![Journal of Cancer Prevention & Current Research
Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver
Function in Poultry
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
Introduction
The most prevalent diseases in country poultry industry
that will infect broiler chickens epidemic; be disrupts the liver
function. The liver is an important diagnostic organ in broilers is
raised and on the other hand, Because of speed up the metabolism
in broiler chickens in order to increase production and efficiency,
The liver is an important center involved in the metabolism,
and the important medium of the gastrointestinal tract and the
blood has a special importance, And any Liver damage in broiler
chickens in the first step, On the nutrition and consequently will
affect on the efficiency of chickens [1].
And on the other hand, commonly used antibiotics in farms,
like other drugs cause unpleasant side effects, and in the high
doses, the body of poultry, a chronic toxic reaction, created, as it is
called Aplastic Anemia, and to cause severe liver toxicity with the
some drugs, such as neomycin and gentamicin, cause of sudden
death in poultry [2]. As well as antibiotics available in veterinary
pharmacies that are part of the of the amino glycosides family;
with the creation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and
most importantly, the creation of free radicals in tissues such as
the liver and kidneys have a negative impact And the impact of
self-poisoning some drugs used in the poultry industry, such as
gentamicin has been proven [3].
Hepatic Cytochrome p-450 system, acetaminophen is
metabolizestotheonepotentiallytoxicmetabolitecalledN-acetyl-
Parabanzoqin-imin (NAPQI) By Conjugation with glutathione,
mercaptorick acid be converted that the acid is soluble in water
and is excreted through the kidneys and is largely harmless. But in
high doses, with high production of toxic metabolites, Glutathione
reserves available the finished and therefore, Context, provided
for necrosis, and the continuation of this process Can be seen
Laboratory evidence of liver cell necrosis (Increased levels of
serum transaminases) and liver dysfunction.
One of the most important tests to evaluate liver function is
indicators enzymes of liver function [4]. Increased levels of AST
in serum, indicates liver damage and also ALT, which catalyzes
Volume 4 Issue 4 - 2016
Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Iran
*Corresponding author: Joulideh Pour Amin Reza,
Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan
Branch, Arsanjan, Iran, Email:
Received: February 12, 2016 | Published: April 04, 2016
Research Article
J Cancer Prev Curr Res 2016, 4(4): 00128
Abstract
Context: The most prevalent diseases in country poultry industry that will
infect broiler chickens epidemic; be disrupts the liver function. The liver is an
important diagnostic organ in broilers is raised and on the other hand, Because of
speed up the metabolism in broiler chickens in order to increase production and
efficiency, Hepatic Cytochrome p-450 system, acetaminophen is metabolizes to
the one potentially toxic metabolite called N-acetyl- Parabanzoqin-imin (NAPQI)
By Conjugation with glutathione, mercaptorick acid be converted that the acid
is soluble in water and is excreted through the kidneys and is largely harmless.
But in high doses, with high production of toxic metabolites, Glutathione reserves
available the finished and therefore, Context, provided for necrosis, and the
continuation of this process Can be seen Laboratory evidence of liver cell necrosis
(Increased levels of serum transaminases) and liver dysfunction. The liver is
an important center involved in the metabolism, and the important medium of
the gastrointestinal tract and the blood has a special importance and any Liver
damage in broiler chickens in the first step, on the nutrition and consequently
will affect on the efficiency of chickens.
Methods: 40 chicks were randomly were divided to two treatments and 20
replications for each treatment. Treatments included: control group, and
poisoned group. And at the end of the period of investigation, enzymes that the
liver function indicators (AST, ALT, ALP) were determined and examined.
Acetaminophen medication manufactured by the pharmaceutical Aria (Tehran,
Iran) with a dose 650 mg per kg of live weight of chickens were used for 7 days.
Results: With a high level of assurance can be said that the use of acetaminophen
drug at a dose was used thereby increasing is All three indexes liver enzymes
(AST, ALT and ALP), because the differences mentioned significant at less than
0/01.
Conclusion: Drug acetaminophen at doses of 650 mg per kg body weight of
broiler chickens for one week, it can establish liver toxicity and in research as an
inducer drug of poisoning In order to research on other diseases that impair the
function of the liver Such as cites disease, can be used.
