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Manure Evaluation: Key To Nutrition And Herd Health.ppt
- 1. Manure Evaluation: Key To Nutrition And Herd Health Prepared by: Dr Abdollah (khosrow) Samiei Dairy Cow Nutritionist (PhD) Reviewed by: Professor Mike Hutjens University of illinois
- 2. Dairy Farm Manager veterinarian Technicians Comfort Nutritionist To improve the performance of Dairy Cows
- 3. Dairy Cows Don’t Lie To You Evaluation of manure will give a good idea of rumen function and feed digestion. After interpreting the signs in the manure, you can decide whether it is necessary to change the formulation of the diet for the optimal performance of the animal (production and health) or not?
- 4. Feed fermentation products at the end of the digestive tract (cecum and large intestine) Organic acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, etc.) Microbial protein Gases These products are similar to rumen fermentation products.
- 5. Rumen (Fermentation) Cecum & Large Intestine Where Does Feed Digest? Crude Protein Carbohydrates (NDF & NFC) Small Intestine (Enzymic) True Protein Starch Lipids Crude Protein Carbohydrates (NDF & NFC) Mary Beth Hall Wisconsin University
- 6. In the rumen, the produced organic acids are absorbed, if the environment is buffered by saliva or effective fiber is consumed in the appropriate amount, there will be no problem, but otherwise, rumen acidosis will be observed in the herd. Due to the absence of a buffer system at the end of the digestive tract, organic acids produced in that environment will cause to a decrease in pH. Microbial protein produced at the end of the digestive tract is not available for cows.
- 7. Gas Microbial protein Organic acids Fates of Fermentation Products Rumen Hindgut Feces Recycled Absorbed Absorbed Absorbed Belch/Bloat Feces Fermentation Products Mary Beth Hall Wisconsin University
- 8. NFC Digestion Characteristics Organic acids Sugars Starches Fructans Pectic Substances Glucans Potentially ferment to Lactic acid Decreased fermentation at low pH Digested by Mammalian Enzymes Support microbial Growth Mary Beth Hall Wisconsin University
- 9. NFC Types and Sources Organic Acids: Silages Whey Steep liquor Sugars: Molasses Bakery waste Fresh forages/ hays Beet & citrus pulps Almond hulls Starch: Grain silages Corn, sorghum Small grains Bakery waste Wheat midds Soluble fiber: Legume forages Beet & citrus pulp Soybean meal Mary Beth Hall Wisconsin University
- 12. Which Fiber mat is acceptable?
- 13. Penn State Particle Separator
- 14. Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) Screen Particle Size Corn silage % Haylage % TMR % Upper Sieve 19 mm 3 - 8 10 - 20 2 - 8 Middle Sieve 19 – 8 mm 45 - 65 45 - 75 30 - 50 Lower Sieve 8 – 4 mm 20 - 30 30 - 40 10 - 20 Bottom Pan < 4 mm < 10 < 10 30 - 40
- 15. Upper Sieve The 0.75-inch (19-mm) sieve was designed to capture forage or feed particles that would be buoyant in the rumen (form the forage mat) and provide material that would require substantial additional cud chewing by the cow. In theory this would supply additional buffering to the rumen and help modify rumen pH. Rations with too much coarse material, especially if it exceeds 10% on the top sieve, can extend eating time beyond the natural three to five hours per day.
- 16. Middle Sieve The 8-mm sieve collects primarily forage particles that will be part of the forage mat in the rumen, but will be broken down faster with less cud chewing and will hydrate in the rumen faster to allow more rapid rumen microbial breakdown. Both the amount of cud chewing required and the hydration rate will depend on the digestibility of the forage contained in this fraction. The balance between the long particles retained on the top sieve and the particles on the second sieve will affect the balance between eating time and resting and rumination time for the cow.
- 17. Lower Sieve Feed particles found on this sieve will primarily be small forage pieces that are often, but not necessarily, high fiber in nature. Initially these particles will likely be trapped in the forage mat of the rumen, but they can be broken down easily with minimal rumination or by rapid microbial action. Typically they will hydrate quite rapidly and will not remain trapped in the fiber mat for a long period of time. In either event these feed particles will have a small, yet significant, impact on buffering the rumen.
