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Chapter 06 - Telecommunications and Networks
6-1
6 Telecommunications and Networks
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 6: Telecommunications and Networks presents an overview of the Internet and other telecommunication
networks, business applications, and trends and reviews technical telecommunications alternatives.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Understand the concept of a network.
2. Apply Metcalfe’s law in understanding the value of a network.
3. Identify several major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of
telecommunications and Internet technologies.
4. Provide examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications.
5. Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business.
6. Explain the functions of major components of telecommunications network hardware, software, media, and
services.
7. Explain the concept of client/server networking.
8. Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer networking.
9. Explain the difference between digital and analog signals.
10. Identify the various transmission media and topologies used in telecommunications networks.
11. Understand the fundamentals of wireless network technologies.
12. Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.
13. Understand the seven layers of the OSI network model.

6-2
SUMMARY
• Telecommunications Trends. Organizations are becoming networked enterprises that use the Internet, intranets,
and other telecommunications networks to support business operations and collaboration within the enterprise and
with their customers, suppliers, and other business partners. Telecommunications has entered a deregulated and
fiercely competitive environment with many vendors, carriers, and services. Telecommunications technology is
moving toward open, inter-networked digital networks for voice, data, video, and multimedia. A major trend is the
pervasive use of the Internet and its technologies to build interconnected enterprise and global networks, like
intranets and extranets, to support enterprise collaboration, e-commerce, and other e-business applications.
• The Internet Revolution. The explosive growth of the Internet and the use of its enabling technologies have
revolutionized computing and telecommunications. The Internet has become the key platform for a rapidly
expanding list of information and entertainment services and business applications, including enterprise
collaboration, electronic commerce, and other e-business systems. Open systems with unrestricted connectivity
using Internet technologies are the primary telecommunications technology drivers in e-business systems. Their
primary goal is to promote easy and secure access by business professionals and consumers to the resources of the
Internet, enterprise intranets, and interorganizational extranets.
• The Business Value of the Internet. Companies are deriving strategic business value from the Internet, which
enables them to disseminate information globally, communicate and trade interactively with customized information
and services for individual customers, and foster collaboration of people and integration of business processes
within the enterprise and with business partners. These capabilities allow them to generate cost savings from using
Internet technologies, revenue increases from electronic commerce, and better customer service and relationships
through better supply chain management and customer relationship management.
• The Role of Intranets. Businesses are installing and extending intranets throughout their organizations to (1)
improve communications and collaboration among individuals and teams within the enterprise; (2) publish and share
valuable business information easily, inexpensively, and effectively via enterprise information portals and intranet
Web sites and other intranet services; and (3) develop and deploy critical applications to support business operations
and decision making.
• The Role of Extranets. The primary role of extranets is to link the intranet resources of a company to the intranets
of its customers, suppliers, and other business partners. Extranets can also provide access to operational company
databases and legacy systems to business partners. Thus, extranets provide significant business value by facilitating
and strengthening the business relationships of a company with customers and suppliers, improving collaboration
with its business partners, and enabling the development of new kinds of Web-based services for its customers,
suppliers, and others.
• Telecommunications Networks. The major generic components of any telecommunications network are (1)
terminals, (2) telecommunications processors, (3) communications channels, (4) computers, and (5)
telecommunications software. There are several basic types of telecommunications networks, including wide area
networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). Most WANs and LANs are interconnected using client/server,
network computing, peer-to-peer, and Internet networking technologies.
• Network Alternatives. Key telecommunications network alternatives and components are summarized in Figure
6.11 for telecommunications media, processors, software, channels, and network architectures. A basic
understanding of these major alternatives will help business end users participate effectively in decisions involving
telecommunications issues. Telecommunications processors include modems, multiplexers, inter-network
processors, and various devices to help interconnect and enhance the capacity and efficiency of telecommunications
channels. Telecommunications networks use such media as twisted pair wire, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
terrestrial microwave, communications satellites, cellular and PCS systems, wireless LANs, and other wireless
technologies.

6-3
• Telecommunications software, such as network operating systems and telecommunications monitors, controls and
manages the communications activity in a telecommunications network.
KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
1. Analog (244):
An analog signal is one in which a base carrier's alternating current frequency is modified in some way, such as
by amplifying the strength of the signal or varying the frequency, in order to add information to the signal.
Broadcast and telephone transmission have originally used analog technology.
An analog signal can be represented as a series of sine waves. The term originated because the modulation of
the carrier wave is analogous to the fluctuations of the human voice or other sound that is being transmitted.
2. Bandwidth (260):
Bandwidth describes the transmission speed and capacity of a telecommunications media or network.
3. Bluetooth (249):
A telecommunications industry specification for short range wireless communications.
4. Client/Server Networks (241):
A client/server network is a computing environment where workstations (clients) connect to servers.
5. Coaxial Cable (246):
A sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. Groups of coaxial cables
may be bundled together in a bigger cable for ease of installation.
6. Communications satellites (247):
Earth satellites serving as relay stations for microwave communications signals.
7. Digital (244):
Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of two states. These
states are typically represented as "0" and "1".
8. Extranets (232):
A network that links selected resources on an organization's network to its customers, suppliers, or other
business partners, using internet technologies.
9. Fiber optics (246):
Fiber optics uses cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective
jacket. They can conduct pulses of visible light elements ( photons ) generated by lasers at transmission rates as
high as trillions of bits per second (terabits per second, or Tbps).
10. Internet Service Providers (225):
An ISP is a company that provides access to the Internet to individuals and organizations.
11. Internet Networking Technologies (222):
Internet networking technologies consist of hardware, software, and standardized protocols used to create
telecommunications networks.

6-4
12. Inter-network Processors (252):
Internetwork processors such as bridges, routers, hubs, or gateways to other networks.
13. Intranets (229):
An intranet is a network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers and
servers, TCP/IP network protocols, HTML hypermedia document publishing and databases, and so on) to
provide an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing, communications,
collaboration, and the support of business processes.
14. Legacy systems (242):
Legacy systems refer to an organization's outdated business information systems.
15. Local Area Networks - LANs (239):
A LAN is a communications network that connects computers, terminals, and other computerized devices
within a limited physical area such as an office, building, floor, manufacturing plant, or worksite.
16. Metcalfe’s Law (218):
Metcalfe's Law expresses the value of a network as the square of the number of its users.
17. Middleware (222):
Middleware is a general term for any program that serves to "glue together" or mediate between two separate
programs.
18. Modems (251):
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts the digital signals from input/output devices into
analog signals for transmission over an analogue carrier at the sending node and converts analog signals back
into digital signals at the receiving node.
19. Multiplexer (252):
An electronic device that allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions
from many terminals.
20. Network (218):
The term network means an interconnected or interrelated chain, group, or system.
21. Network Architectures (255)
An organization's telecommunications environment including computers, software, communications standards,
and transmission media.
a. Open systems interconnection - OSI (255):
A seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) developed by the International Standards Organization
(ISO) to serve as a standard model for network architectures in order to promote an open, simple, flexible,
and efficient telecommunications environment.
b. TCP/IP (257):
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) consists of five levels of protocols that can be
related to the seven layers of the OSI architecture. The use of TCP/IP defines the Internet and all intranets
and extranets.
22. Network computing (242):
A system of computing in which “the network is the computer,” that is, the view that a few powerful computers
on the network provide the central computing resource for the network's users.

6-5
23. Network interoperability (261):
Network interoperability describes the ability for one network to communicate with other networks.
24. Network topologies (254):
A network topology describes the relationship between network nodes and telecommunications media.
25. Open Systems (222):
Open systems are information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications, and
networking.
26. Peer-to-Peer Networking (243):
P2P networks enable computers to connect and communicate directly with each other.
27. Protocol (255):
Protocols consist of a set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network.
28. Telecommunications (221):
Telecommunications consist of the exchange of analogue or digital signals between computer nodes over a
distance.
29. Telecommunications media (245):
Telecommunications media consist of the hardware or channel through which signals travel. They include,
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, terrestrial microwave, communications satellite, cellular,
radio frequency, and infrared systems.
30. Telecommunications network (235):
A telecommunications communications network is any arrangement in which a sender transmits a message to a
receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium .
31. Telecommunications processors (251):
Multiplexers, concentrators, communications controllers, and cluster controllers that allow a communications
channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals. They may also perform error
monitoring, diagnostics and correction, modulation-demodulation, data compression, data coding and decoding,
message switching, port contention, and buffer storage.
32. Telecommunications software (253):
Telecommunications software includes network operating systems, telecommunications monitors, web
browsers, and middleware, that controls and supports the communications activities in a telecommunications
network.
33. Virtual private network (VPN) (239):
A VPN consists of a network created by two private networks connected securely to each other via the Internet.
34. VoIP (258):
VoIP (voice over IP) is a system through which voice communications transmit over the internet in a manner
similar to a telephone call.
35. Wide Area Network - WAN (238):
A WAN is a data communications network covering a large geographic area.
36. Wireless LAN (249):
A wireless LAN is a local area network supported entirely without telecommunications cables.