Keywords: Liver function enzymes; Broiler chickens; Acetaminophen; Poisoned](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/84e74b4c-32f0-4378-9a52-7f946be1261e-160529085357/85/JCPCR-04-00128-1-320.jpg)
![Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry 2/5
Copyright:
©2016 Joulideh Pour
Citation: Joulideh Pour AR (2016)Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry. J Cancer Prev Curr Res 4(4): 00128. DOI:
10.15406/jcpcr.2016.04.00128
the conversion alanine to private and glutamate, is more specific
For liver and more appropriate parameters for detecting liver
damage, and the other side, Serum ALP is associated with liver
cell function.
The liver as largest glands of the gastrointestinal tract receives
efferent Blood of intestine. And therefore: All material is absorbed
in the intestines of toxins and exogenous entered the liver. Poultry
liver is as a detoxifier member, that, a significant portion of
its detoxification activities is relevant to neutralize the toxins
produced by harmful microbes [5].
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of
acetaminophen on poultry liver function due to toxic doses of
acetaminophen.
Method
We are in the main hall of 10,000 breeding chickens kept for
one day and randomly (male and female) and 40 chickens choose
to do the rest of the steps we’ve taken to the cage.
Acetaminophen medication manufactured by the
pharmaceutical Aria (Tehran, Iran) with a dose 650 mg per kg of
live weight of chickens were used for 7 days (on the basis of other
studies) [6].
Blood parameters
Almost 6 ml of blood from each chicken and in a simple test
tube was poured and the tube with cover was closed. Test tubes
were labeled with the extract name and number chicken. Test
tubes in a container with a temperature of about 2-4° C storage
and transferred to the laboratory and then for 10 minutes at a
speed of 3000 rpm was used in centrifuges to separate serum.
After separation of the serum, each of the serum samples were
transferredtoaspecialtesttubesandserumsamplesisolatedwere
stored in the freezer at 20 degrees Celsius below zero until the
measured blood parameters and the parameters of blood serum
was measured Pars Azmoun kits by using the spectrophotometer
Model RA1000.
Evaluation of liver function
Important for the homeostasis of the liver is one of the major
clinical diagnoses. One of the most important tests to liver function
is evaluation of liver enzymes.
When hepatocytes die by necrotic response to inflammation or
infection, Enzymes are released such as alanine amino transferase
(ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST). These enzymes
can be measured easily and increase their serum shows the liver
damage.
Enzymes alanine amino transferase (ALT)
This enzyme called glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT)
wasknown,naturallyfoundinbloodandspinalfluidbutthereisno
in the urine. Level of ALT enzymes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
was greater than the extracellular fluid and liver damage may
leave the cell and serum concentrations increase it [1].
The enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST):
This enzyme also was called serum glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase. Serum AST levels may be increased in liver disease
all animal species. This enzyme may be increased in acute
hepatitis and chronic liver disease and as well as in heart disease
and loss of muscle movement also increased [1].
The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP):
This enzyme is the Serum enzymes that rise in liver and bone
disease. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels are naturally in young
people is higher the elderly. In adults, the alkaline phosphatase
is mainly comes from liver. Whereas, in the growing children,
the source most important is the bone cells and also Increasing
the amount of this enzyme in the Hepatobiliary tract disease,
the development of liver lesions, Lesions resulting from bone
osteoblasts, at the time of process of bone repair, Lesions of the
gastrointestinal tract such as malabsorption, Necrosis of the lungs
and kidneys, and even the spleeny infarction and hyperthyroidism
[1].
Materials and Methods
Independentvariablewithtwolevelsofmedicinalsupplements
(healthy controls and poisoned) and the dependent variable is the
blood parameters (AST, ALT, ALP) and at a continuous scale was
measured.
In this study, the experimental and control groups were
equivalent at random. The experimental group was influenced
by Acetaminophen and the control group was kept away from the
effect of this drug. And at the end, the difference between blood
parameters tested at the groups (Table 1).
Table1: Partitioning.
The
Group
The Group
Name
The Number of
chicks
Dosage of
Acetaminophen
1
The Control
Group
20 0
2
Poisoning
Group
20 650 mg/kg
Statistical analysis of data
This study, the experimental (intervention) and to the
implementation of the factorial design was used and data were
analyzed by ANOVA. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used in some cases to an independent variable and the dependent
variable there is little class.
