LPW: Beginners Perl

Beginners Perl An Introduction to Perl Programming Dave Cross Magnum Solutions Ltd [email_address]

What We Will Cover What is Perl? Creating and running a Perl program Perl variables Operators and Functions

What We Will Cover Conditional Constructs Subroutines Regular Expressions Further Information

Perl's Name Practical Extraction and Reporting Language Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister "Perl" is the language "perl" is the compiler Never "PERL"

Typical uses of Perl Text processing System administration tasks CGI and web programming Database interaction Other Internet programming

Less typical uses of Perl Human Genome Project NASA

What is Perl Like? General purpose programming language Free (open source)‏ Fast Flexible Secure Dynamic

The Perl Philosophy There's more than one way to do it Three virtues of a programmer Laziness Impatience Hubris Share and enjoy!

Creating and Running a Perl Program

Creating a Perl Program Our first Perl program print "Hello world\n"; Put this in a file called hello.pl

Running a Perl Program Running a Perl program from the command line perl hello.pl

Running a Perl Program The "shebang" line (Unix, not Perl) #!/usr/bin/perl Make program executable chmod +x hello.pl Run from command line ./hello.pl

Perl Comments Add comments to yout code Start with a hash ( # )‏ Continue to end of line # This is a hello world program print "Hello, world!\n"; # print

Command Line Options Many options to control execution of the program For example, -w turns on warnings Use on command line perl -w hello.pl Or on shebang line #!/usr/bin/perl -w

What is a Variable? A place where we can store data A variable needs a name to retrieve the data stored in it put new data in it

Variable Names Contain alphanumeric characters and underscores User variable names may not start with numbers Variable names are preceded by a punctuation mark indicating the type of data

Types of Perl Variable Different types of variables start with a different symbol Scalar variables start with $ Array variables start with @ Hash variables start with % More on these types soon

Declaring Variables You don't need to declare variables in Perl But it's a very good idea typos scoping Using the strict pragma use strict; my $var;

Scalar Variables Store a single item of data my $name = "Dave"; my $whoami = 'Just Another Perl Hacker'; my $meaning_of_life = 42; my $number_less_than_1 = 0.000001; my $very_large_number = 3.27e17; # 3.27 times 10 to the power of 17

Type Conversions Perl converts between strings and numbers whenever necessary # add int to a floating point number my $sum = $meaning_of_life + $number_less_than_1; # putting the number in a string print "$name says, 'The meaning of life is $sum.'\n";

Quoting Strings Single quotes don't expand variables or escape sequences my $price = '$9.95'; Double quotes do my $invline = "24 widgets @ $price each\n"; Use a backslash to escape special characters in double quoted strings print "He said \"The price is \$300\"";

Better Quote Marks This can look ugly print "He said \"The price is \$300\""; This is a tidier alternative print qq(He said "The price is \$300"); Also works for single quotes print q(He said "That's too expensive");

Undefined Values A scalar variable that hasn't had data put into it will contain the special value “undef” Test for it with “defined()” function if (defined($my_var)) { ... } You can assign undef yourself $var = undef undef $var

Array Variables Arrays contain an ordered list of scalar values my @fruit = ('apples', 'oranges', 'guavas', 'passionfruit', 'grapes'); my @magic_numbers = (23, 42, 69); my @random_scalars = ('mumble', 123.45, 'dave cross', -300, $name);

Array Elements Accessing individual elements of an array print $fruits[0]; # prints "apples" print $random_scalars[2]; # prints "dave cross" Note use of $ as individual element of an array is a scalar

Array Slices Returns a list of elements from an array print @fruits[0,2,4]; # prints "apples", "guavas", # "grapes" print @fruits[1 .. 3]; # prints "oranges", "guavas", # "passionfruit" Note use of @ as we are accessing more than one element of the array

Setting Array Values $array[4] = 'something'; $array[400] = 'something else'; Also with slices @array[4, 7 .. 9] = ('four', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine'); @array[1, 2] = @array[2, 1]; Doesn't need to be an array! ($x, $y) = ($y, $x);

