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Mla handbook 8 th edition
- 1. MLA HANDBOOK 8TH EDITION Prepared by ANJU A Dept. of English, Payyanur College Part 1
- 3. BACKGROUND • In 1883 a small group of distinguished scholars came together with a radical idea: that modern languages deserved the same respect in higher education as classical languages (Greek and Latin). • They decided to form an organization that would advocate language study, research, and the evolution of scholarship. • The organization they founded is the Modern Language Association.
- 4. SELECT: GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR SOURCES • The source documentation in your finished project will be built from information you collect as you discover and read useful works. • As you evaluated your sources, you asked yourself the following questions: • Who is the author of the source? • What is the title of the source? • How was the source published? • Where did you find the source? • When was the source published?
- 5. • Each of these elements—author, title, publisher, location, publication date— has a place in your documentation, so keep track of them carefully. • Be sure that you select the correct information about your sources. • Do not rely on a listing found elsewhere, whether on the Web, in a library catalog, or in a reference book, because it may be erroneous or incomplete.
- 6. Finding Facts about Publications •Book •First consult the title page, not the cover or the top of a page.
- 7. •If the title page of a book lacks needed information, such as the date of publication, consult the book’s copyright page (usually the reverse of the title page).
- 8. Story, Poem, or Article in a Book or in a Periodical • Consult the first page of the text for the author and title of the work. • The publication facts about an issue of a periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) are usually found on the cover, on a title page, or near the table of contents.
- 9. Work on the Web • Web sources may require you to look in more than one place for the information you need. • The Web page on which you found the work will have some facts. Along with other information there, copy the URL of the page into your notes. • If the page lacks needed information, such as the name of the site’s publisher, look for a link that reads “About this site” or has similar wording.
- 10. Work on the Web • Some Web sites specify works-cited list entries for their contents. • Such examples might provide you with useful information about the site but will not necessarily conform to the system in this handbook, even if they are labelled “MLA style.”
- 11. Work in Film, Video, or Television • A work in a medium like film, video, or television usually contains credits that supply facts needed for documentation. • If credits are lacking in the work and you viewed it on a DVD or other disc, you may find the missing information on the disc’s packaging.
- 12. THE CORE ELEMENTS • The core elements of any entry in the works-cited list are given below in the order in which they should appear. • An element should be omitted from the entry if it’s not relevant to the work being documented. • Each element is followed by the punctuation mark shown unless it is the final element, which should end with a period.
- 13. AUTHOR • The author’s name should be presented last name first in the works-cited list and be copied from an authoritative location in your source. • The author’s name is usually prominently displayed in a work, often near the title. • Give the author’s name as found in the work. Reverse the name for alphabetizing: “Kincaid, Jamaica.”
- 14. • When a source has three or more authors, reverse the first of the names as just described and follow it with a comma and et al. (“and others”). • Burdick, Anne, et al. Digital_Humanities. MIT P,2012. • Reverse only the first author’s name for alphabetizing: “Dorris, Michael,and Louise Erdrich.”
- 15. • We use the term author loosely here: it refers to the person or group primarily responsible for producing the work or the aspect of the work that you focused on. • If the role of that person or group was something other than creating the work’s main content, follow the name with a label that describes the role. • For example, if the source is an edited volume of essays that you need to document as a whole, the “author” for your purposes is the person who assembled the volume—its editor. • Since the editor did not create the main content, the name is followed by a descriptive label. • Nunberg, Geoffrey, editor. The Future of the Book. U of California P, 1996.
- 16. A source with two or more editors • A source with two or more editors requires combining the two methods just described (and making the descriptive label plural). • Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al., editors. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. U of Massachusetts P / Center for the Book, Library of Congress, 2007. • Holland, Merlin, and Rupert Hart-Davis, editors. The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde.Henry Holt, 2000.
- 17. Source translated from another language • When you discuss a source that was translated from another language and your focus is on the translation, treat the translator as the author. • Pevear, Richard, and Larissa Volokhonsky, translators. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky, Vintage eBooks,1993. • Sullivan, Alan, and Timothy Murphy, translators.Beowulf. Edited by Sarah Anderson,Pearson, 2004.
- 18. • If the name of the creator of the work’s main content does not appear at the start of the entry (as in the example for Crime and Punishment, above), give that name, preceded by By, in the position of other contributors. • Aside from an author whose name appears at the start of the entry, other people may be credited in the source as contributors. • If their participation is important to your research or to the identification of the work, name the other contributors in the entry. • Precede each name (or each group of names, if more than one person performed the same function) with a description of the role.