6-6
37. Wireless technologies (223):
The hardware, software, and protocols used to connect devices without the use of cables by means of radio,
microwave (high frequency radio), or infrared transmissions.
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ
Q. A. Key Term Q. A. Key Term
1 34 VoIP 21 2 Bandwidth
2 23 Network interoperability 22 33 Virtual Private Network
3 20 Network 23 5 Coaxial cable
4 17 Middleware 24 27 Protocol
5 16 Metcalfe’s Law 25 21a OSI
6 13 Intranets 26 21b TCP/IP
7 8 Extranets 27 25 Open systems
8 10 Internet service provider 28 12 Internetwork processors
9 35 WAN 29 11 Internet networking technologies
10 15 Local area networks 30 4 Client/server networks
11 7 Digital 31 22 Network computing
12 29 Telecommunications media 32 26 Peer-to-peer networks
13 9 Fiber optics 33 6 Communications satellites
14 3 Bluetooth 34 14 Legacy systems
15 31 Telecommunications processors 35 28 Telecommunications
16 32 Telecommunications software 36 36 Wireless LAN
17 18 Modems 37 21 Network architectures
18 19 Multiplexer 38 30 Telecommunications network
19 24 Network topologies 39 37 Wireless technologies
20 1 Analog

6-7
ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. The Internet is the driving force behind developments in telecommunications, networks, and other
information technologies. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Agree
The Internet provides common protocols for information exchange (TCP/IP, HTML, and XML to name the
most common), and this inexpensive mode of communications appeals to many interests personal, public, and
commercial. Networks and related technologies serve as the enablers, and demand continues to drive
economies of scale and innovation.
Disagree
The driving force is the human desire to communicate.
2. How is the trend toward open systems, connectivity, and interoperability related to business use of the
Internet, intranets, and extranets?
Businesses are looking for the least expensive access to resources available. Open systems, connectivity, and
interoperability make these resources more readily available via internet technologies. They also help ensure
flexibility and long-term support – both important management issues.
3. Refer to the Real World Case on telemedicine and videoconferencing in the chapter. Not mentioned in
the case are implications for both privacy and data security arising from the use of these technologies. Which
specific ones could arise as a result, and to what extent do you believe those would inhibit the deployment of
these advances?
Privacy and security concerns exist for any networked health-care solution, and teleconferencing would be no
different. Undoubtedly, doctors would transmit and discuss patient information governed by various privacy
laws including HIPAA. Teleconferencing solutions providers should provide the same privacy protections
afforded other medical applications. These solutions would revolve around authentication, access control, and
encryption.
4. How will wireless information appliances and services affect the business use of the Internet and the
Web? Explain.
Affects
The overall effect will be massive growth of wireless information appliances and related applications.
Examples
• Marketing can now reach customers right at the point of purchase.
• Sales personnel can reduce sales cycle times by capturing sales real-time.
• Sales personnel can provide real-time competitive intelligence directly from the field.
• Distribution can optimize delivery schedules real-time.
• Supply chain can capture the movement of raw materials, WIP, and finished goods real-time.
• Employees will require fewer hours working in an office.
• Customer service can directly monitor product performance in the field.

6-8
5. What are some of the business benefits and management challenges of client/server networks? Network
computing? Peer-to-peer networks?
Client/server benefits:
• Clients (end users) take the computing burden off the server, thereby allowing the server to accommodate
more users.
• Servers centrally control information access and flow.
• Servers handle connectivity to and security between other servers.
• If the server fails, users can still continue using their machine for local tasks.
• Client-side processing is more tailored to the needs of the end users.
Client/server challenges:
• Client-side hardware is more expensive than network computers
• Client-side applications are more difficult to maintain than server side applications (one update on a server
v. hundreds of updates on the client-side).
Network computing benefits:
• Client-side hardware is cheaper.
• Applications are located on the server and easier to maintain.
• Clients can access a massive amount of computing power if necessary.
Network computing challenges:
• Network computers require enough computing power to handle peak loads.
• If the network computer fails, then all nodes cease to function.
Peer to peer benefits:
• Requires minimal (or no) servers.
• Processing and storage are distributed and use only surplus capacity.
Peer to peer challenges:
• Security
• Applications are more difficult to maintain than server based applications (one update on a server v.
hundreds of individual updates on the client-side).
6. What is the business value driving so many companies to install and extend intranets rapidly throughout
their organizations?
Intranets decrease communications costs. They increase the number of employees reached, the volume of
information they can access, and the speed at which this information flows.
7. What strategic competitive benefits do you see in a company’s use of extranets?
Strategic benefits derive from offering customers, suppliers, and partners with unique capabilities afforded by
effective and efficient communications. Examples include streamlined order processing, customer service,
account management, collaboration, and general communications. These abilities may help raise barriers to
entry, increase switching costs, decrease operating costs, and help improve product quality.
8. Refer to the Real World Case on telepresence in the chapter. What seems to be the difference between
videoconferencing and telepresence? Given the discussion on the latter in the case, does videoconferencing
have a future? Why or why not?
Differences: Telepresence is a high-end version of videoconferencing. Video conferencing involves sharing
audio and video feeds. Telepresence uses these feeds to give the participants the feeling that they are sharing
the same space. Cisco does this through high definition videos and multiple screens.
Bright future: Since Telepresence isn't mobile and videoconferencing is, videoconferencing has a significant
future.

6-9
No future: Given "Moore's Law" and the steady improvements in telecommunications, there's no reason
telepresence can't also become more mobile at some point in the future. As a result, videoconferencing has no
long-term future.
9. Do you think that business use of the Internet, intranets, and extranets has changed what businesspeople
expect from information technology in their jobs? Explain.
Yes. Over the last two decades, employees have seen significant improvements to information and information
access. The most recent improvements stem directly from internet related technologies. The direction these
improvements have taken allow employees to envision an even more robust future, and this significantly
increases their information technology expectations.
No. Personal use of the Internet has changed what people expect from IT. Personal applications have far
outstripped what is available in the business environment, and it is this market that has set employee's
expectations. The idea that, "if I can do this cool stuff at home, I should be able to do this at work," has driven
expectations for better IT at work.
Example
Peer-to-peer file sharing boomed with Napster and others years before software vendors figured out how to use
it to distribute licensed copies of their software. For example, Blizzard now uses peer-to-peer file sharing in
order to handle massive download demands on game-release day. 1
10. The insatiable demand for everything wireless, video, and Web-enabled everywhere will be the driving
force behind developments in telecommunications, networking, and computing technologies for the
foreseeable future. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Agree: 3G and now 4G devices, applications, and networks have all taken the headlines. The massive number
of these internet-ready devices is also hastening the implementation of IPv6 as regions run out of IP addresses
under the old scheme. People expect information and video access wherever they are.
1
Starcraft II's installer defaults to peer-to-peer for its game download scheme.

6-10
ANSWERS TO ANALYSIS EXERCISES
1. How many addresses are enough?
a. Express as a power of 2 the number of nodes that can exist using IPv4.
2^32
b. Express as a power of 2 the number of nodes that can exist using IPv6.
2^128
2. MNO Incorporated Communications Network
a. Create a database table with an appropriate structure to store the data below. Enter the records shown
below and get a printed listing of your table.
See Data Solutions Disk for a sample database.
b. Survey results suggest that the peak traffic to and from a site will be approximately 2 kilobits per second
for each phone line plus 10 kilobits per second for each computer. Create a report showing the estimated
peak demand for the telecommunications system at each site in kilobits. Create a second report grouped by
region and showing regional subtotals and a total for the system as a whole.
See Data Solutions Disk for a sample database.
3. Wireless Radiation
a. Use an Internet search engine and report on what the World Health Organization (WHO) has had to say
about microwave radiation or nonionizing radiation.
The WHO conducted a ten years study from 2000 to 2010. The study consisted of 13,000 people in 13
countries and found no link to cancer. Some data "suggested" a link with glioma, but it acknowledged study
bias could account for these results. As a result, the WHO could pronounce no "definitive" results and
suggested more study.
b. Use an Internet search engine to identify the various complaints posed by stakeholders regarding cell
phone towers. Write a one-page paper describing an alternative to cell phone towers that would enable cell
phone use and yet mitigate all or most of these complaints.
Complaints:
• Fear of cancer or other illness
• Unsightly cell phone towers
Alternatives:
Rather than using cell towers with effective transmission ranges of up to a mile, some advocates have
encouraged cell phone companies to install numerous, low-cost, cell stations. These smaller stations only need
sufficient transmitting power to extend a few hundred yards and would not require tall towers. Instead of
towers, phone companies could place these small stations on the tops of telephone poles or on the roofs of two
or three storied buildings. This approach has several advantages. Small transmitters would require very little
power to cover a range of only a couple hundred yards thereby reducing the strength of transmitted microwaves,
they would blend into their surroundings thereby eliminating eyesores, and they would allow cell phones to
transmit on very low power thereby enabling even smaller phones or significantly increased battery life.

