Modular Construction & LEED

Modular Building
and the USGBC’s LEED™
Version 3.0 2009 Building Rating System
Prepared for
___________________________
T his report was prepared at the request of the Modular Building
Institute (MBI). It is intended to provide the membership
of MBI and other interested stakeholders with an overview
The Modular Building Institute of how the Modular Building Institute’s current practices
944 Glenwood Station Lane, Suite 204 and products can benefit from an awareness of the US Green
Charlottesville, VA 22901 Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED™) Building Rating System. Information in
this document represents the author’s best attempt to align the
modular building industry with the Prerequisite and Credit
requirements imbedded in LEED. The interpretations herein
are those of the author and do not represent any official posture
of the US Green Building Council beyond those contained in
the Reference Guide to LEED for New Construction and Major
Renovations, Version 3.0, 2009.
Prepared by
It is recognized that modular building components and finished
___________________________
modular building units can be a part of any LEED design and
Robert J. Kobet, AIA, LEED AP construction effort. This report is limited to LEED for New
Sustainaissance International, Inc. Construction and Major Renovations, applied to commercial
5140 Friendship Avenue
construction, and LEED for Schools. The literature shows
Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
there is a growing awareness of the environmental benefits
and of modular construction in the residential sector. LEED for
Homes has emerged from its pilot phase and is currently in use.
137 Golden Isles Drive
Most of the comments and observations of this report can be
Hallandale, FL., 33009
applied to LEED for Homes.

Rev 2 | 6.09

Modular Building AND the USGBC’s LEED™ Building Rating System

Modular Building and the USGBC’s LEED™ Building Rating System
Introduction

T
he emergence of green building as the The purpose of this paper is to align the interests
combination of environmental stew- and goals of the Modular Building Industry with
ardship and economic opportunity has LEED Version 3, 2009, or LEED V3. The newest
served to drive several related construction in- version of LEED reflects the US Green Building
dustries toward market opportunities provided Council’s desire to accomplish the following:
by the green building movement. Conversely,
existing industries with products and practices 1. Normalize the scoring of the various rating
that resonate with the tenets of sustainable de- systems to a 100 point system.
sign and development and green building have 2. Give greater emphasis to those credits that
naturally benefited from the increased aware- stress energy conservation, renewable energy
ness and market opportunities inherent in this systems and the US Green Building Council’s
paradigm shift. The US Green Building Council drive toward carbon neutral buildings.
with its Leadership in Energy and Environmen- 3. Introduce a new Credit Category that rewards
tal Design (LEED™) building rating system has LEED project teams for successfully achiev-
assumed a leadership position in the US and ing credits dealing with regional priorities. In
abroad and is serving as the preeminent organi- Version 3 (V3) these are referred to as Region-
zation identified with and instrumental in green al Priority credits or “RPs”.
building market transformation. This posture
is underscored by the international adaptation In LEED Version 3.0, 2009 the allocation of
of LEED as the most popular and best-known points between credits is based on the potential
third party verified green building rating system environmental impacts and human benefits of
currently in use. Federal, State and local build- each credit with respect to a set of impact catego-
ing construction requirements and development ries. These impacts are defined as the environ-
practices now commonly reference or require mental or human impacts of design, construction,
LEED certification. Its influence continues to operation and maintenance of buildings. These
grow. At the USGBC Greenbuild Conference in include such things as greenhouse gas emissions,
Boston in November 2009, it was declared that the production of toxins, fossil fuel use and water
the USGBC is the fastest growing not for profit and air pollution. The US Green Building Coun-
organization in history. In response to market cil used parameters from the US Environmental
opportunities and the desire to respond to stake- protection Agency’s TRACI environmental im-
holder desires to make LEED more specific to pact categories as the basis for weighting indi-
building applications, LEED has evolved from vidual credits. TRACI was developed to assist in
a single LEED for New Construction and Major the evaluation of life cycle assessment, industrial
Renovations to the following family of LEED ecology, process design and pollution prevention.
products: LEED 2009 also takes into account weightings
developed by the National Institute of Standards
LEED for New Construction and Major and Technology. These standards were used to
Renovations compare one credit to another and assign a rela-
LEED for Commercial Interiors tive value to each.
LEED for Existing Buildings
LEED for Core and Shell LEED for New Construction and Major Renova-
LEED for Schools tions Version 3.0, 2009 is based on Credit Cat-
LEED for Homes egories with the same titles. As mentioned the
LEED for Neighborhood Development Regional Priority category has been added. The
Market Sector Rating Systems Credits and attendant points in LEED 2009 are
o Multi Buildings and Campuses now:
o Retail
o Healthcare Sustainable Sites (SS)
o Laboratories (1) Prerequisite and (26) possible points
Water Efficiency (WE)
(1) Prerequisite and (10) possible points