Array Size $#array is the index of the last element in @array Therefore $#array + 1 is the number of elements $count = @array; # or $count = scalar @array does the same thing and is easier to understand

Hash Variables Hashes implement “look-up tables” or “dictionaries” Initialised with a list %french = ('one', 'un', 'two', 'deux', 'three', 'trois'); "fat comma" (=>) is easier to understand %german = (one => 'ein', two => 'zwei', three => 'drei');

Accessing Hash Values $three = $french{three}; print $german{two}; As with arrays, notice the use of $ to indicate that we're accessing a single value

Hash Slices Just like array slices Returns a list of elements from a hash print @french{'one','two','three'}; # prints "un", "deux" & "trois" Again, note use of @ as we are accessing more than one value from the hash

Setting Hash Values $hash{foo} = 'something'; $hash{bar} = 'something else'; Also with slices @hash{'foo', 'bar'} = ('something', 'else'); @hash{'foo', 'bar'} = @hash{'bar', 'foo'};

More About Hashes Hashes are not sorted There is no equivalent to $#array print %hash is unhelpful We'll see ways round these restrictions later

Special Perl Variables Perl has many special variables Many of them have punctuation marks as names Others have names in ALL_CAPS They are documented in perlvar

The Default Variable Many Perl operations either set $_ or use its value if no other is given print; # prints the value of $_ If a piece of Perl code seems to be missing a variable, then it's probably using $_

Using $_ while (<FILE>) { if (/regex/) { print; } } Three uses of $_

A Special Array @ARGV Contains your program's command line arguments perl printargs.pl foo bar baz my $num = @ARGV; print "$num arguments: @ARGV\n";

A Special Hash %ENV Contains the environment variables that your script has access to. Keys are the variable names Values are the… well… values! print $ENV{PATH};

Operators and Functions What are operators and functions? "Things" that do "stuff" Routines built into Perl to manipulate data Other languages have a strong distinction between operators and functions - in Perl that distinction can be a bit blurred See perlop and perlfunc

Arithmetic Operators Standard arithmetic operations add (+), subtract (-), multiply (*), divide (/)‏ Less standard operations modulus (%), exponentiation (**)‏ $speed = $distance / $time; $vol = $length * $breadth * $height; $area = $pi * ($radius ** 2); $odd = $number % 2;

Shortcut Operators Often need to do things like $total = $total + $amount; Can be abbreviated to $total += $amount; Even shorter $x++; # same as $x += 1 or $x = $x + 1 $y--; # same as $y -= 1 or $y = $y - 1 Subtle difference between $x++ and ++$x

String Operators Concaternation (.) $name = $firstname . ' ' . $surname; Repetition (x) $line = '-' x 80; $police = 'hello ' x 3; Shortcut versions available $page .= $line; # $page = $page . $line $thing x= $i; # $thing = $thing x $i

File Test Operators Check various attributes of a file -e $file does the file exist -r $file is the file readable -w $file is the file writeable -d $file is the file a directory -f $file is the file a normal file -T $file is a text file -B $file is a binary file

Functions Have longer names than operators Can take more arguments than operators Arguments follow the function name See perlfunc for a complete list of Perl's built-in functions

Function Return Values Functions can return scalars or lists (or nothing)‏ $age = 29.75; $years = int($age); @list = ('a', 'random', 'collection', 'of', 'words'); @sorted = sort(@list); # a collection of random words

String Functions length returns the length of a string $len = length $a_string; uc and lc return upper and lower case versions of a string $string = 'MiXeD CaSe'; print "$string\n", uc $string, "\n", lc $string; See also ucfirst and lcfirst

More String Functions chop removes the last character from a string and returns it $word = 'word'; $letter = chop $word; chomp removes the last character only if it is a newline and returns true or false appropriately

Substrings substr returns substrings from a string $string = 'Hello world'; print substr($string, 0, 5); # prints 'Hello' Unlike many other languages you can assign to a substring substr($string, 0, 5) = 'Greetings'; print $string; # prints 'Greetings world'