6-11
4. Maximizing Communications
a. In Excel’s menu, select “Data” and then “Sort” and then press the “F1” key for help. Read through each
of the topics. How would an ascending sort arrange the list “Smith; Jones; Zimmerman”?
Ascending order sorts from the lowest value to the highest value or in alphabetical order for text data. In this
case: "Jones; Smith; Zimmerman"
b. What feature allows users to sort month lists so January appears before April?
The "Options" button within data sorting dialog box opens a new dialog box that allows users to select an
alternative sort order. Excel lists several default sort orders including one by the name of the month.
c. Sort the partner data first on Gender, then by Industry, and then by Region, and save the file.
See Analysis Exercise Data Solutions files: [Chapter 06 - Solutions.xls].
The results from this sort will depend on the starting point. The original file has been sorted in ascending order
by last name and then by first name. This ordering will take forth and fifth precedence following industry,
region, and gender. Since this exercise doesn't specify maintaining this order, you may expect varying results.
Simply check to ensure that industry, region, and gender are in the proper order and ensure students have
included all columns in their data sort. Failing to do so will result in partners who have been inadvertently
reassigned gender, industry, or region. For example, Ziara Abud started off as a female audit partner in the
Americas, and your student's data should maintain this.
d. Examine the sorted results from the previous step. Notice that assigning the first eight partners to the
same table would minimize diversity. This result should also provide a clue about how to maximize diversity.
Using this insight, assign a table number in the range from 1 to 50 to each partner in your sorted list so to
maximize diversity. Save the file as “partners_sorted.xls” and explain your logic.
See Analysis Exercise Data Solutions files: [Chapter 06 - Solutions.xls].
Since assigning table #1 to the first eight partners in the list minimizes diversity, assigning tables {1, 2,… 50}
to the first fifty partners will maximize diversity. Start the table numbering over again with the 51st
partner.
This process ensures that the partners who are grouped together by the sorting activities are split up across
different tables. While not every table will have four men and four women, this reflects the fact that the firm is
not equally balanced by gender at the partnership level. Indeed, this in itself may make for an interesting
classroom discussion. See "partners_sorted.xls" on your faculty CD for a sample solution. Note: encourage
students to use Excel's Auto Fill feature rather than type all four-hundred table numbers individually.

6-12
ANSWERS TO REAL WORLD CASES
RWC 1: DLA Piper, MetLife, PepsiCo, and Others
Case Study Questions
1. Implementing telepresence seems to have other, less tangible, advantages beyond travel cost savings.
What are some of those? How do you quantify them to make the case for investing in the technology? Provide
at least two fully developed examples.
Intangible benefits
• Helps "green" initiatives
• Improves employee's quality of life
• Increase junior team member's exposure to executive management
• Improves working relationships
Indirect methods to quantify impact
• Count instances of coverage by industry press
• Note changes in employee turn-over rates
• Note changes in recoverable hours
• Note changes in billable hours
• Evaluate client retention
2. DLA Piper, MetLife, and the other companies featured in the case are very optimistic about the
technology. However, other than its cost, what are some potential disadvantages of implementing telepresence
in organizations?
Disadvantages
The case does not specifically discuss disadvantages other than cost.
• Important meetings are at the mercy of technology failures
• Overreliance on video conferencing might hinder the development of personal relationships
3. Do you think meetings conducted through telepresence technology will be similar to face-to-face ones as
the technology becomes more pervasive? How would the rules of etiquette change for telepresence meetings?
Which type of meeting would you like best?
Similarities
• Real-time communication
• Body language aids communication
Differences
• Less personal
• Meeting ends at the end – minimal socializing after work
• More impromptu – meetings can be arranged more quickly than travel
Etiquette
• When meeting across time zones, which party gets up early or stays up late?
• Agreement and trust on the subject of recording the meeting
• Beware the "open microphone"
• Participants should minimize side conversations as microphones pick up all voices equally

6-13
Real World Activities
1. Telepresence is described in the case as a green technology because it replaces air travel with a more
environmentally friendly alternative. Recently, many organizations are looking to IT to help them cut their
carbon footprint. What other technologies can be helpful in this regard?
Sample "Green" IT Technologies
• Google's containerized server rooms
• Google's server motherboards with built in UPS
• Cloud computing pooling resources
• "Smart" appliances that run off-peak
• Solid State Drives (SSD) that are faster and use less power than hard drives
• Virtual Machines (VM) reduce the number of physical servers required
• Virtual Private Networks (VPN) allow users to work from home and avoid commuting
• Mobile computing that allows users to capture data and/or work on the road
• GPS/traffic analysis help drivers avoid current traffic congestion
• Route planning software to minimize distance driven and left-hand turns
• "Remote support" allows fewer IT support people to serve geographically disperse users
• Grid computing using existing machines during off-peak computing times
2. Go online and research different ways in which the “green IT” movement is catching on. Prepare a
report to share your findings.
Search terms
• "green IT"
• "green computing"
3. The organizations featured in the case are not too keen on the future of business travel. Despite the high
quality of current and future telepresence systems, do you believe these companies are missing something by
not having people meet face to face? Why or why not? Break into small groups with your classmates to
discuss this issue.
The case does not state that organizations have banned travel – just that they have reduced travel. These
organizations still have face to face meetings when appropriate. In fact, they may increase the total number of
meetings (when counting video meetings), and this may serve to improve working relationships rather than
hinder them.
RWC 2: Brain Saving Technologies, Inc. and the T-Health Institute
1. From the perspective of a patient, how would you feel about being diagnosed by a doctor who could be
hundreds or thousands of miles away from you? What kind of expectations or concerns would you have
about that kind of experience?
Feelings:
I wouldn't care about the source of a diagnosis so long as I had confidence in the source's competence.
Expectations:
I would expect a local specialist involved in the diagnosis. The local specialist would act as my advocate and as
a safety check. A specialist rather than a general practitioner or intern would be more able to detect and
communicate my symptoms to the remote expert.

6-14
Concerns:
I would be concerned that the remote expert wasn't getting all the information necessary to make an accurate
diagnosis including information that may be unique to my case. Hospitals already face criticism for providing
impersonal care. Adding a remote expert into the loop will do nothing to address these concerns. I would also
be concerned that a local specialist and the remote expert were in collusion to charge my insurance company for
an unnecessary consultation.
2. What other professions, aside from health care and education could benefit from application of some of
the technologies discussed in the case? How would they derive business value from these projects? Develop
two proposals.
Other professions:
• Engineering projects
• Auditors working on global corporations
• Teams working on mergers or acquisitions
• Political campaigns
Proposals:
1) Implementing high quality video conferencing can be an expensive project and a distraction from core
business. Therefore, a service provider might undertake to create an international network of video conference
centers. End users would only need to commute to the nearest conference center to participate in a conference.
Cisco Systems is currently undertaking just such an initiative.
2) A global corporation might implement a high quality video conferencing system in order to reduce travel
costs and the inconvenience frequent travel places on its employees. In Star Trek terms, one might think of
these facilities as virtual "transporter rooms."
3. The deployment of IT in the health professions is still very much in its infancy. What other uses of
technology could potentially improve the quality of health care? Brainstorm several alternatives.
A few suggestions:
• Integrated billing
• Universal access to patient records
• Family/patient education
• Doctor/staff continuing education
• Supply chain management (many examples already exist)
• Prescription drug dispensing machines (to reduce errors)
• Doctor/hospital performance reporting
1. Technology enhances the ability of educational institutes to reach students across geographic boundaries.
One recent development in this area is YouTube EDU. Go online to check out the site and prepare a report
summarizing its objectives, the kind of content available there, and how it could be used to support
traditional modes of education delivery, such as lectures.
URL: http://www.youtube.com/education?b=400
Objectives:
YouTube – EDU gives two and four year degree granted public and private colleges and universities their own,
individual YouTube channel through which they can organize and publish videos. (YouTube.com)
Content:
Content ranges from messages from the institution's administration and student orientation to classroom lectures
and related content.

6-15
Classroom support:
• Professors could tape their classes and make them available online if they are willing to give away the
content for free.
• Professors might find videos that supplement their lectures and assign them for viewing.
2. If widely adopted, these technologies could conceivably lead to a concentration of specialists in a small
number of “hub” institutions, essentially creating a two-tier health care system. Do you believe this would
lead to an increase or decrease in the availability of these professionals for patients? What could be the
positive and negative consequences of this development? Break into small groups with your classmates to
discuss these issues.
Availability:
The main point is to make experts more available to the people who need them. Its secondary objective,
provide educational access, should help maintain or increase local specialist's expertise. Video conferencing
should also help reduce the need for hubs of specialty (which have long been in existence). The reduction will
come because experts will no longer need to work in physical proximity in order to collaborate.
Positive impact:
• Increase collaboration
• Increase the dissemination of information.
• Increase access to experts.
Negative impact:
• Create an over-reliance on technology that could fail in an emergency
• Potentially depersonalize medicine even further
RWC 3: Metric & Multistandard Components Corp.: The Business Value of a Security Self-Managed
Network for a Small-to-Medium Business
1. What were the most important factors contributing to MMCC’s success with its new, secure, self-
managed network? Explain the reasons for your choices.
• increased bandwidth (eliminated congestion)
• improved reliability (less down time, greater productivity)
• improved security (obvious but not explained in the case)
• easier to manage (lower personnel costs)
• lower costs (fast payback period, lower risk)
2. What are some of the business benefits and challenges of self-managed and externally managed
networks?
Self-managed benefits:
• Greater accountability
• Greater flexibility
Self-managed challenges:
• Lack of expertise
• Distracts from core operations
Externally managed benefits:
• Access to expertise
• Potential for economies of scale (not mentioned in case)
• Doesn't distract from core business

