG-1/(Scientific Wild Ass Guess) Array : namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput While (nameInput is not valid){ nameInput = prompt user for input if (nameInput is provided and not blank){ break out of loop }end loop Prompt user the input is required and not blank ]End loop Integer : indexForName = -1 For (index = all items in namesInSystem If (nameInput = namesInSystem[index]){ indexForName = index }endFi }End loop If (indexForName = -1){ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” }Else{ String : phoneNumberInput While (phoneNumber is not valid){ phoneNumber = prompt user for input if (phoneNumber is provided and not blank){ break out of loop }end loop Prompt user the input is required and not blank }End loop If (phoneNumber = phoneNumbersInSystem[indexForName]) Prompt “we found your account welcome” Else Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” End if End if Array : namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput nameInput = Validate (“User Name”); Integer : indexForName = -1 userExist = (CheckNameInSytem/nameInput,nameInSytem) If indexForName = index }Else{ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” }End Loop String : phoneNumberInput phoneNumberInput = validate (“Phone Number”); If (phoneNumber = phoneNumbersInSystem [indexForName]){ Prompt “we found your account welcome” }Else{ Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” }End Loop functionValidate (identifier:string) returnString{ createVariable valueString Repeat{ Print “Enter” identifier readValue Until (value < > empty) return Value } ]endFi
  • 33.
    32 SWAG-3/ Pseudocode FINAL Array: namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput Intger : userExist nameInput = validate (“User Name”); Integer : indexForName = -1 userExist=checkUserNameInSytem(nameInput,nameInSytem) if (userExist==-1){ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” } String : phoneNumberInput phoneNumberInput = validate(“Phone Number”) if phoneNumberInput == phoneNumbersInSystem(userExist){ Prompt “we found your account welcome” }Else{ Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” }End Loop functionValidate (identifier:string) returnString{ createVariable value:String Repeat{ Print “Enter” identifier readValue Until (value < > empty) return Value } ]endFi Refactored Flowchart The above pseudocode islong,butyoucan omitmuch of the details. Youcan accomplishthe same logic removingmore than30 lines. Youdonot have to show all of the detailsremovedif movedintoan abstraction,simplyname the abstractionanddefinethe parameters tobe passedtothe call replacing the linesof code.
  • 34.
    33 Enter flowchart: T Start Array :namesInSystem Array : phoneNumbersInSystem String : nameInput functionValidate (identifier:string) Print “Enter” identifier nameInput = validate (“User Name”) readValue Until (value < > empty) If (nameInput = namesInSystem[index] F if phoneNumberInput == phoneNumbersInSystem){ Prompt user “We cannot find your account, please call us” phoneNumberInput = validate (“Phone Number F Prompt “we cannot validate your account, try again later” T T Prompt “we found your account welcome”” EndFi