Numeric Functions abs returns the absolute value cos , sin standard trigonometric functions exp exponentiation using e log logarithm to base e rand returns a random number sqrt returns the square root

Array Manipulation push adds a new element to the end of an array push @array, $value; pop removes and returns the last element in an array $value = pop @array; shift and unshift do the same for the start of an array

Array Manipulation sort returns a sorted list (it does not sort the list in place) @sorted = sort @array; sort does a lot more besides, see the docs (perldoc -f sort)‏ reverse returns a reversed list @reverse = reverse @array;

Arrays and Strings join takes an array and returns a string @array = (1 .. 5); $string = join ' ', @array; # $string is '1 2 3 4 5' split takes a string and converts it into an array $string = '1~2~3~4~5'; @array = split(/~/, $string); # @array is (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)‏

Hash Functions delete removes a key/value pair from a hash exists tells you if an element exists in a hash keys returns a list of all the keys in a hash values returns a list of all the values in a hash

File Operations open opens a file and associates it with a filehandle open(FILE, 'in.dat'); You can then read the file with <FILE> $line = <FILE>; # one line @lines = <FILE>; # all lines Finally, close the file with close close(FILE);

Other File Functions read to read a fixed number of bytes into a buffer $bytes = read(FILE, $buffer, 1024); seek to move to a random postion in a file seek(FILE, 0, 0); tell to get current file position $where = tell FILE; truncate to truncate file to given size truncate FILE, $where;

Time Functions time returns the number of seconds since Jan 1st 1970 $now = time; localtime converts that into more usable values ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst) = localtime($now);

localtime Caveats $mon is 0 to 11 $year is years since 1900 $wday is 0 (Sun) to 6 (Sat)‏

Conditional Constructs Conditional constructs allow us to choose different routes of execution through the program This makes for far more interesting programs The unit of program execution is a block of code Blocks are delimited with braces { … }

Conditional Constructs Conditional blocks are controlled by the evaluation of an expression to see if it is true or false But what is truth?

What is Truth? In Perl it's easier to answer the question "what is false?" 0 (the number zero)‏ '' (the empty string)‏ undef (an undefined value)‏ () (an empty list)‏ Everything else is true

Comparison Operators Compare two values in some way are they equal $x == $y or $x eq $y $x != $y or $x ne $y Is one greater than another $x > $y or $x gt $y $x >= $y or $x ge $y Also < ( lt ) and <= ( le )‏

Comparison Examples 62 > 42 # true '0' == (3 * 2) - 6 # true 'apple' gt 'banana' # false 'apple' == 'banana' # true(!)‏ 1 + 2 == '3 bears' # true

Boolean Operators Combine two or more conditional expressions into one EXPR_1 and EXPR_2 true if both EXPR_1 and EXPR_2 are true EXPR_1 or _EXPR_2 true if either EXPR_1 or _EXPR_2 are true alternative syntax && for and and || for or

Short-Circuit Operators EXPR_1 or EXPR_2 Only need to evaluate EXPR_2 if EXPR_1 evaluates as false We can use this to make code easier to follow open FILE, 'something.dat' or die "Can't open file: $!"; @ARGV == 2 or print $usage_msg;

if if - our first conditional if (EXPR) { BLOCK } Only executes BLOCK if EXPR is true if ($name eq 'Doctor') { regenerate(); }

if ... else ... if … else ... - an extended if if (EXPR) { BLOCK1 } else { BLOCK2} If EXPR is true, execute BLOCK1, otherwise execute BLOCK2 if ($name eq 'Doctor') { regenerate(); } else { die "Game over!\n"; }

if ... elsif ... else ... if … elsif … else ... - even more control if (EXPR1) { BLOCK1 } elsif (EXPR2) { BLOCK2 } else { BLOCK3 } If EXPR1 is true, execute BLOCK1 else if EXPR2 is true, execute BLOCK2 otherwise execute BLOCK3

if ... elsif ... else ... An example if ($name eq 'Doctor') { regenerate(); } elsif ($tardis_location eq $here) { escape(); } else { die "Game over!\n"; }