6-16
Externally managed challenges:
• Lack of accountability (extra communications layer)
• Inflexible contract (locked in)
3. Which type of network management would you advise small-to-medium business firms to use? Explain
the reasons for your recommendation.
Self-managed. Network technology is fairly mature and requires minimal customization. Expertise is not
difficult to find when required.
1. Use the Internet to discover more about the telecommunications products and services and current
business performance and prospects of Cisco Systems and Hi- Link and some of their many competitors in
the telecom industry. Which telecom hardware and software company and IT consulting firm would you
recommend to a small-to-medium business with which you are familiar? Explain your reasons to the class.
Cisco Systems:
Cisco is a publicly held company that makes IP based networking hardware and software and provides related
products and services. Cisco is the industry leader.
Hi-Link
Hi-Link is a privately held corporation providing a range of network related consulting services. It is one of
many similar IT consulting firms in the industry. It is a certified partner of a variety of hardware and software
manufactures.
Cisco's competitors include
• 3Com
• Nortel
• Juniper
Recommendations
Note: This recommendation applies to small and medium firms that lack the time and resources to conduct a
detailed analysis of its unique needs and vendors' product offerings.
Cisco is the leading industry leading hardware vendor. Choosing a different product would require a very
careful rationale. When in doubt, go with the leader. For implantation, it's best to stick with a firm certified by
the vendor. This helps ensure they have the required expertise and access to higher level support. They should
also have offices in all the installation locations. This helps reduce travel costs.
2. In telecommunications network installation and management, as in many other business situations, the
choice between “do it yourself” and “let the experts handle it” is a crucial business decision for many
companies. Break into small groups with your classmates to debate this choice for small-to-medium
businesses. See if you can agree on several key criteria that should be considered in making this decision, and
report your conclusions to the class.
Key criteria:
• product maturity, stability, and reputation
• vendor experience, stability, and reputation
• degree and availability of expertise
• degree of customization required
• potential for economies of scale (cost savings)

6-17
RWC 4: Starbucks and Others
1. Do you agree with the plans by Starbucks to offer time-limited free Wi-Fi to customers? Part of the idea
is to push the Starbucks card and reap other business benefits from doing so. Do you think free Wi-Fi would
be enough to instill that kind of loyalty? Based on the experiences of the other coffee houses reported above,
do you think free access was a critical factor in developing a loyal customer base?
Agree:
If I were a Starbucks stockholder, the only question I would have is "is this making us money?" Starbucks has
enough stores to run controlled tests to determine optimal pricing and deals. Regardless, Starbucks has not
locked itself into a long-term solution. With a Wi-Fi infrastructure in place, they can deploy it as they see fit.
Finally, all Wi-Fi providers need to be aware that "free Wi-Fi" maps exist for just about any location. These
maps highlight locations with open and free Wi-Fi access. Starbucks (and others) need to know that if they
offer this service for free, they will quickly appear on these maps.
Loyalty:
Loyalty cards work because the customer sees a benefit to using them. Typically these benefits revolve around
free stuff. In this case, it's free Wi-Fi. It could just as well be a free beverage.
Customer base:
Wi-Fi might get people in the door, but delivering value will keep them spending money. Because free Wi-Fi is
increasingly available, Wi-Fi users have more choices, and they need not put up with an inferior product.
Therefore, free Wi-Fi is a good promotional tool, but nothing more. Stores must also contend with the effect
free Wi-Fi will have on the customer experience. Traditional coffee house customers enjoy coffee and
conversation. Free Wi-Fi has made some stores resemble the workplace environment with a dozen or more
heads buried in their laptop computers. This customer base tends to use the store for "free parking" rather than
refreshment and relaxation, and traditional customers may not appreciate the change.
2. Part of the reason for Starbucks’s move had to do with increased competition from chains like
McDonald’s for the morning breakfast crowd. However, Starbucks and McDonald's hardly seem to be
targeting the same public. Do you think that free wireless access by such a competitor would have moved a
significant portion of Starbucks' customers away? Why or why not?
Note 1: this question appears to pre-suppose that Starbucks and McDonalds do not compete for the same
customers but then asks for the student's opinion. The question essentially reduces to whether or not the student
believes enough food & beverage customers seeking a place to use Wi-Fi would choose McDonalds over
Starbucks if McDonalds offered free Wi-Fi access to make a difference to Starbucks.
Note 2: this question is very significant to Starbucks' bottom line. Why? During peak rush times, both
Starbucks and McDonalds operates at peak capacity. Therefore attracting more customers during these times
offers little benefit. On the other hand, attracting customers between rush periods translates to additional store
revenue, and Wi-Fi appeals to this segment.
Effectiveness: Starbucks obviously believes that McDonalds poses a threat or they wouldn't have lowered their
Wi-Fi access price. McDonalds clearly believes that it can compete against Starbucks as evidenced by their TV
advertisement campaign highlighting their coffee's taste test victories over Starbucks. Some McDonalds have
also redesign portions of their dining areas to make them more comfortable and encourage patrons to linger.
3. The case notes some companies that offer free Wi-Fi in exchange for viewing advertisements or
answering questions for market research studies. Would you be willing to do so in order to get free wireless
access, say, at an airport? Would your answer change if you were using a corporate laptop versus your own,
because of security concerns?
Personal use answers will vary.
The corporate use answer should take into consideration corporate policy. Also note that G3 and G4 networks
now offer a competitive alternative to free Wi-Fi and are less likely to violate policy.

6-18
1. Johan Bergendahl of Ericsson believes the demise of Wi-Fi is rather imminent and that mobile
broadband will replace hot spots for wireless access. Search the Internet for current commercial offerings of
mobile broadband and compare their features with Wi-Fi hotspots. Which one would you choose? Which
factors would affect your decision? Prepare a report to share your findings and opinions.
Broadband Features:
Greater coverage area than Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Features:
• Faster transmission speeds
• Low cost
• Hardware availability
Decision factors:
• speed
• coverage
• cost
• reliability
• security
Trend:
The trends are interesting. Wi-Fi coverage areas are increasing – but piecemeal. Projects to offer Wi-Fi city-
wide have failed. On the other hand, broadband costs are going down, security is built into the product, and the
necessary hardware has begun to proliferate. If broadband can overcome the transmission speed issue, and
there's no reason to think it eventually won't, it will likely prevail.
2. Go online and look at different companies in one of the industries mentioned in the case, noting which
companies offer free wireless access and which ones do not. Break into small groups and brainstorm
potential explanations for these differences. Do you see any patterns in the type of companies that charge for
access versus those that offer it for free?
Industries mentioned:
• Hospitality
• Transportation
Hospitality (hotels) resources:
List of chains 2 3
"Best WiFi Hotels" 2009 list4
Benefits analysis:
General benefits to Wi-Fi5
Hotel WiFi services vendors 6 7
2
http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/articles/stories/2007/03/13/0311gohotels.html
3
http://freehotelsearch.com/allChains.html
4
http://www.hotelchatter.com/special/Best_WiFi_Hotels_2009
5
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=680821
6
http://www.wirelessnetworkproducts.com/wi-fidesignservice.aspx
7
http://www.wanderingwifi.com/hospitality/index.html

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

La merced que V. Magestad hizo de enprestar a esta ysla la renta
de vn año para traer negros, este cavildo porque le toca más que
toda la ysla por tener esta tierra del cobre tan cerca e porque con
los negros se podrian hazer en este término algun yngenio de
azucar, besamos las manos a V. Magestad por tan gran merced e lo
mesmo en nombre de todos los pueblos vezinos e moradores della
que a todos alcanza parte; allá se ha enbiado a V. Magestad cierta
capitulacion; como se trayan supplicamos a V. Magestad mande que
se ponga en efecto e de licencia para que se pueda enbiar el oro a
esos rreynos para que se puedan traer de allá los dichos negros.
V. Magestad mandó dar vna cédula en favor del obispo desta ysla
mandando á los cavildos de los pueblos della que conprometiesen la
diferencia que entre él y ellos ay sobre lo hacer de los diezmos, la
cual cédula él la presentó en este cavildo por el mesmo obispo e fué
obedecida, e quanto al cumplimiento, como faltaron los otros
procuradores de las otras villas de la ysla, ha cesado de entender en
ello, e tambien porque en esto del dezmar está muy capitulado e
asentado e vsado que cada vno diezme en los frutos que Dios le
diere, e ansi se a guardado en esta ysla y en la Española por cédula
de V. Magestad; supplicamos á V. Magestad que pues esto se husa e
guarda en todos los rreynos e señoríos de V. Magestad, que en esta
ysla de Cuba no desmerezcamos menos que los otros vasallos de V.
Magestad e que el obispo no nos aga dezmar en dineros, pues que
por ninguna ley nos obliga á ello y tanpoco crea V. Magestad que
tenemos diferencia avnque lo escriva el obispo, que no lo haze sino
porque mueve, porque se lo den en dineros porque sus frutos todos
se lo pagan muy bien.
V. Magestad savrá como en los lx dias de la rresidencia vinieron á
este cavildo ciertos vezinos a quexarse que el obispo les dezia e
requería que no demandasen ni pusiesen pleyto á Gonzalo de
Guzman en la dicha residencia, e dezian que el cabildo entendiese
en ello, sobre lo cual fué cometido a vn alcalde que tomase ynforme
dello e ansi lo tomo de su oficio, e pasada la residencia, la Semana
Santa apretó el obispo a este cavildo para que le diese la dicha
ynformacion, si no que á todos descomulgaria, la qual se dió a

