Lecture Pollution Classification & Sources.pptx

Lecture Pollution Classification & Sources.pptx

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  Basics of Environmenta l Pollution
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  Presentation outline Introduction toPollution, Pollutants Types of Pollution Types of Pollutants Sources of Pollution Sources of Air, Water, Land, Noise, Radioactive Pollution Effect of Pollution on Air, Water, Land, Noise, Radioactive Pollution
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  The Earth islike a living organism, which itself engaged in a self regulation to support its own "survival" Environment is a combination of both Biotic components: all living organisms, plant, fungi, bacteria, virus. Abiotic components: Hydrosphere (ocean, lake, river, groundwater), Lithosphere (soil, solid earth), Atmosphere (gases)
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  This is whatearth looks like
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  Pollution - Definition: Pollutionis defined as the presence of impurities or pollutant substances in sufficient concentration levels, causing harmful effects on human beings, animals, plantlife or material resources when exposed for a sufficient
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  Pollutant - Definition: APollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. Pollutants include solid, liquid or gaseous substances present in greater than natural abundance, produce due to human activity, which have a determined effect on our environment.
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  Types of Pollution 1.Air Pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Soil/Land Pollution 4. Noise Pollution 5. Radioactive Pollution 6. Environmental Pollution
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  Air Pollution Air pollutionmay be defined as the presence of one or more contaminants in the air in large quantities and for long durations which may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal, plant life, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable usage of air.
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  Water Pollution  Waterpollution is defined as “The presence of some foreign substances or impurities organic, inorganic, biological or radioactive in water in such quantity so as to constitute a health hazard by lowering the water quality and making it unfit for use.”
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  Soil/Land Pollution  Soilcontamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. It can also occur by directly dumping and disposal of wastes. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
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  Noise Pollution Noise pollution is thedisturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains. Outdoor noise is summarized by the word
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  Radioactive Pollution Radioactive pollutioncan be defined as the release of radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity, either by accident or by design.
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  Environmental Pollution  EnvironmentalPollution is thus defined as “any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any component of the environment (air, water, soil) which can cause harmful effects in various forms of life or property.”
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  Types of Pollutants Depending upon their existence in nature Quantitative Pollutants They normally occur in environment but acquire the status of a pollutant when their concentration increases due to unmindful human activities. Ex CO2 Qualitative Pollutants Do not naturally occur in the environment but are added by man. For ex. Insecticides
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  Types of Pollutants.. Depending upon the form in which they persist after being released into atmosphere Primary Pollutants Those which are emitted directly from the source and persists in the form in which they were added to the environment for ex. Ash, dust, hydrocarbon etc. Secondary Pollutants Those which are formed from primary pollutants for ex. SO3, PAN (Peroxyl Acetyl Nitrate), Ketones, Aldehydes etc.
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  Types of Pollutants… Depending upon the way in which they are removed/accumulated in the environment Biodegradable Those which can be degraded/decomposed by living organism for ex. Wood, sewage, paper, card board, garbage etc Non biodegradable Those which cannot be degraded/decomposed by living organism for ex. DDT, plastic etc
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  Types of Pollutants…. Depending upon their source Natural Those which are released from natural resources for ex. volcanic eruptions, wind borne, and dust release of H2S etc Man-made Those which are released due to human activities (commercial, industrial, residential etc) for ex. Insecticides, Pesticides, Radioactive substances etc.
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  Types of Sources: 1.Point source - single, identifiable source e.g. smokestack, drainpipe etc 2. Non-point source - dispersed source, e.g. runoff from pesticides, fertilizers
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  Point source
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  Non-point sources
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  What Are TheMajor Sources of Air, Water, Land/Soil, Noise, Radio-active Pollution?
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  Air Pollution Air pollutionresults from human activities such as burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, and gasoline) to create electricity and power, automobiles, and manufacture industrial products such as chemicals and plastic. The air Pollutants are particulates, HC, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SO3 -- source may be industrial, autos, etc.
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  Air Pollution Normal compositionof clean air : Nitrogen 78.084% Oxygen 21% Argon 0.934% Carbon Dioxide 0.0314% Methane
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  Sources of AirPollution
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  Sources of AirPollution Stationary Sources Single or Point Sources Industrial process chimneys i.e stack emissions from steel mill, power plant, oil refineries etc. Municipal Incinerators. Multiple or Mobile Sources Domestic combustion of fuel in residential areas, offices, apartments, hotels etc.
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  Sources of AirPollution Mobile Sources: Line Sources Highway vehicles, trains, channel vessels. Area Sources Aircrafts, light, medium and heavy duty vehicles, rail yard locomotives etc.
