![Water vapour is the primary form of atmospheric moisture. Although its
storage in the atmosphere is comparatively small, water vapour is
extremely important in forming the moisture supply for dew, frost, fog,
clouds, and precipitation. Practically all water vapour in the atmosphere
is confined to the troposphere (the region below 6 to 8 miles [10 to 13
km] altitude).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lesson3weatherelwments202412060737440000-241205234031-d089947f/85/Lesson-3-Weather-Elwments_20241206_073744_0000-pdf-42-320.jpg)
Lesson 3 Weather Elwments_20241206_073744_0000.pdf
- 1. WEATHER ELEMENTS AND WEATHER PATTERNS GROUP 3 LESSON 3
- 2. PHILIPPINE WEATHER The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate with three seasons: hot dry summer (March-May), wet season (June-November), and cooler dry season (December-February). Prevailing winds, habagat and amihan, shape weather patterns. Average temperatures range from 21°C to 32°C, with January coolest and May warmest. Typhoons occur June-November, mainly affecting Visayas. Best time to visit is January-May, peak tourist season, while June-September offers lower prices and fewer crowds despite rainy season, varying by region.
- 3. WHAT ARE ELEMENTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE? People often confuse weather with cleate, but they are not the same, though they share common components. Dement of weather and climate include measurements of wind speed and drection, Type of rain and ants, humedly levels, ar pressure, cloud cover, cloud types and at temperatures. Weather represents the daily changes in the abonghere or the state of the atmosphere over a short period, while climate represents the combination of multiple walther patterns of a specific location averaged over several years. Soestats postulate that both daly weather and climates are in the process of changing because of human intervention and nature.
- 4. TL: DR(TOO LONG DIDN’T READ) "On any given day, the weather dictates what you wear if you plan to go outside. A quick glance at the conditions and you may say, "It's warm outside, you don't need a coat." But without checking the daily weather report, you may not know about the incoming storm later in the afternoon. Weather changes daily or hourly in some locations. Climate doesn't change as rapidly as weather does because it's a compilation of several years of recorded weather conditions like rain, air pressure, humidity, wind, snow, sun and temperatures. They're totaled and averaged to give an idea of the climate you can expect in a specific area."
- 5. What are the Elements of the weather and climate?
- 6. Weather is nothing more than the different elements it is composed of, as well as the way they interact with each to create different atmospheric conditions or weather events. We first need to identify what the elements are that make up the weather. Eight primary elements/factors drive all weather is windy.
- 7. 1.Temperature 2.Air (Atmospheric) Pressure 3.Wind (Speed & Direction) 4.Humidity 5.Precipitation 6.Visibility 7.Clouds (Type& Cover) 8.Sunshine Duration THE ELEMENTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE
- 9. 1.TEMPERATURE Temperature is a measurement of the amount of kinetic energy present in the air, which manifests itself physically through the experience of heat or cold. The scales typically used to measure temperature, are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The instrument used to measure temperature is called a thermometer. In more practical terms, it means that the particles in the air move or vibrate at a certain speed, which creates kinetic energy. When the particles start to move/rotate around faster, temperature increases. When the particles begin to slow down, the temperature also starts to decrease.
- 10. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE THERMOMETER is the instrument used to measure temperature. They come in all shapes and sizes and dates all the way back to 1714. The mercury, bimetal, and digital thermometer are the 3 most commonly used instruments for measuring ambient temperature.
- 11. 2. AIR PRESSURE Air is another essential element of weather, especially when it comes to creating or changing atmospheric conditions. It is also one of the critical variables used to make accurate weather forecasts.
- 13. Air Pressure is the result of the pressure created by the weight of the air in the Earth's atmosphere. It is also called a barometric pressure, named after the instrument used to measure air pressure. Although it may not be visible, air has weight since it is not empty. It is filled with small particles of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and a few other gases. The weight of the particles in the air creates pressure due to the gravitational force of the Earth. Since more air is present above the air close to the ground, air pressure is the highest on the planet's surface and decreases as altitude increase.
