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Language planning
This document discusses language planning, which involves creating policies to direct or change language use. It defines language planning as attempts to modify a language's status or internal condition. The document outlines reasons for language planning like maintaining linguistic identities. It also describes the key concepts of status planning, which changes a language's function and rights, and corpus planning, which develops a language. Finally, it discusses four common ideologies and the four stages of language planning: selection, codification, modernization, and implementation.
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Overview of language planning, presented by a group led by Huma Saleem.
Introduction to language planning stages, definitions by Weinrich and Crystal, and reasons for language planning.
Status and corpus planning, their definitions, functions, and interrelation in language modifications.
Four ideologies: assimilation, pluralism, vernacularization, and internationalism exploring their applications.
Outcomes of planning decisions on language status, emphasizing official bilingualism and potential eradication.
Case studies of linguistic situations in France and Belgium illustrating language planning dynamics.
Sequential steps in language planning: selection, codification, modernization, and implementation.
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Language planning
- 1. LANGUAGE PLANNING Presented to:Sir Waleed Butt Presented by: Huma Saleem Shafaq Mir Mahnoor Shabbir Ayesha Afzal
- 2. PLANNING Language Planning A Reason for Language Planning Some Basic issues A Variety of Situations Stages of Language Planning
- 3. BIRTH OF LANGUAGEPLANNING Language planning was first put forward by Uriel Weinrich, in 1957,at a seminar held in Columbia University. In the literature concerned with "language planning", the American-Norwegian sociolinguist Einar Haugen is often mentioned as the person who gave birth to the concept.
- 4. HOW LANGUAGE PLANNINGIS DEFINED The development of policies or programs designed to direct or change language use, through the establishment of an official language. The numerous attempts that have been made to change a particular variety of a language or some aspect of how either of these functions in society. Such changes are usually described as instances of language planning. Ronald (1998, p. 347)
- 5. HOW LANGUAGE PLANNINGIS DEFINED Language planning involves the creation and implementation of an official policy about how the languages and linguistic varieties of a country are to be used. David Crystal (1996, p. 366)
- 6. THE REASONS FORLANGUAGE PLANNING Different social groups wish to maintain their linguistic identities and interests, and may actively and often violently campaign for recognition. Many governments try to solve their problems of slow linguistic evolution by engaging in conscious, principled ‘language planning’.
- 7. LANGUAGE PLANNING ISCARRIED OUT BY: Government departments and agencies Academies Committees Popular societies Individuals
- 8. SOME BASIC ISSUES Language planning is an attempt to interfere deliberately with a language or one of its varieties which may focus on either its status with regard to some other language or variety or its internal condition with a view to changing that condition, or on both of these since they are not mutually exclusive. The first focus results in status planning, the second corpus planning.
- 9. STATUS PLANNING; CORPUSPLANNING Status planning changes the function of a language or a variety of a language and the rights of those who use it. Ronald Wardhaugh(1998, p. 347).
- 10. CONTI… Corpus planningseeks to develop a variety of a language or a language, usually to standardize it, that is, to provide it with the means for serving every possible language function in society.
- 11. The corpus/statusdichotomy emphasizes the dual nature of language planning, that is, its concern with both the linguistic and social aspects of language. “Corpus planning” refers to all actions aiming at modifying “the nature of the language itself”, “Status planning” is concerned with whether the social status of language should be lowered or raised. However, the two cannot be separated from each other. And language planning can never be corpus-oriented or statusoriented exclusively.
- 12. 4 IDEOLOGIES OFDECISION MAKING Four typical ideologies that may motivate actual decision-making in language planning in a particular society are following: 1. Linguistic assimilation 2. Linguistic pluralism 3. Vernacularizaiton 4. Internationalism
- 13. LINGUISTIC ASSIMILATION Thebelief that everyone, regardless of origin,should learn the dominant language of the society. For example: • France applied this policy to various peoples within its borders. • Russification in the former Soviet Union.
- 14. LINGUISTIC PLURALISM Therecognition of more than one language, also takes a variety of forms. It can be territorially or individually based or there may be some combination of the two. It can be complete or partial, so that all or only some aspects of life can be conducted in more than one language in society. Examples are countries like Canada, India.
- 15. VERNACULARIZATION The restorationor elaboration of an indigenous (native) language and its adoption as an official language. Examples: • Hebrew in Israel; • Tagalog(or Pilipino) in the Philippines
- 16. INTERNATIONALISM The adoptionof a non-indigenous (non native) language of wider communication either as an official language or for such purposes, as education or trade. Example: English in Singapore, India, the Pilippines
- 17. As aresult of planning decisions: A language can achieve one of a variety of statuses. A language may be recognized as the sole official language, as French is in France. Two or more languages may share official status in some countries, e.g., English and French in Canada and Cameroon. A language may also have official status but only on a regional basis, e.g., German in Belgium.
- 18. Planning decisionswill obviously play a very large role in determining what happens to any minority language or languages in a country. They can result in deliberate attempts to eradicate such a language, as with Franco’s attempt to eliminate Basque from Spain by banning it from public life.
- 19. A VARIETY OFSITUATION We will look at a variety of linguistic situations in the world to see some instances of planning. France serves as a good example of a country which has a single national language and does little or nothing for any other language. The bilingualism of Belgium.Today, French and Flemis(Dutch) co-exist in a somewhat uneasy truce in Belgium. The struggle between the French and the Flemish has a long history.
- 20. 4 STAGES OFLANGUAGE PLANNING Selection Codification Modernization Implementation
- 21. 1. SELECTION Choosea single language as a norm for official, educational, and other purposes.
- 22. 2. CODIFICATION • Thechosen language needs to be developed to meet the demands placed upon it as a medium of national or international communication. • If the language has previously existed only in spoken form, or in an unusual writing system, an alphabet will have to be devised, along with rules of spelling and punctuation. • An early aim will be the codification of the pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary to provide a set of norms for standard use, especially if there is a great deal of local variation.
- 23. 3. MODERNIZATION • Thevocabulary will need to be modernized to enable foreign material to be translated consistently. • Principles will have to be agreed for the introduction of new terms; for example, should they be loan words or coinage based on native roots? • New styles of discourse may need to be developed, for use on radio or in the press. Decisions will need to be made about new or uncertain usages, especially in technical contexts.
- 24. 4. IMPLEMENTATION • Thechosen standard will need to be officially implemented by using it for government publications, in the media, and in schools. • It will be viewed as the ‘best’ form of language in the speech community, because it will be associated with educational progress and social status. • It will also provide the norm for literary style, and may be associated with factors of a nationalistic, cultural, or religious kind.