Thus, to assess the mean difference of two or more groups of
ANOVA used.
The two groups (control group without medication and group
that were under medication) were compared with the results
below.
According to Table 2, at control group that under the influence
of medication (acetaminophen), three liver enzyme levels was
more than the control group that did not use the drug. Based on
the results of the comparison between the averages of which is
reflected in Table 3, the differences are significant at less than
0/01. In other words, it can be concluded with high confidence
level that the use of fixed-dose drug used acetaminophen
poisoning caused as a result of elevated liver enzymes AST, ALT
and ALP is have been [7-9].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/84e74b4c-32f0-4378-9a52-7f946be1261e-160529085357/85/JCPCR-04-00128-2-320.jpg)
JCPCR-04-00128
- 1. Journal of Cancer Prevention & Current Research Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Introduction The most prevalent diseases in country poultry industry that will infect broiler chickens epidemic; be disrupts the liver function. The liver is an important diagnostic organ in broilers is raised and on the other hand, Because of speed up the metabolism in broiler chickens in order to increase production and efficiency, The liver is an important center involved in the metabolism, and the important medium of the gastrointestinal tract and the blood has a special importance, And any Liver damage in broiler chickens in the first step, On the nutrition and consequently will affect on the efficiency of chickens [1]. And on the other hand, commonly used antibiotics in farms, like other drugs cause unpleasant side effects, and in the high doses, the body of poultry, a chronic toxic reaction, created, as it is called Aplastic Anemia, and to cause severe liver toxicity with the some drugs, such as neomycin and gentamicin, cause of sudden death in poultry [2]. As well as antibiotics available in veterinary pharmacies that are part of the of the amino glycosides family; with the creation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and most importantly, the creation of free radicals in tissues such as the liver and kidneys have a negative impact And the impact of self-poisoning some drugs used in the poultry industry, such as gentamicin has been proven [3]. Hepatic Cytochrome p-450 system, acetaminophen is metabolizestotheonepotentiallytoxicmetabolitecalledN-acetyl- Parabanzoqin-imin (NAPQI) By Conjugation with glutathione, mercaptorick acid be converted that the acid is soluble in water and is excreted through the kidneys and is largely harmless. But in high doses, with high production of toxic metabolites, Glutathione reserves available the finished and therefore, Context, provided for necrosis, and the continuation of this process Can be seen Laboratory evidence of liver cell necrosis (Increased levels of serum transaminases) and liver dysfunction. One of the most important tests to evaluate liver function is indicators enzymes of liver function [4]. Increased levels of AST in serum, indicates liver damage and also ALT, which catalyzes Volume 4 Issue 4 - 2016 Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Iran *Corresponding author: Joulideh Pour Amin Reza, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Arsanjan, Iran, Email: Received: February 12, 2016 | Published: April 04, 2016 Research Article J Cancer Prev Curr Res 2016, 4(4): 00128 Abstract Context: The most prevalent diseases in country poultry industry that will infect broiler chickens epidemic; be disrupts the liver function. The liver is an important diagnostic organ in broilers is raised and on the other hand, Because of speed up the metabolism in broiler chickens in order to increase production and efficiency, Hepatic Cytochrome p-450 system, acetaminophen is metabolizes to the one potentially toxic metabolite called N-acetyl- Parabanzoqin-imin (NAPQI) By Conjugation with glutathione, mercaptorick acid be converted that the acid is soluble in water and is excreted through the kidneys and is largely harmless. But in high doses, with high production of toxic metabolites, Glutathione reserves available the finished and therefore, Context, provided for necrosis, and the continuation of this process Can be seen Laboratory evidence of liver cell necrosis (Increased levels of serum transaminases) and liver dysfunction. The liver is an important center involved in the metabolism, and the important medium of the gastrointestinal tract and the blood has a special importance and any Liver damage in broiler chickens in the first step, on the nutrition and consequently will affect on the efficiency of chickens. Methods: 40 chicks were randomly were divided to two treatments and 20 replications for each treatment. Treatments included: control group, and poisoned group. And at the end of the period of investigation, enzymes that the liver function indicators (AST, ALT, ALP) were determined and examined. Acetaminophen medication manufactured by the pharmaceutical Aria (Tehran, Iran) with a dose 650 mg per kg of live weight of chickens were used for 7 days. Results: With a high level of assurance can be said that the use of acetaminophen drug at a dose was used thereby increasing is All three indexes liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), because the differences mentioned significant at less than 0/01. Conclusion: Drug acetaminophen at doses of 650 mg per kg body weight of broiler chickens for one week, it can establish liver toxicity and in research as an inducer drug of poisoning In order to research on other diseases that impair the function of the liver Such as cites disease, can be used. Keywords: Liver function enzymes; Broiler chickens; Acetaminophen; Poisoned