- 14. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING AIR PRESSURE BAROMETER is the instrument used to measure air pressure. Evangelista Torricelli developed the first device in 1643. Like the thermometer, the barometer also comes in different forms. Some examples include mercury, water, aneroid, and digital barometers.
- 15. The movement of air (wind) is one of the main driving forces of weather. The majority of major and even extreme weather events like cold & warm fronts, clouds, thunderstorms, and hurricanes are all driven by wind. 3. WIND (SPEED & DIRECTION)
- 16. WHAT IS WIND?
- 17. Wind is the large-scale movement of air from an area of high to an area of low pressure in the atmosphere. The speed and strength of wind are determined by the distance between the low pressure and high-pressure areas, as well as the difference in air pressure. Instruments for Measuring Wind Speed and Direction.
- 18. ANEMOMETER is the instrument used to measure wind speed. Consisting of 3-4 half-cups on arms rotating around a central axis, you can typically find it on top of a weather station or at an elevated position. A wind vane (or weather vane) is the instrument used to measure wind direction. It is a flat-shaped object that spins freely on an axis. Very often in the shape of an arrow or cockerel, you can also find it on top of a weather station or highly elevated objects. It is common to see them on top of roof chimneys, church towers, and even communication towers. INSTUMENT FOR MEASURING WIND
- 19. Humidity is another weather element that cannot be seen but can be felt. It not only plays a big part in weather formation but also directly influence our physical comfort levels. 4. HUMIDITY
- 21. Humidity is the amount of water vapor that is present in the atmosphere at any specific time. Water vapor is nothing more than water in a state of gas (after the liquid has evaporated). Although humidity and its effects can usually be felt, it is normally invisible to the naked eye. Humidity can be challenging to understand and interpret correctly. Then you also have to be able to make a clear distinction between absolute and relative humidity.
- 22. INSTURMENT FOR MEASURING HUMIDITY HYGROMETER is the instrument used to measure wind speed. You also find more than one type of this device like the psychomotor and the resistance hygrometer.
- 23. 5. PRECIPITATION There is no argument that water in any of its forms is an absolute necessity for life on Earth to exist. Humans animals, and plants need water to grow or stay alive, and precipitation is the only way to replenish the dams, rivers reservoirs, and groundwater on which we rely.
- 25. Precipitation is water in all its different states, which is formed after condensation turns water vapor into its solid form, which falls to the ground after it becomes too heavy to stay suspended in the air. Precipitation can take the form of rain, snow, hail, or graupel. Precipitation is primarily the result of evaporation and condensation.
- 26. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING RAINFALL RAIN GAUGE Is the instrument used to measure rainfall. It is essentially a measured container that captures rain and measure the amout that falls over set period of time.
- 27. 6. VISIBILITY Visibility may seem like a very unlikely element of weather, but is especially important when discussing and measuring weather conditions like fog, mist, freezing drizzle, and smog.
- 29. Visibility is the measurement of the degree through which an object can be observed over a certain distance. This measurement is crucial when conditions like mist, haze, fog, and freezing drizzle are present, which can severely impede visibility. The importance of being able to measure this element is often underestimated. It is especially applicable in areas where visibility plays a crucial role, like airports and harbors where it can be a matter of life or death.
- 30. INSTRUMENT FO MEASURING VISIBILITY VISIBILITY SENSORS like "forward scatter sensor" are the instruments used to measure visibility. In the past, using your own vision (eyes) to measure the degree to which you can observe an object, was the standard.
- 31. 7. CLOUD (TYPE & COVER) It is no secret that clouds are one of the quickest ways to determine current and future weather conditions. Studying them in more detail with scientific equipment is very valuable to make very accurate assessments of present and future atmospheric conditions.
- 32. what is Clouds?
- 33. Clouds are water droplets or water in different states (like ice and snow crystals), which form after water vapor reaches condensation level and can no longer remain in gaseous form. Knowing how to identify a certain type of cloud and the weather associated with it, can prove valuable when assessing weather conditions with only visual references.
- 34. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING CLOUDS The advanced instruments meteorologists use to study clouds in detail are weather satellites and radars. Satellite and radar images are able to accurately measure cloud density, the amount of moisture, the temperature, and movement of the clouds.