- 18. peNDF (physical effective NDF) The concept of physically effective NDF (peNDF) has been proposed to estimate the NDF portion of the diet that stimulates chewing activity, salivary buffer production and possibly the formation of the rumen mat. Mertens (1997) proposed that to ensure a ruminal pH of 6.0, dietary peNDF should be maintained at or above 21%.
- 19. calculating peNDF Adding the fraction of particles together from the top three sieves of the Penn State Particle Separator gives us the pef (physical effectiveness factor) for the forage or TMR. peNDF = pef x %NDF For example, if 5% of a TMR is retained on the top sieve, 55% on the 8 mm sieve, and 15% on the 4 mm sieve, then the pef to use in calculating peNDF would be 0.75 (0.05 + 0.55 + 0.15). So, for a ration containing 30% NDF, the peNDF would be 22.5%.
- 20. When fed the right amount of dietary fiber of adequate particle size… When fed the right amount of dietary fiber of adequate particle size, the lactating cow produces approximately 25 to 50 gallons of saliva per day (98 to 190 L/d). The primary buffering compounds in saliva are carbonate (HCO3-) and phosphate (HPO4-2) ions, and these compounds are very strong buffers at high pH. Knowing the percentage or amount of the diet that will encourage cud chewing is therefore important in the overall goal of maintaining proper rumen pH in dairy cows.
- 21. Diarrhea caused by diet is not a disease, but the result: Imbalance of effective fiber in the diet or increase of starch in the consumed diet. Moldy feed and silage also lead to diarrhea.
- 22. The gases produced at the end of the digestive tract will not be expelled through belching. Therefore, the feces will be thin and contain very small or very large bubbles.
- 23. If the cow has bloat, because there is a lot of gas in the rumen, you’ve seen the foamy manure.
- 24. Foamy manure
- 25. If the effective fiber of the diet is not enough, the fiber mat is thin or the pH of the rumen is low (acidosis), the feed materials will not be digested well and will pass through the rumen quickly.
- 26. If the effective fiber of the ration is high, rumination will be prolonged and the consumed feed will remain in the rumen to a greater extent, so the particles inside the manure will be smaller.
- 27. High-yielding cows consume a lot of feed, so feed materials are not digested and pass through the digestive tract quickly, and large and long sizes of feed materials are seen in the manure. Coarsely ground grain in manure
- 28. Due to the insufficient physical effective NDF, feed materials such as cotton seeds, citrus pulp such as oranges, and green grass pass through the rumen and digestive tracts completely. Fiber > 1cm Whole cotton seed
- 29. In order to make the starch and protein available in the corn grain, it should be made into meal. Finely ground grains are higher in digestibility because there is more surface area for the rumen bacteria to attach.
- 30. Bubbles and corn in manure usually signal that excess corn is fermenting in the gut. This can lead to many health problems, with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Cracked corn
- 31. When corn is not finely ground enough, it is much more likely to come through in the lower gut. It needs to be ground more finely, but then you really have to make sure you have enough effective fiber so that the cows aren’t tipped over into ruminal acidosis from supplying more digestible starch.
- 32. cows fed the cracked corn had higher milk urea nitrogen levels which indicates that protein was less efficiently fermented in the rumen (ammonia is captured as microbial protein).
- 33. A large amount of bakery waste or contamination with fungus lead to diarrhea in dairy cows.
- 34. Moldy, spoiled feeds in the ration, like this clump of bad silage that wasn’t cleaned off of the silo can also cause diarrhea to appear sporadically across the herd.
- 36. Increasing protein in the diet with soybean meal resulted in feces with a lower score and dry matter than using corn gluten meal. Soybean meal is more degradable and would result in more rumen ammonia than corn gluten meal. As a result water might be needed to excrete excess nitrogen via the urine.