- 2. Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry 2/5 Copyright: ©2016 Joulideh Pour Citation: Joulideh Pour AR (2016)Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry. J Cancer Prev Curr Res 4(4): 00128. DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2016.04.00128 the conversion alanine to private and glutamate, is more specific For liver and more appropriate parameters for detecting liver damage, and the other side, Serum ALP is associated with liver cell function. The liver as largest glands of the gastrointestinal tract receives efferent Blood of intestine. And therefore: All material is absorbed in the intestines of toxins and exogenous entered the liver. Poultry liver is as a detoxifier member, that, a significant portion of its detoxification activities is relevant to neutralize the toxins produced by harmful microbes [5]. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of acetaminophen on poultry liver function due to toxic doses of acetaminophen. Method We are in the main hall of 10,000 breeding chickens kept for one day and randomly (male and female) and 40 chickens choose to do the rest of the steps we’ve taken to the cage. Acetaminophen medication manufactured by the pharmaceutical Aria (Tehran, Iran) with a dose 650 mg per kg of live weight of chickens were used for 7 days (on the basis of other studies) [6]. Blood parameters Almost 6 ml of blood from each chicken and in a simple test tube was poured and the tube with cover was closed. Test tubes were labeled with the extract name and number chicken. Test tubes in a container with a temperature of about 2-4° C storage and transferred to the laboratory and then for 10 minutes at a speed of 3000 rpm was used in centrifuges to separate serum. After separation of the serum, each of the serum samples were transferredtoaspecialtesttubesandserumsamplesisolatedwere stored in the freezer at 20 degrees Celsius below zero until the measured blood parameters and the parameters of blood serum was measured Pars Azmoun kits by using the spectrophotometer Model RA1000. Evaluation of liver function Important for the homeostasis of the liver is one of the major clinical diagnoses. One of the most important tests to liver function is evaluation of liver enzymes. When hepatocytes die by necrotic response to inflammation or infection, Enzymes are released such as alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST). These enzymes can be measured easily and increase their serum shows the liver damage. Enzymes alanine amino transferase (ALT) This enzyme called glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) wasknown,naturallyfoundinbloodandspinalfluidbutthereisno in the urine. Level of ALT enzymes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes was greater than the extracellular fluid and liver damage may leave the cell and serum concentrations increase it [1]. The enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST): This enzyme also was called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Serum AST levels may be increased in liver disease all animal species. This enzyme may be increased in acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease and as well as in heart disease and loss of muscle movement also increased [1]. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP): This enzyme is the Serum enzymes that rise in liver and bone disease. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels are naturally in young people is higher the elderly. In adults, the alkaline phosphatase is mainly comes from liver. Whereas, in the growing children, the source most important is the bone cells and also Increasing the amount of this enzyme in the Hepatobiliary tract disease, the development of liver lesions, Lesions resulting from bone osteoblasts, at the time of process of bone repair, Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract such as malabsorption, Necrosis of the lungs and kidneys, and even the spleeny infarction and hyperthyroidism [1]. Materials and Methods Independentvariablewithtwolevelsofmedicinalsupplements (healthy controls and poisoned) and the dependent variable is the blood parameters (AST, ALT, ALP) and at a continuous scale was measured. In this study, the experimental and control groups were equivalent at random. The experimental group was influenced by Acetaminophen and the control group was kept away from the effect of this drug. And at the end, the difference between blood parameters tested at the groups (Table 1). Table1: Partitioning. The Group The Group Name The Number of chicks Dosage of Acetaminophen 1 The Control Group 20 0 2 Poisoning Group 20 650 mg/kg Statistical analysis of data This study, the experimental (intervention) and to the implementation of the factorial design was used and data were analyzed by ANOVA. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in some cases to an independent variable and the dependent variable there is little class. Thus, to assess the mean difference of two or more groups of ANOVA used. The two groups (control group without medication and group that were under medication) were compared with the results below. According to Table 2, at control group that under the influence of medication (acetaminophen), three liver enzyme levels was more than the control group that did not use the drug. Based on the results of the comparison between the averages of which is reflected in Table 3, the differences are significant at less than 0/01. In other words, it can be concluded with high confidence level that the use of fixed-dose drug used acetaminophen poisoning caused as a result of elevated liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP is have been [7-9].