while while - repeat the same code while (EXPR) { BLOCK } Repeat BLOCK while EXPR is true while ($dalek_prisoners) { print "Ex-ter-min-ate\n"; $dalek_prisoners--; }

until until - the opposite of while until (EXPR) { BLOCK } Execute BLOCK until EXPR is true until ($regenerations == 12) { print "Regenerating\n"; regenerate(); $regenerations++; }

for for - more complex loops for (INIT; EXPR; INCR) { BLOCK } Like C Execute INIT If EXPR is false, exit loop, otherwise execute BLOCK, execute INCR and retest EXPR

for An example for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) { print "$i squared is ", $i * $i, "\n"; } Used surprisingly rarely

foreach foreach - simpler looping over lists foreach VAR (LIST) { BLOCK } For each element of LIST, set VAR to equal the element and execute BLOCK foreach $i (1 .. 10) { print "$i squared is ", $i * $i, "\n"; }

foreach Another example my %months = (Jan => 31, Feb => 28, Mar => 31, Apr => 30, May => 31, Jun => 30, … ); foreach (keys %months) { print "$_ has $months{$_} days\n"; }

Using while Loops Taking input from STDIN while (<STDIN>) { print; } This is the same as while (defined($_ = <STDIN>)) { print $_; }

Breaking Out of Loops next - jump to next iteration of loop last - jump out of loop redo - jump to start of same iteration of loop

Subroutines Self-contained "mini-programs" within your program Subroutines have a name and a block of code sub NAME { BLOCK }

Subroutine Example Simple subroutine example sub exterminate { print "Ex-Ter-Min-Ate!!\n"; $timelords--; }

Calling a Subroutine &slay; slay(); slay; last one only works if function has been predeclared

Subroutine Arguments Functions become far more useful if you can pass arguments to them exterminate('The Doctor'); Arguments end up in the @_ array within the function sub exterminate { my ($name) = @_; print "Ex-Ter-Min-Ate $name\n"; $timelords--; }

Multiple Arguments As @_ is an array it can contain multiple arguments sub exterminate { foreach (@_) { print "Ex-Ter-Min-Ate $_\n"; $timelords--; } }

Calling Subroutines A subtle difference between &my_sub and my_sub()‏ &my_sub passes on the contents of @_ to the called subroutine sub first { &second }; sub second { print @_ }; first('some', 'random', 'data');

By Value or Reference Passing by value passes the value of the variable into the subroutine. Changing the argument doesn't alter the external variable Passing by value passes the actual variable. Changing the argument alters the external value Perl allows you to choose

By Value or Reference Simulating pass by value my ($arg1, $arg2) = @_; Updating $arg1 and $arg2 doesn’t effect anything outside the subroutine Simulating pass by reference Updating the contents of @_ updates the external values $_[0] = 'whatever';

Returning Values Use return to return a value from a subroutine sub exterminate { if (rand > .25) { print "Ex-Ter-Min-Ate $_[0]\n"; $timelords--; return 1; } else { return; } }

Returning a List Returning a list from a subroutine sub exterminate { my @exterminated; foreach (@_) { if (rand > .25) { print "Ex-Ter-Min-Ate $_\n"; $timelords--; push @exterminated, $_; } } return @exterminated; }

Regular Expressions Patterns that match strings A bit like wild-cards A "mini-language" within Perl (Alien DNA)‏ The key to Perl's text processing power Sometimes overused! Documented in perldoc perlre

Match Operator m/PATTERN/ - the match operator works on $_ by default in scalar context returns true if the match succeeds in list context returns list of "captured" text m is optional if you use / characters with m you can use any delimiters

Match Examples m/PATTERN/ examples while (<FILE>) { print if /foo/; print if /bar/i; print if m|http://|; }

Substitutions s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/ - the substitution operator works on $_ by default in scalar context returns true if substitution succeeds in list context returns number of replacements can choose any delimiter

Substitution Examples s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/ examples while (<FILE>) { s/teh/the/gi; s/freind/friend/gi; s/sholud/should/gi; print; }