Manuel de Rojas, como a justicia y él se la llevó, e despues de vista,
el dicho obispo amenaço a este cavildo que nos abia de descomulgar
e fatigar sobrello, e como era Semana Santa y nos negaba el
sacramento e las otras cosas cunplideras a nuestras ánimas,
pidionos que este cavildo pidiese absolucion e que se quemase luego
la ynformacion, e por lo que dezia e hazia que avia de hazer e se
hizo en su casa, se quemó; parécenos que nos hizo mucho agravio e
fuerça, porque asi la avia él de enbiar a V. Magestad cerrada e a
buen rrecabdo e por ella se viera sy teníamos culpa e no mandalla
quemar como cosa de herejes. Manuel de Rojas antes que la
quemase dixo a este cavildo que el aria Relacion a V. Magestad que
lo mande ver e provea lo que mas fuere servido pues todo se hazia
para ynformar á V. Magestad.
Tanbien hazemos saber a V. Magestad como entre el obispo y el
licenciado Vadillo han avido ciertos rrequerimientos, y el obispo
quizo maltratar al dicho licenciado diziéndole que le haria castigar,
sobre lo qual el dicho licenciado rreplicó algunas cosas de las que el
dicho obispo avia fecho en esta ysla, e porque en la dicha rrespuesta
le pareció al dicho obispo que le era muy perjudicial ha procurado
que el dicho requerimiento e rrespuesta se quemase como la
ynformacion de arriba, e porque el dicho licenciado no ha querido
sino que V. Magestad la mande ver, el dicho obispo está muy
enojado contra él y en la yglesia en presencia de todos en dos días
del mes de Mayo le quisiera molestar de palabra por manera de
alborotar, sino que el dicho licenciado se salió y lo dexó, pidiéndolo
todo por testimonio.
E pues el dicho obispo se va á consagrar a esos rreynos,
suplicamos á V. Magestad se ynforme de todo lo que en esta ysla ha
sucedido despues que él vino á ella y en todo provea como mas sea
servido y esta ysla esté pacífica.
Otro no se ofrece que dezir; Nuestro Señor guarde e acresciente
el imperial estado de Vuestra Sacra Magestad por muy largos
tiempos como V. Magestad desea. Desta cibdad de Santiago de Cuba
á vi de Mayo de dxxxii años. S. C. C. M. los imperiales pies y manos
de Vuestra Magestad besamos, Juan Barba, Pero de Paz, Hernando

de Castro, Lope Hurtado; por mandado de los señores justicias e
Regidores, Cristobal de Najera escrivano público y del concejo.

178.
(Año de 1532.—Mayo 6.)—Carta de Pedro Paz censurando el proceder de Manuel
de Rojas en el tiempo que tiene el gobierno, y mucho más el de el Obispo.
(Extracto. Acad. de la Hist. Colecc. Muñoz, t. 79. fol. 111 vuelto.)

179.
(Año de 1532.—Mayo 6.)—Carta de los oficiales reales á S. M. dándole gracias por
haber hecho justicia á la isla con el envío del licenciado Vadillo; acabó éste la
residencia de Gonzalo de Guzmán, á que se atienen y está tomando las cuentas
atrasadas. Las rentas se han acrecentado mucho con el descubrimiento de
buenas minas. Se acrecentarán más si trabajan las del cobre y se pone persona
que cobre derechos en la Habana, excelente puerto adonde van acudiendo
navíos. Se creen en el deber de informar contra el proceder del Obispo en Cuba
y Jamaica y de rogar no se dé crédito á lo que escribe en su favor y en el de
Gonzalo Guzmán. (A. de I., 54, 1, 34.)
S. C. C. M.—Por el mes de Noviembre del año pasado escrevimos
a Vuestra Magestad todo lo sucedido asta entonces, e despues no ha
venido navío ni hemos avido carta de Vuestra Magestad, e a esta
cabsa no tenemos que responder, e lo que se ofrece que esta
fundicion se acabó a xxvi de hebrero, e lo que ha pertenecido a V.
Magestad desde trece de abril del año de dxxxi pasado que se enbió
otra rrelacion a V. Magestad asta en nueve de março de dxxxii verá V.
Magestad por la rrelacion que juntamente con esta se enbia a la
qual nos remitimos.
El licenciado Vadillo llegó a esta ysla, como escrevimos a V.
Magestad, en vi de noviembre de dxxxi y en lo de la residencia de
Gonzalo de Guzman no tenemos que dezir sino Remitirnos á la
rrelacion e carta que a V. Magestad él escrive sobrello, y en lo del
salario que V. Magestad manda que se pague al dicho licenciado
Vadillo se le ha dado obra de a l pesos para que comiese e pague en
quenta de los dc maravedis que V. Magestad le manda dar asta el dia

que se acabare de enbarcar desta ysla, e de todo lo que se le diere
tomaremos dél carta de pago al tiempo que se embarcare.
Quanto a la quenta del thezorero Pero Nuñez de Guzman, el
licenciado Vadillo se ocupó luego que allegó en hazer el cargo xxx o
xxxv dias, y esto fue antes que començase la residencia, e despues
que acabó la dicha rresidencia, que fué en primero de março, hasta
oy, se ha ocupado e ocupa en hazer el descargo de la dicha quenta
de Pero Nuñez de Guzman, e creemos que dentro de x o xii dias la
acabará y despues entrará por las quentas de los otros thezoreros
en las quales creemos que se ocupará en mucho menos tienpo que
en esta de Pero Nuñez, porque á nuestro parecer están muy claras,
aunque se revee y rremyra tanto en ello que no puede ser mas.
Luego que vino aqui el licenciado, vino la cédula de V. Magestad
para que se enprestase toda la renta de V. Magestad de vn año para
que se truxese en negros e se repartiesen a los vezinos, e quando
llegó la cédula hera por el mes de novienbre; pensamos que pagado
el empréstito sobrarán quatro mill pesos de oro para traer los dichos
negros, e despues plugo a Dios descubrir tan buenas minas que
hallamos que montara la merced que V. Magestad manda enprestar
a la ysla para la trayda destos negros vii mill pesos de oro, poco más
o menos, los quales están en el arca de tres llaves para efectuar esta
merced de V. Magestad e la orden que en esto de traer estos negros
acá se ha dado, se lleva firmada del obispo e governador e oficiales;
suplicamos a V. Magestad que dé crédito a lo que dezimos, que
mediante esta merced que V. Magestad haze a esta ysla se recobrará
mucho e V. Magestad acrescentará en sus rrentas mucha suma mas
de lo que pensava a cabsa destas minas, y que favorezca V.
Magestad la trayda destos negros porque en solo ello está la
poblacion e perpetuacion de la ysla vezinos e moradores della.
Al thezorero Lope Hurtado le es forçoso yr a besar las manos á V.
Magestad e a ynformar de algunas cosas de su servicio; creemos
partirá de aquí xxx o xl dias con el qual se embiara a V. Magestad
todo el oro que de lo demas de los vii mill pesos ay en el arca, que
cobrándose ciertas debdas que se pleitean, serán dos mill pesos
poco más o menos, por manera que a Dios muchas gracias, se ha

echo bien ogaño, pues V. Magestad ha mandado pagar los
enpréstitos desta ysla e más la merced de los vii mil pesos que
presta a la ysla para negros.
Todo esto creemos ha venido por descubrir Dios las buenas
minas que ha descubierto, que en cinco meses se cogieron l mill
pesos e creemos que se cogerá más este año que viene.
Estas minas tenemos por cierto que Dios lo ha dado tan rricas
porque V. Magestad ha hecho dos mercedes muy grandes a la ysla:
la vna es enbiar a ella buena justicia, e la otra hazer la merced que
ha echo de enprestar para los negros; plega a Dios nuestro Señor
sea todo para su servicio e para el servicio de V. Magestad e
acrescentamiento de sus rrentas rreales.
Savrá V. Magestad que en las sentencias que dió el licenciado
Vadillo en la rresidencia de Gonzalo de Guzman le condenó en
perdimiento de su oficio de veedor asta en tanto que V. Magestad
provea en ello: se acordó por el gobernador e nosotros que el factor
Hernando de Castro vsase el dicho oficio de veedor, e hizo la
solenidad e juramento que hera obligado, el qual por servir a V.
Magestad lo vsa syn que se le dé salario de la dicha veedoria e lo
servirá asta que V. Magestad sea servido.
Por ésta tornamos acordar á V. Magestad de lo que le avemos
escrito de la sierra del cobre para que V. Magestad tenga memoria
de mandar enbiar vn maestro o dos con fuelles e herramientas
necesarias porque todos los vezinos están en mucha esperança de
trabajar en ello, y creemos que la rrenta de V. Magestad se
acrecentara mucho con ello.
En esta ysla ay vna villa que se llama la Habana, en la qual ay
muy buen puerto, adonde vienen muchos navíos de Castilla e de
Yucatan, e descargan mercaderías e contratan cada año C.....[40]
pesos de derechos pocos más o menos e asta aquí la justicia ha
puesto recabdo en ello y el gobernador a nuestro pedimiento ha
mandado a la dicha justizia e rregidores de la Havana que pongan
en rrecabdo en cobrar los derechos pertenecientes a V. Magestad
ansy del almoxarifazgo como de otras cosas y rresponden que no lo