- 37. Diarrhea
- 38. Adapted from Hoof Care for Dairy Cattle, 1992. J.E. Nocek LAMENESS Environment/Management • Stress • Trauma • Exercise • Trimming Weakened Claws (Hooves) • Breakdown in Supportive Connective Tissue • Poor Quality Horn Formation Metabolic Disorders • Milk Fever • Ketosis Genetics Vaso-Constriction/Dilation Nutrition • Excessive Grain • Finely Chopped Forage • Improper Feeding Management • Incorrect Ratio of Concentrate to Forage Increased Lactic Acid Production Lowered pH Infectious Diseases • Metritis • Mastitis • Retained Placenta Death of Gram Negative Bacteria Molds/Mycotoxins Endotoxin Release Histamine LAMENESS: CAUSES AND SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
- 39. Sometimes, a large amount of sand/soil may be found in manure. When cows consume a great deal of soil, it may be a non-specific indication of digestive upset or ruminal acidosis.
- 40. When you wash the manure with clean water, you can see the mucin. Mucin can be seen in pieces or in long strands. Its color is brown or gray or darker.
- 41. Mucin casts 3.5 inches (9 cm) Mucins are glycoproteins with many oligosaccharide chains which interact with each other and create a gel.
- 42. The mucus lies as a membrane on the apical side of the intestinal cells and protects the epithelium from being damaged by endogenous secretions and microorganisms.
- 43. Damaging the lining of the large intestine creates mucin casts. This can happen due to too much hindgut fermentation (Low pH). mucin or fibrin that the cow produces covers the damaged area.
- 44. If you feed a group of dairy cows the same diet, about 5% of them will have different manure than the rest of the herd. If there is a big difference between the manure of the cows, it means that the cows have been fed differently, and this is due to the selection of feed materials by the cow or separate feeding of concentrate and forage to dairy cows.
- 45. Sometimes, you get clay-like balls of manure (not real normal), that plug things. These are associated with the gut not working well.
- 46. If you find small clay-like balls of manure, then this is a sign of poor rumen function.
- 47. when you are walking a herd, keep your eyes open to evaluate: Rumination Body condition score Rumen Scoring Locomotion Scoring Manure scoring Materials in manure Particle size in TMR
- 48. Adult cows eat between 7 and 12 meals a day. Each meal lasts 45 minutes. Lactating dairy cows spend about 4.5 h/d eating (range: 2.4–8.5 h/d) and 7 h/d ruminating (range: 2.5–10.5 h/d), with a maximum total chewing time of 16 h/d. Rumination starts 45 minutes after eating. 2 hours after feeding, at least 60% of resting cows should be ruminating, and if this number reaches 80%, there will be no problem of acidosis.
- 49. Feeding Behavior (Dado and Allen—Michigan State University) 1st lactation Older Meal size (kg) 1.8 2.5 Meal bouts (#) 11.3 10.8 Eating time (min) 284 314 Rumination (min) 453 460 Milk yield (kg) 28.7 37.5 Dry matter intake (kg) 20.0 24.5
- 51. All samples should be weighed individually before they are washed through in a manure sieve. Completely transfer each sample into a manure sieve, gently wash through the manure until the water coming out of the bottom of the sieve runs clear.
- 53. Rinse the sample until the water runs clear.
- 56. Manure Screen Nasco Digestion Analyzer Goal Range% Optimum Range% Top 0 - 20 10 - 20 Middle 25 - 35 25 - 35 Bottom More than 50 50 - 55
- 57. Use the scoop or a comparable-sized container and grab a sample in the 500- to 600-gram range from 10 to 12 representative cows. It is best when benchmarking the herd to not take samples on the extremes of the manure consistency spectrum. An important tip is to wring out excess water from the sample residue on each screen, then weigh the amounts. Note the totals and calculate each screen as a percent of the total weight.
