Methods in philosophy
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The document discusses various philosophical methods, including: - Empiricism, which holds that all knowledge comes from sense experience and observation. - Skepticism, which doubts claims to knowledge and questions established doctrines. - Rationalism, which believes that reason, not just experience, can lead to knowledge. - The dialectical method, which involves a discourse between opposing views to determine truth through reasoned arguments. - Pre-Socratic philosophy focused on rational explanations of the natural world rather than attributing everything to gods.
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Methods in philosophy
- 1. Submitted by Sairash khokhar Subject : Philosophy of English literature Topic: Methods in philosophy
- 2. What is methodology of philosophy Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.
- 3. Characteristics of philosophy • Philosophy is characterised as much by its methods as by its suject matter. Philosophers deal with speculative issues that generally or not investigation through experimental test, and philosophy therefore is more fully conceptual than science. • Philosophy is just like scientists formulate hypotheses which ultimately must answer to reason and evidence. • This is one of the things that differentiate philosophy from poetry and mysticism, despite its not being a science.
- 4. Dogmatism (1595-1605) • Arrogant assertion of opinions as truth • A dogmatist is a person who asserts his or her opinions in an arrogant manner" • Blind believers • Asserting or insisting upon ideas or principles, especially when unproven or unexamined, in an imperious or arrogant manner.
- 5. Empiricism • It is the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. • 11century by the Persian philosopher "Avicenna" who argued that knowledge is attained through empirical families. • The term empiricism has a dual etymology, Greek word experince and roman usage of empiric. • Such group of people belief in this world and they follow experince • This concept originate in observation and experiment used in the natural and sciences. It is the fundamental requirement of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observation of the natural world • Hence science is considered to be methodology empirical in nature.
- 6. Skepticism • Doubt about something Or knowedge • Unbelief for the religion specially Christianity • Doubt about the universe • Skeptics have challenged the adequacy or reliability of these claims by asking what principles they are based upon or what they actually establish. • Skeptic developed with regard to various disciplines in which people claimed to have knowledge. • .
- 7. • For example in ancient times a chief form of skepticism was medical skepticism. Which questioned whether one could know with certainty either the causes or cures of diseases. • In religion doubts were raised about the doctrines of different traditions.
- 8. Criticism • The expression of disapproval of something or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes. • For example if you found a question. You struggles to find the answer of those questions. • It creates curiosity, the analysis or judgment of the Marits and facts of literary work. • It develops the critical faculty in individual.
- 9. Rationalism • It is related to logic • According to this method of thinking, • Knowledge is a product not an experience alone but of reason • Rationalism is any view appealing to intellectual and deductive reason • For example "how to seek the knowledge of truth."
- 10. Dialectical method • Dialectic or dialectics also known as the dialectical method is a Discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth resoned arguments • The term popularised by plato Socratic dialogues • The term is not synonymous with the term debate. • It is a commonplace experience that when we think our problem or question and reached at certain answer it is called theses. And by doing further research we felt that answer we find earlier is contradicted to the research is called antitheses.
- 11. • Theses and antitheses cannot live together so they are synthesised to syntheses. • This theses will be more comprehensive
- 12. Pre-socratic philosophy • Pre-Socratic were 6th and 5th century BCE Greek thinkers who introduced a new way of inquiring into the world and the place of human beings in it. • They were, in short, more open to intellectual innovation and speculation than counterparts on the mainland. • The early Greek philosopher saw the world around them and asked questions about it. Instead of attribution to Gods , they sought rational explanations. • They look building blocks of matter, the early philosopher s looked at the stars, music and number system. Later philosophers focused entirely on conduct or ethics.