quieren hazer sin que se lo paguen, supplicamos a V. Magestad se lo
enbie a mandar para que lo cobren como asta aquí, porque por aver
cc legüas como hay de aquí allá, seria muy costoso yr de aquí
persona a solo aquello.
En estas minas nuebas de coeyba se han hallado algunos
nazimientos de oro, avnque no son muy rricos, de los quales
nazimientos de oro pertenecen a V. Magestad demás del quinto, el
noveno, y el oro que se coge de nazimientos, limpiándolo en las
minas o donde ellos quieren quando lo traen a la fundicion no se
puede jusgar si es de nazimiento, e porque podria ser que en estas
minas o en otras hoviese nazimiento rrico, convernia que V.
Magestad mandase que todo el oro que de nazimiento se cogese lo
trayan ante el veedor e oficiales de V. Magestad para que por ellos
se vea lo que es de nazimiento syn molerlo ni rrebolverlo con otro,
porque de otra manera puédese defraudar el noveno de V. Magestad
e perjurarse mucho por no lo pagar.
El obispo desta ysla por ser muy amigo de Gonzalo de Guzman,
nos ha mostrado e muestra mucha enemistad: supplicamos a V.
Magestad que entre él y nosotros seamos oydos como de V.
Magestad esperamos, que si dél escriviésemos lo que ay, dariamos
mucho enojo á V. Magestad por parecernos que dos cosas devemos
hazer saber á V. Magestad, la vna que fué a Jamayca e quitó los
yndios a V. Magestad e tomó á V. Magestad dos haziendas que con
los dichos yndios tenia, e haziéndolas apreziar a tres pesos cada
millar de cazabi, valiendo mucho más cada millar, e sobre esto
tomarse a muchos de los yndios para sy, haziendo conpañías
exquisitas, e pues es contra la hazienda de V. Magestad lo que ha
fecho, esto vastaria.
Y la otra es que el dia de San Marcos deste año tomó al
licenciado Vadillo en la yglesia, e porque le rrespondió a cierto
rrequerimiento que el dicho obispo le hizo, quiso de palabra
maltratalle como sy no hoviera justicias en la tierra, avnque el
licenciado como sabio, viéndole tan enojado lo dexó e se fué;
supplicamos a V. Magestad que todo lo que el dicho obispo contra
nosotros dixere o Gonzalo de Guzman, sea servido nos mandar oyr,

que públicamente han dicho que nos han de destruyr y hazer quanto
mal pudieren porque por avisar nosotros á V. Magestad de lo que
pasa es toda la enemistad que nos tienen.
La rrelacion que dezimos que enbiamos á V. Magestad sobre los
negros que se han de traer no ba porque el dicho Lope Hurtado la
llevará, supplicamos a V. Magestad que la otra Relacion que
enbiamos firmada del licenciado Vadillo e nosotros que aquella V.
Magestad mande que se efectue lo más breve que ser pueda. Dios
Nuestro Señor la imperial persona de Vuestra Magestad guarde con
acrescentamiento de muchos más Reynos e señoríos como V. M.
desea. De Santiago desta ysla de Cuba a vi de mayo de dxxxii
años.=De v. s. c. c. Magestad muy humilldes criados de Vuestra
Magestad que sus imperiales pies e manos besan.=Pero de
Paz.=Hernando de Castro.=Lope Hurtado.

180.
(Año de 1532.—Mayo 24).—Real cédula mandando al licenciado Vadillo examine
las cuentas de atrás atendiendo á reclamación que hace doña María de Toledo,
virreina de las Indias, tutora de su hijo don Luis, de trescientos doce pesos de
oro que le correspondieron de rescates hechos por Diego Velázquez con los
caciques de la isla, cuando fué por gobernador en nombre de don Diego Colón.
Dada en Medina del Campo. (A. de I., 79, 4, 1.)
La Reyna.=Licenciado Vadillo, nuestro oydor de la nuestra
audiencia y chancilleria Real, que resyde en la cibdad de Santo
Domingo de la ysla Española, nuestro juez de Resydencia de la ysla
Fernandina llamada Cuba. Doña María de Toledo, virreyna de las
yndias, como tutora e curadora del almirante don Luis Colon, su hijo,
e de los otros sus hijos, me fizo relacion que podia aver veynte años
quel almirante su marido enbió a Diego Velazquez por su teniente a
pacificar e poblar esa dicha ysla de Cuba, el qual en llegando a ella
mandó a los caziques e yndios de la dicha ysla que hiziesen labrança
de cominos e ajos para nos, e ansy mismo recibió dellos presentes
que le dieron en quantidad de hamacas e algodon e camisas, lo qual
todo se vendió despues en quantía de tres mill y ciento y tress pesos
de oro, de que copo al almirante de su décima parte, trezientos y
doze pesos y dos tomines y siete granos de oro, e se dieron al
hazedor del dicho almirante, e al tiempo que fué Pedro de Yssassaga
por nuestro contador a la dicha ysla, que podrá aver honze años, en
las cuentas que tomó á los nuestros oficiales que a la sazon heran
en la dicha ysla, puso condicion en la paga de los dichos trescientos

y doce pesos doss tomynes y siete granos diziendo que por ser
diezmo de oro de minas no le pertenecia, e no los quiso passar en
quenta, e que agora en las quentas que por nuestro mandado
tomays hallando la dicha adicion en las cuentas del dicho Pedro de
Yssassaga hizistes enbargar y enbargastes en la décima quel dicho
almirante havia de aver en esta fundicion que se hizo en el mes de
henero passado, los dichos trezientos y doze pesos doss tomines y
syete granos de la parte que le pertenecia, en lo qual ha recebido
notorio agravio, e me suplicó e pidió por merced vos mandasse que
no ostante la dicha adicion, vos e los nuestros oficiales le
desenbargásedes los dichos trezientos e tantos pesos de oro e
acudiésedes e hiziedes acudir con todo ello al dicho almirante o a
quien su poder oviere, o como la mi merced fuese; por ende yo vos
mando que luego que esta veays enbieys relacion ante los del
nuestro consejo de las yndias de lo que sobre lo suso dicho passa en
la cabsa e rrazon que tuvistes para enbargar los dichos trezientos e
doze pesos y doss tomines y syete granos de oro, juntamente con
vuestro parecer de lo que en ello se deva hazer e proveer, para que
por ellos visto se provea lo que á nuestro servicio convenga, e dando
fianças el dicho almirante legas llanas e abonadas ante los nuestros
oficiales desa dicha ysla de Cuba de estar a derecho sobre lo suso
dicho e todo lo que contra él fuere juzgado e sentenciado, les
mando que buelvan, tornen y rrestituyan al dicho almirante o a
quien su poder oviere los dichos trezientos y doze pesos y doss
tomines y syete granos que asy le fueron enbargados. Fecha en
Medina del Campo a veynte e quatro dias del mes de mayo de mill e
quinientos e treinta y dos años.=Yo la Reyna=Refrendada de
Sámano: Señalada del Conde y Beltran, Suarez y Mercado.

181.
(Año de 1532.—Julio 5.)—Información hecha por el gobernador Manuel de Rojas,
de lo que conviene al servicio de S. M. en la isla. (A. de I., Pto. 2, 1, 1/25.)

182.
(Año de 1532.—Julio 5.)—Carta del Cabildo de Santiago á S. M. participando
ocurrencias. Piden rebaja de los derechos que cobran por el oro, del quinto al
diezmo, auxilio para abrir caminos y maestros de fundición de cobre. Avisan que
el obispo va á España con mucho dinero, interesado en que no se dicte
sentencia contra Gonzalo de Guzmán. Deja la Catedral sin acabar y se opone á
que los frailes de San Francisco funden convento. Lleva excesivos derechos de
entierro y misas y no ha querido aceptar el arancel que le ordenó la Audiencia
de Santo Domingo. (A. de I., 54, 1, 32.)
Sacra Cesárea Católica Magestad.=A Vuestra Magestad hobo
escrito este cabildo juntamente con el obispo e gobernador é
oficiales desta ysla agora dos años suplicándole mandase conceder
cierta merced conforme á ciertos capítulos, é Vuestra Magestad
queriendo hazer merced á esta ysla nos mandó responder que vería
los dichos capítulos é á lo que obiese lugar se concedería, é porque
el principal remedio de todos los vecinos de esta ysla está en lo que
se paga de los derechos del oro que se coge que les parece á los
vecinos que serían remediados en que se pagase el diezmo del oro
que se coge por el tiempo que Vuestra Magestad fuese servido é con
esto los vecinos se sosternian é ternian voluntad de se arraigar é
permanecer en la tierra é con ello la ysla permaneceria é no vivirian
tan fatigados é Vuestra Magestad les haria muy señalada merced en
ello, suplicamos á Vuestra Magestad nos lo otorgue porque á Vuestra
Magestad es muy poquita cantidad é á los vecinos muy gran
remedio.