- 19. Below are common descriptions. • adapted by • directed by • edited by • illustrated by • introduction by • narrated by • performance by • translated by
- 20. • A few other kinds of contributors (e.g., guest editors, general editors) cannot be described with a phrase like those above. The role must instead be expressed as a noun followed by a comma. • general editor, Edwin H. Cady • The editors of scholarly editions and of collections and the translators of works originally published in another language are usually recorded in documentation because they play key roles. • Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: Readers,Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994. • Dewar, James A., and Peng Hwa Ang. “The Cultural Consequences of Printing and the Internet.” Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, edited by Sabrina Alcorn Baron et al., U of Massachusetts P /Center for the Book, Library of Congress,2007, pp. 365-77.
- 21. • When three or more other contributors perform the same function, give the name that is listed first in the source and follow it with et al. • If a source such as a film, television episode, or performance has many contributors, include the ones most relevant to your project. • For example, if you are writing about a television episode and focus on a key character, you might mention the series creator and the actor who portrays the character. • “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10,Mutant Enemy, 1999.
- 22. • A source contained in a collection may have a contributor who did not play a role in the entire collection. • For instance, stories and poems in an anthology are often translated by various hands. • Identify such a contributor after the title of the source rather than after that of the collection. Fagih, Ahmed Ibrahim al-. The Singing of the Stars. Translated by Leila El Khalidi and Christopher Tingley. Short Arabic Plays: An Anthology, edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Interlink Books, 2003, pp. 140-57.
- 23. MULTIPLE WORKS BY ONE AUTHOR • To document two or more works by the same author, give the author’s name in the first entry only. • Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens. They stand for exactly the same name as in the preceding entry. • The three hyphens are usually followed by a period and then by the source’s title. • If the person named performed a role other than creating the work’s main content, however, place a comma after the three hyphens and enter a term describing the role (editor, translator, director, etc.) before moving on to the title.
- 24. • If the same person performed such a role for two or more listed works, a suitable label for that role must appear in each entry. • Multiple sources by the same person are alphabetized by their titles; terms describing the person’s roles are not considered in alphabetization. Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. U of Chicago P, 1979. ---, translator. Pearl: A New Verse Translation. W. W. Norton, 1977. ---. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA, vol. 107, no. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 131-44. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/462806. ---, editor. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Prentice-Hall, 1963.
- 25. • If a single author cited in one entry is also the first of multiple authors in the next entry, repeat the name in full; do not substitute three hyphens. • Repeat the name in full whenever you cite the same person as part of a different team of authors. Tannen, Deborah. Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse. 2nd ed., Cambridge UP, 2007. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics 26. ---. You’re Wearing That? Understanding Mothers and Daughters in Conversation. Ballantine Books, 2006. Tannen, Deborah, and Roy O. Freedle, editors.Linguistics in Context: Connecting Observation and Understanding. Ablex Publishing, 1988.
- 26. MULTIPLE WORKS BY COAUTHORS • If two or more entries citing co authors begin with the same name, alphabetize them by the last names of the second authors listed.
- 27. TITLE OF SOURCE • After the author, the next element included in the entry in the works-cited list is the title of the source. • The title is usually prominently displayed in the work, often near the author
- 30. • Use exact words • Use them to support or illustrate your argument • Avoid lengthy/frequent quotations • Use the exact spelling and punctuation from the source, even when it is wrong! • Please Note: Quotes are not included in your word count Quotations
- 31. Quotations within a Quotation Use of single quote marks inside the existing quote: The reporter told me, “ When I interviewed the Aussie cricketer, he said they simply ‘played a better game’. ”
- 32. Author and date – Harvard, APA, MLA (later versions) Numbering which links to footnotes or endnotes – Oxford, Chicago Numbering which links to the reference list – Vancouver
- 33. What is APA style? APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences. The APA style originated in a 1929 article published in Psychological Bulletin that laid out the basic guidelines
- 34. What is MLA? MLA stands for the Modern Language Association, which is an organization that focuses on language and literature. Depending on which subject area your class or research focuses on, your professor may ask you to cite your sources in MLA format. This is a specific way to cite, following the Modern Language Association’s guidelines.
- 35. The Oxford referencing style The Oxford Referencing style is a note citation system. It is also sometimes referred to as a documentary-note style. It has two components: i. Footnote Citation ii. Reference List