- 35. 8. SUNSHINE DURATION The amount of sunshine the Earth receives (which is a characteristic of solar radiation) greatly influence elements of the weather like ambient temperature, and more indirectly humidity and air pressure.
- 37. Sunshine duration is the length of time the Earth's surface is directly exposed to solar radiation. It is also re to as sunlight hours and measure the amount of exposure over a set period of time (generally in hours per day or year.) As already stated, sunshine duration influence other weather elements, which can change the whole make the weather conditions. This ability makes it a more powerful and influential factor than you might think.
- 38. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING SUNSHINE Sunshine recorders, more specifically Campbell-Stokes recorders, are the instruments used to record suns duration. Campbell-Stokes recorders basically consist of a spherical lens that focuses sunlight on a specific type of t make its measurement.
- 39. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND HYDROLOGICAL PROCESS
- 40. Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earthatmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle remains essentially constant, its distribution among the various processes is continually changing. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
- 41. Evaporation is the process where water transitions from a liquid to a vapor state, driven by factors like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. It primarily occurs from oceans, but also from soil, snow, ice, and plant leaves (transpiration). Evapotranspiration encompasses all these processes collectively.
- 42. Water vapour is the primary form of atmospheric moisture. Although its storage in the atmosphere is comparatively small, water vapour is extremely important in forming the moisture supply for dew, frost, fog, clouds, and precipitation. Practically all water vapour in the atmosphere is confined to the troposphere (the region below 6 to 8 miles [10 to 13 km] altitude).
- 43. The transition process from the vapour state to the liquid state is called condensation. Condensation may take place as soon as the air contains more water vapour than it can receive from a free water surface through evaporation at the prevailing temperature. This condition occurs as the consequence of either cooling or the mixing of air masses of different temperatures. By condensation, water vapour in the atmosphere is released to form precipitation.
- 44. Precipitation that falls to the Earth is distributed in four main ways: some is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation, some may be intercepted by vegetation and then evaporated from the surface of leaves, some percolates into the soil by infiltration, and the remainder flows directly as surface runoff into the sea. Some of the infiltrated precipitation may later percolate into streams as groundwater runoff. Direct measurement of runoff is made by stream gauges and plotted against time on hydrographs.
- 45. Most groundwater is derived from precipitation that has percolated through the soil. Groundwater flow rates, compared with those of surface water, are very slow and variable, ranging from a few millimeters to a few meters a day. Groundwater movement is studied by tracer techniques and remote sensing.
- 46. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE The hydrologic cycle encompasses five main processes: condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration. These processes work in concert to continually move water through the Earth's systems. Condensation involves water vapor turning into liquid, often seen as droplets forming on cold surfaces. Precipitation occurs when condensed water droplets become too heavy and fall as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Infiltration refers to the movement of water into the soil, influenced by factors like slope, vegetation, soil type, and saturation. Runoff happens when water does not infiltrate and flows over the surface. Evapotranspiration involves the return of water to the atmosphere through evaporation from surfaces and transpiration from plants. These interconnected processes sustain the hydrologic cycle, ensuring the continual circulation of water on Earth.
- 47. Precipitation that reaches the surface of the Earth but does not infiltrate the soil is called runoff. Runoff can also come from melted snow and ice. When there is a lot of precipitation, soils become saturated with water. Additional rainfall can no longer enter it. Runoff will eventually drain into creeks, streams, and rivers, adding a large amount of water to the flow. Surface water always travels towards the lowest point possible, usually the oceans. Along the way some water evaporates, percolates. Into the ground, or is used for agricultural, residential, or industrial purposes.
- 48. Evapotranspiration is water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by plants. Evapotranspiration is also the way water vapor re-enters the atmosphere. Evaporation occurs when radiant energy from the sun heats water, causing the water molecules to become so active that some of them rise into the atmosphere as vapor. Transpiration occurs when plants take in water through the roots and release it through the leaves, a process that can clean water by removing contaminants and pollution.
- 49. THANK YOU! PREPARED BY : MA. JADE CHARINE L. LEBUNA MAYBELLE S. CAPADOSA JHON ALFRED SAZON JOHNLOYD LASTIMOSO