- 3. Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry 3/5 Copyright: ©2016 Joulideh Pour Citation: Joulideh Pour AR (2016)Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry. J Cancer Prev Curr Res 4(4): 00128. DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2016.04.00128 Table 2: Mean value and standard deviation of both groups (healthy and poisoned). Variable Poisoned Group Control Group Standard Deviation Average Standard Deviation Average AST 28/07 295/8 38/83 244/4 ALT Apr-41 31/1 6-Mar 24 ALP 1009/18 5203 516/21 3104/5 Table 3: t-test in order to evaluate the effect of acetaminophen on elevated liver enzymes. liver enzymes t-Test Degrees of Freedom Mean Difference Degrees of Freedom AST -0.007653061 18 -12.75 0/003 ALT -0.004143646 18 -0.857142857 0/002 ALP -0.008561644 18 -419.6 0/000 Discussion Given those significant differences in levels of less than 0/01. That is to say with high confidence can be concluded that use of the drug acetaminophen, the dose used to enhance all three enzymes indicator of liver function (AST, ALT and ALP) and because liver enzymes nearly two-fold increase , it can be concluded that at a dose of 650 mg of acetaminophen can cause liver toxicity in broilers (Figure 1-3). Conclusion Acetaminophen medication given at a dose of 650 mg, an increase in liver enzymes Performance Index (AST, ALT and ALP) and can cause liver toxicity in broilers. And research that needs to toxic materials at the lowest cost and highest efficiency in poultry is to induce toxicity in doses of acetaminophen can be specified in the scheme (650 mg per kg) can be used. Figure 1: compares the average liver enzyme AST in both control and poisoned.
- 4. Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry 4/5 Copyright: ©2016 Joulideh Pour Citation: Joulideh Pour AR (2016)Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry. J Cancer Prev Curr Res 4(4): 00128. DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2016.04.00128 Figure 2: Compares the average liver enzyme ALT in both control and poisoned. Figure 3: Compares the average liver enzyme ALP in both control and poisoned.
- 5. Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry 5/5 Copyright: ©2016 Joulideh Pour Citation: Joulideh Pour AR (2016)Effects of Acetaminophen as a Toxic Drug on the Liver Function in Poultry. J Cancer Prev Curr Res 4(4): 00128. DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2016.04.00128 References 1. Zareie Ali (2007) Effects of husk tomato fruit extract on liver function tests and some blood biochemical factors in male Westar rats, Master Thesis of Islamic Azad University of Kazeroun. 2. Hashemi S, H Davoodi (2010) Phytogenics as new class of feed additive in poultry industry. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9(17): 2295-2304. 3. Burt S (2004) Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review. Int J Food Microbiol 94(3): 223-253. 4. Maass N, J Bauer, Paulicks B, Bohmer B, Roth‐Maier D (2005) Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs. J Anim Phy Anim Nut 89(7-8): 244-252. 5. Van Beneden CA, Keene WE, Strang RA, Werker DH, King AS, et al. (1999) Multinational outbreak of Salmonella enteric serotype Newport infections due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts. JAMA 281(2): 158-162. 6. Jajvandian R (2008) The protective effect of turmeric in experimental liver toxicity in broiler chickens Arian and the resulting enzyme changes. Physiology and Pharmacology 8(2): 176-169. 7. Cuppett SL, Hall CA (1998) Antioxidant activity of the Labiatae. Adv Food Nutr Res 42: 245-271. 8. Giannenas I, Pappas IS, Mavridis S, Kontopidis G, Skoufos J (2010) Performance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens supplemented with dried mushroom (Agarics Bosporus) in the diet. Poult Sci 89(2): 303-311. 9. Koeppen B, Stanton B (2010) Berne & Lev Physiology, (6th edn).