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  Sources of AirPollution Natural: Volcanoes, forest fires and hot springs. Decay from marshes, swamp. Increase ozone due to thunderstorms, fires.
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  Air Pollutants Sources& Effects Pollutant Source Pathological effects on man Sulphur Dioxide Major source is burning of fossil fuel in thermal plants. Colourless gas produced by Coal and Oil Combustion and certain industrial process like smelting sulphur containing ore. irritant , Respirator y aggravates other lung asthm a and an d hear t lung diseases, reduces function. Sulphur dioxide plants and is a precursor to acid rain. Nitrogen Oxides Brownish orange gas produced by motor vehicles and combustion at major industrial sources, industries producing HNO3. Inhibits cilia (Cilia slender, microscopic, ar e hair - like structures ) action so that soot and dust penetrate far into the lungs. Hydrogen Sulphides H2S Chief source is decaying vegetation and animal matter. Also produced from refineries, chemical industries and bituminous fuels combustion. Causes nausea, irritates eyes and throat.
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  Pollutant Sourc e Carbon Monoxide (CO) Chiefsource is automobile exhausts, Burning of coal, gasoline, open fires, forest fires, power plants etc. Pathological effects on man Reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Ammonia dye making, plants and Explosive s, fertilizer lacquers. upper respiratory Inflames passage s. Phosgene (CCl2O) or Carbonyl Chloride Chemical and dye making, Induces coughing, irritation and fatal pulmonary edema ( condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.) Hydrogen Cyanides (HCN) Blast furnace, fumigation, Interferes with nerve cells, dry vision , throat , headach e produce s indistinct etc. Aldehydes fats (R-CHO) or glycero l chemical manufacturing, metal plating etc. Thermal decomposition of oils, tracks. Irritate nasal and respiratory passage.
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  Polluta nt Sourc e Pathological effects on man ArsenicOccurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals. Process involving metal or acids Damage red cells in blood, kidneys and cause jaundice. ( ash , Suspended particles soot, smoke etc) containing soldering. Solid or liquid particles produced by combustion and other processes at major industrial (e.g. steel mills, plants, chemical source s power plants , incinerators etc) Respirator y aggravates asthm a and irritant an d hear t other lung diseases (especially in combination with sulphur dioxide) many are known as Carcinogens. Lea d Very small particles emitted from motor vehicle exhaust. Toxic to nervous and blood forming systems, can cause brain and organ damage in high concentration.
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  Polluta nt Sourc e Pathological effects on man Ozon e Colourlessgas formed by chemical reaction between motor vehicle exhaust and sunlight. It is the major component of smog. irritant , Respirator y aggravates other lung asthm a and impairs an d hear t lung disease s, function . Acid Rain Ozone Layer Depletion Green House Effect
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  Sources of WaterPollution Point Source Discharge from domestic, commercial and small industrial waste water into sewer. Wastewater generated from industries e.g. dye, textile, pulp and paper, oil,refineries, food processing etc. are major sources of water pollution. It has both organic and inorganic matter. Organic Pollutants: Carbohydrates, proteins, oils, fats, cellulose, phenols etc Inorganic Pollutants: Chlorides, sulphates,
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  Sources of WaterPollution Non-Point Source The pollutants scattered on the ground ultimately reach the water source and cause water pollution. E.g. Runoff from agricultural fields eventually enters streams, rivers, lakes and the ocean. Air pollution gets dissolved in rain water and contaminates the ground water as well as surface water sources.
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  Sources of WaterPollution Ground Water Pollution The total water requirement will be served from ground water which is about 30 times more than surface water. Ground water seems to be less affected to pollution as the soilmantlethroughwhich water passes helps to retain variouscontaminants ( ) due to its cation exchange property.
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  Sources of WaterPollution Surface Water Pollution Industrial/Municipal Discharge Agrochemical Oil spillage into sea water during drilling and shipment pollute it. Synthetic Detergents
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  Sources of Land/SoilPollution
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  Sources of Soil/LandPollution Industrial Waste: It includes any discarded solid materials resulting from an industrial operation, or solids in domestic or industrial waste water. Chemicals, paints, sand, metal ore processing, fly ash, sewage treatment sludge etc. Garbage: It refers to putrescible (liable to get decayed) solid waste constituents produced during the preparation or storage of meat, fruit, vegetable etc. These wastes have moisture content of about 70%.