A Vuestra Magestad avemos escrito suplicándole mandase enviar
oficiales que supiesen fundir el cobre é hasta agora no nos ha
respondido; suplicamos á Vuestra Magestad con brevedad lo mande
prover porque es cosa de remedio para los vecinos y aumento de las
rentas de Vuestra Magestad.
Besamos mill veces los pies y manos de Vuestra Magestad por la
merced que fue servido de hazer a esta ysla de su renta del año de
treinta y uno para que de ello se merquen negros é por no tener
comision de Vuestra Magestad para poder enviar los dineros á
España están en el arca de las tres llaves; suplicamos á Vuestra
Magestad sea servido de dar licencia para que se puedan enviar á
esos reynos á hazer la contratacion en Sevilla y quel riesgo dello
corra por Vuestra Magestad.
Ansi mesmo sabrá Vuestra Magestad como por su zédula hizo
merced á esta ysla de las penas de cámara por diez años é al tiempo
que se quemó esta ciudad por un capítulo de su carta dize que
prorroga la dicha merced por otros cinco años y que envía zédula de
ello la qual hasta agora no ha venido é agora es cumplida la merced
de los diez años é por no aver venido la cédula de los cinco años
que por su carta dize que prorroga los oficiales de Vuestra Magestad
e su thesorero los cobran; suplicamos á Vuestra Magestad sea
servido de confirmar la merced de los cinco años como en su carta
dize porque ay gran necesidad de abrir los caminos y este cabildo no
tiene propios ni los otros de las demás villas.
Ansi mismo sabrá Vuestra Magestad quel licenciado Vadillo acabó
de tomar la residencia é se parte en este navío é lo que a sucedido
en ella verá Vuestra Magestad por la relacion quel licenciado envía á
Vuestra Magestad della por la qual somos ciertos verá Vuestra
Magestad los trabajos queste cabildo é vecinos desta ysla han
padescido en el tiempo que Gonzalo de Guzman tuvo el cargo de
gobernador.
Ansi mismo sabrá Vuestra Magestad como avrá quince dias quel
obispo partió desta ysla para Jamayca y desde allí se dize que va á
esos reynos á consagrarse y entender en el despacho de las
sentencias que contra Gonzalo de Guzman se han dado en esta

residencia porque se a mostrado muy públicamente su íntimo amigo;
él lleva muchos dineros segund fama é nos dexa la yglesia por
acabar é sin querer dar quenta de lo que de ella ha entrado en su
poder ansi de las tercias como de limosnas é de otras cosas que la
dicha yglesia tenia é sobre todo dexa la yglesia desta ciudad con dos
clérigos que nunca tal ni tan sola a estado esta yglesia; suplicamos á
Vuestra Magestad sea servido de mandar que aya en ella todas sus
dinidades conforme á la eleccion que está hecha por su Santidad,
que no es tan pobre como el obispo publica que lo es este obispado
y ansi parece, pues en tres años que ha que está aqui ha pagado
muchas debdas que traxo y está rico de haciendas é dineros que
lleva á esos reynos.
Ansi mismo sabrá Vuestra Magestad que en esta ysla se han
llevado é llevan muy excesivos derechos de enterramientos é otras
obsequias é misas é dello este cabildo se quexó á la abdiencia real
que reside en Santo Domingo é proveyeron de que no llevasen más
derechos de los que llevasen en la yglesia mayor de Santo Domingo
é para ello enviaron su arancel firmado, notificóse al obispo y á su
provisor; no lo han querido cumplir como constará por el testimonio
que se envia á Vuestra Magestad; suplicamos á Vuestra Magestad
mande que ansi se guarde ó cumpla como el dicho arancel lo
contiene porque los que llevan es muy excesivos derechos é los
vecinos se agravian mucho dello porque han de pagar aqui más que
en la ysla española siendo tan pobre esta ysla.
Ansi mismo sabrá Vuestra Magestad como á esta ysla vinieron
frailes de San Francisco con el licenciado Vadillo é con mucho trabajo
é disfavor quel obispo ha dado diciendo que no se ha de edificar
aqui casa de San Francisco ni él lo ha de consentir é poniéndoles
penas y requerimientos á los dichos frayles que no lo hagan y el
pueblo todo los quieren y les ha ayudado á hazer una yglesia de
paja en que dizen misa é su casa en que están, de lo mismo;
temémonos que como ha dicho el obispo que no ha de consentir que
se haga la dicha casa que lo porná por la obra con descomuniones é
otras molestias; suplicamos á Vuestra Magestad pues Dios es servido
é Vuestra Magestad, que se haga la dicha casa é todos los vecinos lo

piden é lo quieren, que mande espresamente quel dicho obispo no
ponga impedimento para que se deje de edificar el monasterio;
suplicamos á Vuestra Magestad sea servido de hazer alguna limosna
para principio de edificar el dicho monasterio de piedra como
Vuestra Magestad la ha fecho en los otros monasterios que se han
edificado en las otras yslas.
Dios nuestro señor la ymperial persona de Vuestra Magestad
guarde con acresentamiento de muchos más reynos y señoríos; de
esta ysla de Cuba ciudad de Santiago á cinco de Jullio de quinientos
treinta y dos años.=De vuestra Sacra Cesárea Católica Magestad los
humildes vasallos de Vuestra Magestad que sus pies é manos
besan.=Juan Varba.=Lope el Franco.=Pedro de Paz.=Hernando de
Castro.=Lope Hurtado.=Por mandado de los señores justicia é
regidores, Cristobal de Najar, escribano público y del cabildo.

183.
(Año de 1532).—Carta de Fr. Francisco de Avila, guardián, noticiando al Emperador
que llegó en compañía del Ldo. Vadillo; el Cabildo de la ciudad con mucho gusto
señaló sitio para el monasterio según S. M. tenia mandado, y se empezó la
obra; mas luego llegó el Obispo, y sintiendo lo hecho, intentó hacerles salir de la
ciudad. Suplica á S. M. les dé favor y limosna.—(A. de I., 54, 3, 4.)
S. C. C. Magestad.=Fray Francisco de Avila, guardian del
monesterio de San Francisco, que es en la cibdad de Santiago de la
ysla Fernandina, beso los reales pies e manos de V. Magestad e le
hago saver como yo llegué á esta ysla en conpañia del licenciado
Juan de Vadillo, oydor de V. Magestad, en seys dias del mes de
novienbre del año pasado de mill e quinientos e treynta e vn años
con otros religiosos por mandado del probincial de la probincia de
Santo Domingo de la ysla Española, y al tiempo que llegué a esta
cibdad de Santiago e pedí en el cavildo que conforme a la voluntad
de V. Magestad e a lo que tenia mandado por sus provisiones reales,
señalasen sitio donde se hiciese el dicho monesterio, el qual por el
dicho cavildo me fué señalado con mucha voluntad, asi por conplir lo
que V. Magestad les tenia mandado como por el deseo que tenian
que oviese en esta ysla casa de señor San Francisco, e sabido por el
provisor e clerigos, porque a la sazon el obispo no estava en esta
ysla, pusieron mucha contradicion en el edificar la dicha casa y por
via de concierto se començó a hazer antes de la venida del obispo,
el qual venido, recibió tanta pena por nuestra venida y edificio del
dicho monasterio, que quisiera impedirlo del todo, asi mostrando por

palabra como por todas las vias que él pudo de nos hazer yr de la
ysla, y si no se hallara en esta cibdad el dicho licenciado Vadillo,
creemos que vbiera dificultad en poder hazerse, e agora todavia
tenemos temor que el dicho obispo procurará de nos hazer tal
tratamiento que no podamos estar en la dicha ysla; por que al
tiempo que se partió para la ysla de Jamayca, que fué a nueve de
Junio deste año, nos movió ciertos partidos sobre nuestra estada,
queriendo que no estoviésemos en la cibdad y que nos saliésemos al
canpo vna legua fuera della, lo qual los vezinos desta cibdad
tobieron por muy aspero y nuestra estada podiera tener poco
provecho a los vezinos desta cibdad e ysla.
La casa que hasta agora tenemos fecha es de paja, y ay en ella
para poder estar quatro religiosos con harto travajo, y ay una yglesia
asimesmo de paja de anchura de treynta pies y largo sesenta pies
donde continuamente se dizen las oras y se celebran los divinos
oficios que no ha sido poca consolacion para los vezinos desta
cibdad.
Suplicamos a Vuestra Magestad pues ha tanto tienpo que ha
mandado que se haga este monesterio, porque nosotros tenemos
temor que si V. Magestad no nos enbia su favor, el obispo nos hará
tal tratamiento, que no podamos estar en la dicha ysla, y esto
dezimos a V. Magestad porque asy nos lo ha dicho, e otras cosas que
no conbiene dezirlas, y porque la posivilidad de los vezinos desta
cibdad no es tanta, que por sí puedan hazer esta casa, por manera
que sea perpetua, suplico a V. Magestad que como ha sido servido
de hazer limosna para ayuda a los edificios de los otros monesterios
que se han fecho en las yslas Españolas e sant Juan, V. Magestad
tenga por bien de nos hazer merced de alguna ayuda para la obra
del dicho monesterio, pues dello se seguirá mucho serbicio a Dios e
a V. Magestad e consolacion a toda esta ysla.
El obispo se ha puesto en que no se entierre ningun cuerpo en
esta casa que V. Magestad mandó hazer, y si asi fuese, los vecinos
que tienen debocion a ella recibirian mucha desconsolacion, porque
una de las cabsas principales por que desean que esta casa esté en
esta cibdad es por se enterrar en ella por la debocion que tienen a

nuestro padre San Francisco; suplicamos a V. Magestad, pues en
todas las casas de nuestra horden libremente se pueden enterrar, V.
Magestad mande al dicho obispo que no ynpida a los que della se
mandasen enterrar, la sepoltura, y si se pusiere el obispo a lo
contradecir, V. Magestad mande al governador que en esta ysla es o
fuere, que no le consienta ynpedirlo, e por ello V. Magestad hará
señalada merced a esta casa; mande dar su real probision dirigida al
dicho gobernador para que asi se haga. Dios nuestro señor la
inperial persona de V. Magestad guarde con acrecentamiento de mas
reynos e señorios: desta cibdad de Santiago de la ysla Fernandina a
ocho de jullio de iUdxxxii años=
De vuestra sacra catholica Magestad humilldisimo capellan de
Vuestra Magestad que sus inperiales pies besa=frai Francisco de
Avila, guardian.

