Judgment and Proposition-Explanation .pptx
- 1. J U D G M E N T A N D PROPOSITION GEOVANNI S. DELOS REYES MARCH 2025
- 2. JUDGEMENT Judgment is the act of the mind, which expresses affirmation, or denial of relationships that exists between the two ideas formed in the mind after the process of simple apprehension is accomplished by the mind. This mental operation is designated as the second act of the mind. However, it should not be misinterpreted that simple apprehension precedes judgment according to the order of time for such assertion is beyond rational demonstration owing to the fact that the complete reasoning process cannot be rationally broken into different units of actions. Yet, due to the mind’s limited capacity, books in philosophy present the whole process by dividing it into three units namely; simple
- 3. PROPOSITIO N A proposition contains judgment. It is a judgment expressed in a sentence, or a sentence pronouncing the agreement or disagreement between two ideas. However, not all kinds of sentence are considered as proposition.
- 4. ELEMENTS OF PROPOSITION SUBJECT Its is the one that either affirms or denies something about the predicate PREDICATE It is the one in which something is either affirmed or denied in whatever manner. COPULA The copula (also known as verb in English grammar) is the one which causes the logical connection when there is affirmation or separation (negation) or when there is a denial expressed in the whole categorical proposition.
- 5. The Copula is expressed in the use of the following “be” verbs: a. Is (am, are) the copula “IS” is appropriately applicable in a proposition which affirms the relationship existing between the subject and the predicate.
- 6. The Copula is expressed in the use of the following “be” verbs: b. Is (am, are) not the copula “IS NOT” is functional only in a categorical proposition which denies the existence of any relationship between the subject and the predicate.
- 7. Example: CONSTRUCTING A PROPOSITION S The correct form should be: • Subject c P • Copula • Predicat e All men are rational. • Subject • Copula • Predicat e All men are rational.
- 8. A QUALITY OF PROPOSITION The quality is affirmative if the proposition affirms something. As a result, the proposition itself is called an affirmative proposition (not positive proposition). 1 AFFIRMATIVE Money is a medium of exchange. EXAMPLE: GENERAL TYPES OF PROPOSITION SUBJECT PREDICATE COPULA QUALITY: Affirmativ e
- 9. A QUALITY OF PROPOSITION The quality is negative if the proposition denies or negates something. As a result, the proposition itself is called a negative proposition. 2 NEGATIVE Mr. Brown is not a brown person EXAMPLE: GENERAL TYPES OF PROPOSITION SUBJECT PREDICATE COPULA QUALITY: Negative
- 10. B. QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION The quantity or extension of a proposition is determined by the quantity or extension of the subject term. Simply, it means that whatever is the quantity or extension of the subject term is the quantity embraced by the whole proposition. Thus, it is safe to assume the following formula for the convenience of the study: Subject (Singular) = Proposition (Singular) GENERAL TYPES OF PROPOSITION Subject (Particular) = Proposition (Particular) Subject (Universal) = Proposition (Universal)
- 11. B. QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION a. Jose Rizal is a Filipino. GENERAL TYPES OF PROPOSITION Jose Rizal (Singular Subject) = Singular Proposition EXAMPLES: b. No non-beliver has a religion. Non-believer (Universal Subject) = Universal Proposition c. Some politicians are lawyers. Politicians (Particular Subject) = Particular
- 12. THE ORDINARY PROPOSITION (A, E, I and O) To facilitate the study of the proposition in terms of its quality and quantity Aristotle, the author of logic, has instituted the use of the four basic symbols A, E, I, and O. These four symbols which are all vowels were derived from two Latin terms namely; affirmo and nego. this case, affirmo is the first person, singular, indicative mood, and in the active voice of the infinitive verb “affirmare” which means “to affirm” in English. The first two vowels of affirmo are A and I. Hence, A and I are properly designated here as affirmative symbols. On the other hand, the Latin term nego is the first person, singular, indicative mood, and in the active voice of the infinitive verb “negare” which means in English “to deny.” Hence, the symbols E and O are clearly designated here as negative symbols, being derived from nego.
- 13. The following table can help us understand vividly the appropriate use and interpretation of such use of the symbols in analyzing the quality and quantity of propositions. From the table above, it is clear that the symbols for singular and universal propositions are the same and the difference lies only in the quality. Always remember that these symbols are only valid for the analysis of propositions.
- 14. Examples: 1. Every Economic Resource Used in Business Is an Asset. Analysis: Proposition’s Quantity (Universal) + A Quality (Affirmative) = 2. A Lot of Business Are Not Illiquid. Analysis: Proposition’s Quantity (Particular) + O Quality (Negative) = 3. No Internal Control Can Perfectly Prevent Fraud. Analysis: Proposition’s Quantity (Universal) + E Quality (Negative) = 4. Many Filipino Artists Are Still Unrecognized. Analysis: Proposition’s Quantity (Particularl) + I Quality (Affirmative) = 5. This Book is Affordable. Analysis: Proposition’s Quantity (Singularl) + A Quality (Affirmative) =
- 15. The general rule is “the predicate of an affirmative proposition is particular, unless it is singular.” As such, the determinant of the predicate is the proposition’s quality. However, an exception to the rule is validly invoked every time the predicate’s quantifier is proven to be singular which causes it to be singular as well. 01 Rule for Affirmative Proposition Quantity and/or Extension of the Predicate Examples: Human souls are immaterial substances. Analysi s: Proposition’s Quality (Affirmative) = Predicate (Particular) - General Rules applies The lowest returns to the business this year is also the lowest in the country’s history. Analysi s: Proposition’s Quality (Affirmative) = Immediate Quantifier of the Predicate (Singular) = Predicate (Singular) - an exception to the general rule As a rule, the determinant of the predicate is the proposition’s quality. However, an exception to the rule is validly invoked every time the predicate’s quantifier is proven singular which causes it to be singular as well.
- 16. The general rule states that “The predicate of a negative proposition is universal, unless it is singular.” Thus, it holds that negative propositions use a universal predicate, except if the predicate has an immediate singular quantifier, which also causes it to be singular. 02 Rule for Negative Proposition Quantity and/or Extension of the Predicate Examples: No money economy is spared from inflation. Analysi s: Proposition’s Quality (Negative) = Predicate (Universal) - General Rules applies Baroque is not the oldest style of architecture. Analysi s: Proposition’s Quality (Negative) = Immediate Quantifier of the Predicate (Singular) = Predicate (Singular) - an exception to the general rule
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