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  Sources of Soil/LandPollution Rubbish: It refers to non-putrescible solid waste constituents, either combustible or non combustible. Combustible would include paper, wood, scrap, rubber etc and Non combustible would include metal, glass, ceramic etc. These wastes have moisture content of about 25%. Pathological Waste: It refers to dead animals, humans etc. These wastes have moisture content of about 85%..
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  Sources of Soil/LandPollution  Agricultural Waste: These are generally organic including pesticides, herbicides, excessive fertilizers etc. The table below represents various agricultural wastes: Waste Composition Crop residue Corn stalks, grain stubble, cull, fruit and vegetables, rice hulls, bagasse etc. Animal Manure Poultry Manure Pesticides, Insecticides, etc. residue and containers Organic matter, protein, fat, carbohydrates etc. nitrogen, phosphorous. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organo phosphorous compounds, other organic and inorganic compounds like sulphur, lead, arsenic etc.
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  Sources of LandPollution Sources Methods Agriculture Accumulation of animal manures. Excessive Inputs of Chemical Fertilizers. Illicit dumping of tainted crops land Mining and Quarrying Using of explosives to blow up mines. Using of machineries which emit toxic by products and leaks to the ground. Sewage Sludge Improper sanitation system causes sludge to leak at surrounding soil. Dredged Spoils (Dredging is an excavation activity carried underwater) Improper method of dredging at fertile land causes soil infertility, leaving the soil more prone to external pollution.
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  Sources of NoisePollution
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  Sources of NoisePollution Sources Methods Traffic Noise Automobile revolution () in urban areas is proved to be a big source of noise pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams where the repeated hooting of horns by drivers creates noise pollution. Aircraft create serious noise problems in big cities. Factory & Construction Machinery Factory equipment, generators, pile drivers, pneumatic drills, road rollers, and similar machinery also make a lot of noise. Public Address System Public address system contributes in its own way towards noise pollution by function, birth, using loud speakers for religious death, marriage, elections, and demonstrations or for commercial advertising.
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  Sources of NoisePollution Sources Methods Traffic Noise Household activities contribute to indoor noise pollution. Domestic gadgets like TV, Music System, Exhaust Fans, Vacuum Cleaners, and Mixer Grinders etc are major sources of household noise pollution. Factory & Construction Machinery Tank launching of rockets, explosions, exercising of military aeroplanes and shooting practises are added in the sources of noise pollution.
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  Sources of RadioactivePollution • Sources Methods •Nuclear Explosions During nuclear explosion, a large number of radio- • nuclides are generated in the atmosphere. The radio - nuclides settle down with rain contaminating the soil and water bodies. Finally, these enter into food chain causing serious prob-lem to the living organisms Radio active wastes The nuclear power plants produce a lot of nuclear radio- active wastes. The disposal of these wastes has become a global problem. Some countries producing large quantity of nuclear wastes dump them in ocean near other coun- tries. Radio-Isotopes Radio-isotopes are also prepared artificially either by nuclear fusion or by nuclear fission. If these radio- isotopes are not properly handled, these emit radiations causing pollution.
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  What Are TheEffects of Air & Water Pollution?
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  Human Health Effects Human health, including pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological impairments.  The health effects vary greatly from person to person. High- risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible to air pollution.  Children are at greater risk because they are generally more active outdoors and their lungs
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  Human Health Effects Exposureto air pollution can cause both Acute (Short-term) and Chronic (Long-term) health effects. Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and nausea. Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. ex. Decreased lung capacity, Lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
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  Effect on Plants Air pollutants affect plants by entering through stomata () destroy chlorophyll and affect photosynthesis. During the day time the stomata are wide open to facilitate photosynthesis. Air pollutants during day time affect plants by entering the leaf through stomata more than night. Pollutants also erode waxy coating of the leaves called cuticle. Cuticle prevents excessive loss of water and damage from the diseases, pests, drought and frost.
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  Effect on Climate Dueto manmade activities like industrialization, automobiles, deforestation etc. concentration of CO2 and other green house gases in atmosphere has increases due to which the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere has increases globally. This increase in temperature has resulted in melting of ice craps and glaciers
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  Effect on AestheticBeauty  The most noticeable effect of air pollution on the properties of atmosphere is the Reduction In Visibility which may lead to safety hazards.  The aesthetic beauty of nature is not visible due to scattering of light by air bone particles.  Industrial and automobile emissions, sewage and garbage emit foul odour causing loss of aesthetic beauty.
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  Effect on Animals Leadpoisoning occurs in animals grazing near smelters and lead mines. It causes Paralysis and difficulty in breathing. It also causes Loss Of Appetite. Arsenic poisoning in animals causes severe salivation, thirst, and Vomiting, Irregular Pulse & Respiration, abnormal body temperature and Death. Farm animals like cattle and sheep are quite susceptible to Fluorine Toxicity. It affects to Lack Of Appetite, Periodic Diarrhoea, Muscular Weakness, Loss Of Weight etc.