184.
(Año de 1532.—Julio 9.)—Carta de los oficiales reales á S. M. dando cuenta de
ocurrencias.—El licenciado Vadillo terminó el examen de cuentas de tesoreros y
marchó á Santo Domingo.—Están conformes con la residencia que hizo á
Gonzalo de Guzmán.—Piden aclaraciones acerca de la compra de negros y
aplicación de fondos á los caminos.—El Obispo ha marchado á Castilla y va
también el tesorero Lope Hurtado, que informará de todo.—Las rentas se han
acrecentado; insisten en el envío de maestros y útiles para explotar las minas de
cobre.—(A. de I., 54, 1, 34.)
S. C. M.=En el mes de mayo que agora pasó, escrevimos a
Vuestra Magestad lo que hasta entonces se avia ofrecido. E lo que
despues ay que deva saver es que no avemos avido carta de Vuestra
Magestad casy en vn año: creemos que la cabsa es que no han
venido navios de Castilla ogaño: suplicamos a V. Magestad mande
responder a nuestras cartas por que a muchas cosas de sus
negocios es nezesario.
Las quentas de los thezoreros de la hazienda de V. Magestad e la
de Pero Nuñez de Guzman acavó el licenciado Vadillo, hasta en fin
de mayo deste año. E la relacion e fenecimiento lleva consigo El
mesmo licenciado para que desde Santo Domingo enviallo a Vuestra
Magestad, por manera que todo lo pasado queda acavado e de aqui
adelante se terná la quenta e razon como V. Magestad lo manda en
cada vn año conforme a la ynstruycion que por Vuestra Magestad
nos fué mandada enbiar.

La quenta del thezorero Pero Nuñez de Guzman tanbien se
feneció por el licenciado Vadillo e cobró iiiUccc e xx pesos que halló
de alcanze, los quales cobró, los dos mill castellanos, de los bienes
del dicho Pero Nuñez, y el resto cobró de sus fiadores,
repartiéndolos por personas como mejor le pareció, y en la quenta e
parecer nuestro onde todo se justificó por algunas partidas, no
recivió en quenta, e otras mandó apuntar para que dentro de dos
años e medio los fiadores de dicho thezorero truxesen declaracion
de lo que V. Magestad es serbido en ello: hazemos saber a V.
Magestad que los apuntamientos fechos por el dicho licenciado, en
la cibdad el dicho thezorero no recibió ni cobró.
El licenciado Vadillo se ha detenido en esta ysla desde vi de
novienbre hasta oy por que se ha ocupado en la residencia de
Gonzalo de Guzman, que solo en ella se ocupó los lx dias que traya
de término y en la quenta de Pero Nuñez de Guzman, por ser vieja e
larga, se ocupó mas de otros dos meses, e en las quentas de Andrés
de Duero e del factor Hernando de Castro y de Lope Hurtado se
ocupó otro mes, y en los procesos de los pleyteantes de residencia
que fueron casy veynte, poco mas o menos, y en la quenta de la
sisa e propios desta ysla e penas de cámara, se detuvo en esta:
agora certificamos a V. Magestad que sin las fiestas no ha cesado
vna sola hora de entender en todo lo susodicho e avn no pudo
determinar lo que ante él pasara, syno que por yrse remitió muchos
procesos que ante él pendian a las justizias desta ysla.
Quanto a la residencia de Gonzalo de Guzman no tenemos que
dezir, por que el licenciado Vadillo la enbiará de Santo Domingo e a
ella nos remitimos por que por ella V. Magestad verá ser verdad
quanto a V. Magestad avemos escrito.
De toda la dicha hazienda de V. Magestad que le ha pertenecido
en esta ysla avemos dado quenta al licenciado Vadillo de todo el
tienpo pasado e lo que de aquel tienpo hasta oy resta que V.
Magestad deva saber es lo primero, que aquy quedan en el arca de
las tres llaves viiU pesos para conprar los negros que V. Magestad
hizo merced a los vezinos desta ysla, que fué muy grande la merced,
e todos los vezinos la tienen en mucho y esperan en Dios que con

ello se remediarán, y en verdad que si los dichos viiU pesos
estuvieran en Lisboa o en Sevilla para con ellos poder conprar e
contratar las setecientas pieças que V. Magestad hizo merced a esta
ysla fuera vn remedio muy grande para los vezinos e avn para
acrescentar las rentas de V. Magestad, lo qual no se ha podido hazer
porque no es razon que nosotros auenturemos por la mar la
hazienda de V. Magestad, pues en la carta parece que V. Magestad
no nos da comysion para ello, syno que se conpren aqui e por que el
bien mayor desta ysla es traer negros a ella e con esta suma se
podrian tener las dichas setecientas pieças, suplicamos a V.
Magestad se nos enbie comysion para que estos dineros se puedan
enviar por via de Santo Domingo sin riesgo de V. Magestad a
Castilla, porque para aver de conprar los dichos negros aquy ay dos
ynconvinientes, el uno que no vernán aqui tantos negros en X años,
e lo otro hanse de conprar al contado que ni entraran cxx o cxxx
negros que no alcanzaran entre dos vezinos vn negro; suplicamos a
V. Magestad mande responder sovrello con toda brevedad lo que
mas sea servido por que el oro no gana nada aqui.
Iten resta por declarar lo que montó las tercias desta ysla
pertenecientes a V. Magestad del tiempo que fue obispo Don Juan
de Obitte para en quenta de lo qual se enbió a V. Magestad dcc
pesos y el proceso que estava pendiente; hazemos memoria a V.
Magestad para que esté avisado dello.
E de lo que ha pertenecido a V. Magestad de las dichas tercias
desde el año de xxv asta agora, el obispo don fray Miguel Ramirez lo
ha cobrado, e sobre ello le hezimos ciertos requerimientos para que
nos diese quenta de cómo se avian gastado e sobrello replicó e dió
cierta relacion de quenta que con su respuesta se lleva a V.
Magestad e lo mesmo de la sede vacante que fue xxi meses. El
obispo es partido allá; V. Magestad lo mande ver e provea en ello lo
que mas sea serbido porque hasta agora no avemos podido con él
que nos de quenta ny razon della mas de dezir que las ha gastado
por la merced que V. Magestad hizo dellas a las yglesias.
A V. Magestad escrevimos como el año pasado se avian
descubierto ciertas minas lx leguas desta cibdad e bendito Dios, se

an mostrado razonables, por que el año pasado se fundieron lU e
tantos pesos de oro y esperamos en Dios que este año no será
menos, avnque en la cibdad son muy trabajosas de proveer de
mantenimientos e son muy costosas a los vezinos, pues si viniesen
negros todos nos dizen que se cogeria mucho mas oro avnque los
vezinos que lo cogen, atenta la gran costa y el mucho travajo, se
agravian de pagar el quinto porque tienen muy poquitos yndios y
dizen que V. Magestad les avia de alargar las mercedes porque se
pudiesen sustentar, e tanbien se quexan los vezinos que tienen
yndios esclavos y negros que les costaron sus dineros e les parece
que es pagar mucho de los yndios esclavos el quinto no pagándose
en la Española sino el diezmo, e tambien de los negros que les
cuestan a lxx e a lxxx pesos cada vno y les parece que hera harto
pagar de xx vno, e a nosotros nos parece que de los negros que hera
bien pagar de xv vno y de los esclavos yndios el diezmo e de los
yndios naturales de la ysla el ochavo, e con esto e con las buenas
minas se animarian muchos vezinos y estantes a yr a las dichas
minas por donde las rentas de V. Magestad se acrezentarian e no se
desminuyrian, porque es cierto que zesan de yr a coger oro muchos
vezinos por no pagar el quinto.
La merced que V. Magestad hizo a esta ysla de las penas de la
cámara para abrir los caminos se acabó en cinco de junio de este
año e V. Magestad hizo merced a esta ysla de le porrogar la merced
por otros cinco años e ansy parece por vn capítulo de vna carta que
V. Magestad nos escrivió e porque no vino la carta dello nosotros no
queremos acudir con ellos al dicho cavildo hasta que venga la carta
de V. Magestad o mande responder lo que sea servido sobrello: el
thezorero lo cobra e se estará ansy hasta ver respuesta de V.
Magestad
Contino acordamos a V. Magestad la sierra del cobre de esta
cibdad porque su Renta tenemos por cierto se acrezentará y esta
cibdad se poblará, y esto zesa por falta de maestros para que lo
fundan; suplicamos á V. Magestad mande proveer en ello porque
creemos que será cosa de ynportancia.

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