Binding Operator If we want m// or s/// to work on something other than $_ then we need to use the binding operator $name =~ s/Dave/David/;

Metacharacters Matching something other than literal text ^ - matches start of string $ - matches end of string . - matches any character (except \n)‏ \s - matches a whitespace character \S - matches a non-whitespace character

More Metacharacters \d - matches any digit \D - matches any non-digit \w - matches any "word" character \W - matches any "non-word" character \b - matches a word boundary \B - matches anywhere except a word boundary

Metacharacter Examples while (<FILE>) { print if m|^http|; print if /\bperl\b/; print if /\S/; print if /\$\d\.\d\d/; }

Quantifiers Specify the number of occurrences ? - match zero or one * - match zero or more + - match one or more {n} - match exactly n {n,} - match n or more {n,m} - match between n and m

Quantifier Examples while (<FILE>) { print if /whiske?y/i; print if /so+n/; print if /\d*\.\d+/; print if /\bA\w{3}\b/; }

Character Classes Define a class of characters to match /[aeiou]/ # match any vowel Use - to define a contiguous set /[A-Z]/ # match upper case letters Use ^ to match inverse set /[^A-Za-z] # match non-letters

Capturing Matches Parentheses are also used to capture parts of the matched string The captured parts are in $1, $2, etc… while (<FILE>) { if (/^(\w+)\s+(\w+)/) { print "The first word was $1\n"; print "The second word was $2"; } }

Returning Captures Captured values are also returned if the match operator is used in list context my @nums = $text =~ /(\d+)/g; print "I found these integers:\n"; print "@nums\n";

Perl Websites Perl Home Page http://www.perl.org CPAN http://www.cpan.org http://search.cpan.org Perl Mongers (Perl User Groups)‏ http://www.pm.org http://london.pm.org

Perl Websites use perl; (Perl news site)‏ http://use.perl.org Perl Monks (Perl help and advice)‏ http://www.perlmonks.org Perl documentation online http://perldoc.perl.org

Perl Conferences The Perl Conference (part of the Open Source Convention)‏ July, 21-25 2008 Portland, Oregon http://conferences.oreilly.com Yet Another Perl Conference 2008 Copenhagen, Denmark http://www.yapceurope.org

Perl Conferences Other YAPCs Chicago, Illinois Brazil Tokyo OSDC Israel Australia

Perl Workshops One-day grassroots conferences Like this one Germany, Israel, Pittsburgh, Nordic, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Russia, Minnesota, Austria Perl Review Calendar www.theperlreview.com/community_calendar

Perl Mailing Lists See http://lists.perl.org for full details Perl Mongers (social discussion)‏ CGI DBI XML Beginners Advocacy Fun with Perl

Perl Books Books for learning Perl Learning Perl (4th ed - July 2005) Schwartz, Phoenix & foy (O'Reilly)‏ Intermediate Perl Schwartz, foy & Phoenix (O'Reilly)‏ Beginning Perl Cozens (Wrox) http://www.perl.org/books/beginning-perl/

Perl Books Books you should have access to Programming Perl (3rd edition) Wall, Christiansen & Orwant (O'Reilly)‏ The Perl Cookbook (2 nd edition) Christiansen & Torkington (O'Reilly)‏ Perl Best Practices Conway (O'Reilly)‏ Perl in a Nutshell Siever, Spainhour & Patwardhan (O'Reilly)‏

Perl Books Books you should probably look at Mastering Regular Expressions Friedl (O'Reilly)‏ Data Munging with Perl Cross (Manning)‏ Advanced Perl Programming Cozens (O'Reilly)‏ Perl Medic Scott (Addison Wesley)

Perl Books Specialised Perl books Object Oriented Perl Conway (Manning)‏ Programming the Perl DBI Descartes & Bunce (O'Reilly)‏ Writing CGI Applications with Perl Meltzer & Michelski (Addison Wesley)‏ Practical mod_perl Bekman & Cholet (O'Reilly)‏

Perl Magazines The Perl Review http://www.theperlreview.com

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