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  Effect of WaterPollution Parameter Source General and Health effect Oxygen Demanding Wastes Sewage agricultur al including wastes, effluent , run- off anima l some industrial effluents. Increase in demand of oxygen in water, flora and fauna; decomposition by anaerobic bacteria produces foul-smelling, toxic substances such as hydrogen sulphide. Plant Nutrients effluents phosphate s detergent s, runoffs, from Sewage including from agricultur al nitrates fertilizers. Death of submerged vegetations, production of large amounts of dead organic matter with problems of oxygen depletion. Aci d Aci d rain, mine drainage, planting extensive areas coniferous forests which acidify the Acidification of natural wastes, sharp of decline of species, fish loss etc. of
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  Parameter Source Generaland Health effect Toxic metals like Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn Ore mining, associated lead from exhaus t industrie s, vehicle emission s. Oi l Drilling operations, oils tankers spillage, natural seepage, waste disposal. Biomagnifications of toxic metals with each successive stage of food chain, threat to consumers including humans. Contamination of aquatic environment, death of birds and mammals. DD T Direct application, agricultural runoff and via aerial crop spraying. Biomagnifications, Carnivores at risk. PCB s Sewage effluent, land fill sites. Biomagnifications, Carnivores at risk, effect on human health include joint pain, chlorance and fatigue. Radiation From nuclear weapon testing, medical X- rays, nuclear energy Degree of tissue damage and risk of death depended on exposure.
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  Biomagnifications refers tothe ability of micro- organisms to accumulatecertain chemicals to a larger concentration than that occurring in environment, in case of animals the food they eat. However magnifications deals with accumulation of non-essential chemicals ex. HC (DDT, PCBs poly chlorinated biphenyls) which are insoluble in water.
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  Effect of WaterPollution intestina l Parameter BIS Guideline Value General and Health effect (maximum allowable) Total Dissolved Solids 2000 mg/lt Undesirable taste; gastro irritations, corrosion. taste ; pH 6.5 – 8.5Affects mucous membrane; bitter corrosion; affects aquatic life. Alkalinity 600 mg/lt Boiled rice turns yellowish. Hardness 600 mg/lt Poor lathering with soap, deterioration of the quality of clothes, scale forming, skin irritation ( ), boiled meat and food becomes poor in quality. Calciu m 20 0 Poor lathering and deterioration of clothes, incrustation in pipes, scale formation.
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  Parameter BIS GuidelineValue (maximum allowable) General and Health effect Magnesium 10 0 Poor lathering and deterioration of clothes with sulphate laxative. Iron 1 Poor or sometimes bitter taste (), colour and turbidity, staining of clothes materials, iron, bacteria causing slime. Manganese 0. 3 Poor taste, colour and turbidity, staining, black slime. Aluminiu m 0. 2 Neurological disorders. Coppe r 1. 5 Liver damage, mucosal irritation, renal Zin c 1 5 damage and depression, restricts growth of aquatic plants. Astringent taste, opalescence in water, gastro intestinal irritation, vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea and dizziness.
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  Parameter BIS GuidelineValue (maximum allowable) General and Health effect Ammonia -- Indicates pollution, growth of algae. Nitrite -- ar e Nitrat e 10 0 Forms nitrosoamines which carcinogenic. Blue baby disease, algal growth. Sulfate 40 0 Taste affects, laxative effect, gastro intestinal irritation. Chlorid e 100 0 Taste affected corrosive. Fluoride 1. 5 Dental and Skeletal fluorosis. Phosphate -- Arsenic 0.0 5 Algal growth. Toxic, bio-accumulation, central nervous system affected, carcinogenic.
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  Parameter BISGuideline Value (maximum allowable) Generaland Health effect Mercur y 0.00 1 Highly toxic, causes minamata disease, neurological impairment and renal disturbances, mutagenic. Cadmiu m 0.0 1 Highly toxic causes itai-itai diseases, painful rheumatic condition, cardio vascular system affected, gastro intestinal upsets and hyper tension. Lea d 0.0 5 Causes plumbish-tiredness, lassitudes, abdominal discomfort, irritability, anaemia, bio-accumulation, impaired neurological and motor development, damage to kidneys. Chromium 0.0 5 Carcinogenic, ulcerations, respiratory problems and skin complaints. Pesticide 0.00 1 Affects central nervous systems. Detergent --- Undesirable foaming.
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  Thank you