- 58. Top screen interpretation Mature forages with low-quality fiber that contain high undigestible fiber fractions or a lack of sufficient rumen ammonia to feed fiber-digesting bacteria might be probable causes. Top screen percentages between 25% to 40% are typical of herds struggling to generate milk volume. In situations with mycotoxins, endotoxins, poor rumen function or acidosis, we can see mucin casts in the top screen. Another common finding in the top screen is gelatinized starch, which is often a sign of hindgut fermentation. This is due to a lack of fiber and starch being digested in the hindgut and is the result of fiber and starch fraction not being fully fermented in the rumen.
- 59. Screen two interpretations Based on experience in using the manure separator, the percentage in the second manure screen has a positive correlation to both milk production and milk components, similar to the Penn State shaker box. Percentages lower than 20% are indicative of fast fermentable diets with higher levels of digestible fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates. Second screen percentages higher than 35% are usually indicative of poor fiber fermentation, whereby rumen pH dropped too fast to stimulate proper rumen conditions for the growth of specific fiber-fermenting bacteria.
- 60. Bottom screen interpretation The bottom manure screen percentage and the bottom pan of the Penn State shaker are highly correlated. Diets heavy in the bottom pan of the shaker box that contain fast fermentable forage fiber, readily degradable starches and non-fibrous carbohydrates are usually higher in percentage in the manure screen.
- 61. Walking the pens Get an idea of the variation In groups Between groups Between rations Sample 4-6 pies/group for particle size
- 62. Good Bad When the rumen is working well, fecal particle size is very fine. When rumen function is not normal, you can get very coarse fiber coming through.
- 63. You do not want to see much coarse material 1 cm or longer in the manure.
- 64. We had to add more corn meal to the herd’s ration to make up for the corn from the silage that wasn’t available to them.
- 65. This undigested feed represents feed that never had a chance to be converted to milk.
- 66. Differences in the amount of solids in a set volume reflect differences in the amount of gas or liquid in the manure. Dry cows will tend to have a greater proportion of solids in their manure than lactating cows – this is normal.
- 67. Team 21 April 12, 2003 We shouldn’t help cows in their search to find ways to sort.
- 68. TMR Sorting Happens ! Cows sort by pushing with their nose (14cm). Particles half this length (<7cm) are not as easily sorted.
- 69. If the size of the forage is long, the dairy cows will choose concentrate.
- 70. TMR Particle Size (Penn State Shaker Box)
- 71. If corn forage is not chopped well, it will remain in the feed bunk.
- 72. The best way is to prepare total mixed rations. When preparing total mixed rations, try to pay attention to the effective fiber of the ration.
- 73. The saliva of cattle is rich in bicarbonate and serves as an important buffer to modulate rumen function and acid production. If particle size is too small, chewing and thus saliva production will be reduced, putting the cow at risk of developing acidosis and overall poor rumen health.
- 74. What are cud balls and how to detect them? Cows with Sara will often drop their cud; cud balls are small balls of feed which the cow has spat out. Cud balls are often found at the front of cubicles where the cow spits it out while lying down.
- 75. Cud balls as a sign of SARA (Sub Acute Ruminal Acidosis), usually an individual cow lose their cud, not many cows if it was SARA more cows would exhibit this.
- 76. Heat Stress causes ruminal acidosis.
- 77. Panting Decreased rumination Drooling Slug feeding Sorting
- 78. Heat Stress Decrease in blood CO2 due to increase in breathing rate The kidney maintains this ratio by exuding HCO3 The amount of HCO3 in the rumen decreases Increased Panting A large amount of saliva coming out of the mouth Reduced DMI Decreased rumination Decreased saliva secretion Decreased rumen pH followed by acidosis
- 79. 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 Cool Hot HR HG C-HR H-HR C-HG H-HG Rumen pH Ruminal Response to Heat Stress Mishra, et al. 1970 J. Anim. Sci. 30:1023 Cool = 18.3C (65F), Hot = 29.4C (85F) HR = high roughage, HG = high grain
- 80. Water pH Recommendations - pH 6.5 to 8.5 Water consumption in dairy cow: 132 – 170 liters per day. If the pH is highly acidic (less than 5.5), acidosis and reduced feed intake may occur. Highly alkaline water (over 9) may cause digestive upsets and diarrhea, lower feed conversion efficiency and reduce intake of water and feed.
- 82. Score 1 The manure is thin and feed particles can be seen in it. Too much protein or starch in the diet, too many minerals or too little effective fiber in the diet leads to dilution of manure. A lot of urea in the digestive tract also creates an osmotic gradient and leads to watery manure. This manure score is seen in sick cows (for example salmonella or winter dysentery) , cows that have off feed and cows that feed on pasture.
- 84. Manure come out of the cow in an arc.
- 85. Salmonella Salmonellosis is an infection of the digestive tract caused by the bacterium, Salmonella enterica.
- 86. winter dysentery Winter dysentery is an acute, highly contagious GI disorder that affects housed adult dairy cattle, primarily during winter.
- 87. Score 2 The manure is thin. The manure is spread on the ground and its height is less than 2.5 cm. Lack of effective fiber in the diet leads to dilution of manure. It is seen in cows that feed on the pasture or in fresh cows.
- 89. Score 3 It is a favorable score for manure. The height of the manure is 3.75 to 5 cm. It consists of 2 to 5 concentric rings with a small hole in the middle. When the manure drops making a slow hand clap sound.
- 90. dimples Stacks up 2.54 to 3.81 cm 2 to 4 concentric rings
- 91. Boot test: when the boot is lifted there is no footprint left in the pile, and the manure doesn’t stick when lifting the boot.
- 92. Score 4 Dry cows and heifers often pass this type of manure. It is observed in diets based on dry cereal straw. It may be due to not feeding sufficient protein or rumen degradable protein. For dry cows and heifers this manure is acceptable, but always check the composition of the ration anyway.
- 93. Stacks up 5 to 7.6 cm.
- 94. Boot test: when the boot is lifted the manure sticks to the sole and a footprint is left behind.
- 95. Score 5 Stiff balls of manure (similar to horse manure). Dry cows and heifers often pass this type of manure. It is observed in diets based on dry cereal straw. Cows that have blockage problems in their digestive tracts will have such manure.
- 96. Diets based on dry cereal straw
- 97. The cattle are likely protein deficient, and the source of forage is of poor-quality (or needs to be ground to a shorter length). This can also be an indication of salt deficiency and/or dehydration, or both. Increasing the amount of degradable, soluble, or total protein, decreasing the amount or physical form of the fiber, increasing starch level, decreasing grain particle size (such as fine grinding or steam flaking), and providing more minerals (especially potassium and sodium) can cause manure scores to decline (for example from 5 to 4). An important point for nutritionist:
- 98. Stacks up over 7.6 cm
- 99. Boot test: an impression of the sole is left on the top of the manure.
- 100. In milking cows, check that the ration is balanced and adjust accordingly. Check individual cows for disease (ketosis).
- 101. Cow Manure Scoring Dry Cow (far-off) 3.5 Close-up 3 Fresh 2.5 High Production 3 Late Lactation 3.5
- 102. The color of manure The color of manure is affected by the amount of feed consumed, the amount of bile and the amount of feed passing through the digestive tract.
- 103. The manure of cows that feed on fresh forage or pastures are dark green in color.
- 104. If the ration is based on hay, its color will be brown.
- 105. If the ration is based on cereal grains in abundance, the manure color will be gray.
- 106. Bleeding in the small intestine causes black manure.
- 107. Bleeding in the rectum results in brown manure with red streaks.
- 108. Bloody diarrhea is associated with coccidiosis.
- 109. Oil in manure suggests there is too much fat in the cows diet.
- 110. Manure from cows fed corn silage based diets was lighter in color than manure from cows fed alfalfa/corn silage mixtures. corn silage alfalfa/corn silage mixtures
- 111. Thank You Very Much For Your Attention
- 112. In preparing this presentation, I have used the articles of professor Mike Hutjens and professor Mary Beth Hall, so I appreciate and thanks these dear experts. Dr Khosrow Samiei Dairy Cow Nutritionist (PhD)