Rev 2 | 6.09 www.modular.org :: 2009 :: The Modular Building Institute


Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
(3) Prerequisites and (35) possible points
Materials and Resources (MR)
(1) Prerequisite and (14) possible points Contents
Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) Introduction..............................................2
(3) Prerequisites and (15) possible points
Innovation Design (ID) Modular Building
(0) Prerequisites and (6) possible points and the LEED Building
Regional Priority Rating System.........................................5
(4) possible points
Sustainable Sites
This results in an arithmetic tally of 110 possible and Modular Building...............................6
points. However the nature of LEED in practice Water Efficiency
holds that achieving all 110 points is not pos- and Modular Building...............................8
sible; they are available but subject to the influ-
ence of project context, design and construction Energy and Atmosphere
choices and design and construction process and Modular Building.............................10
variables. Project context is simply a matter of
where the project is located. A project pursu- Materials and Resources
ing Sustainable Sites Credit 1 – Site Selection is and Modular Building.............................14
awarded a LEED point if the site selected does Indoor Environmental
not violate any of the site selection criteria. An Quality and Modular Building................18
.
example of design and construction choices is
achieving the requirements for Materials and Innovation and Design
Resources Credit 4.1 – Low Emitting Materials, Process and LEED................................24
Adhesives and Sealants by not exceeding the al-
lowable volatile organic compound (VOC) lim- Regional Priority....................................26
its. Design and construction processes are such Conclusions...........................................27
activities as those necessary to attain Materials
and Resources Credit 3.2 – Construction IEQ Sustainable Sites
Management Plan Before Construction. The MATRIX.................................................28
many benefits of modular building do not enable
the finish project to escape the influence of site Water Efficiency
selection. However, the economies associated MATRIX.................................................30
with manufacturing in a closed environment Energy and Atmosphere
with stringent material use and quality control MATRIX.................................................32
capabilities makes modular building an ideal
choice for manufacturing energy, material and Materials Resources
resource efficient structures. MATRIX.................................................34

In LEED 2009 the threshold levels for LEED Indoor Environmental Quality
certification are: MATRIX.................................................36

Innovation and Design
Certified 40 – 49 Points MATRIX.................................................38
Silver 50 - 59 Points
Gold 60 – 79 Points Regional Priority
Platinum 80 or more Points MATRIX.................................................39

The goal of most stakeholders using LEED as
a building rating tool is to achieve the highest
LEED certification rating possible. Certification

www.modular.org :: 2009 :: The Modular Building Institute Rev 2 | 6.09


is the process by which a project team fulfills the aged to visit www.usgbc.org and www.gbci.org
prerequisites and earns sufficient credit points regularly to obtain the latest information on the
to reach one of four certification levels: Certi- LEED family of rating systems and the attendant
fied, Silver, Gold or Platinum. This process is LEED exam.
explained in complete detail in the Reference
Guides issued for each of the LEED rating sys- For the purpose of this study modular building is
tems as well as on line at www.usgbc.org. considered to be one of the following:

In the LEED certification system prerequisites Prefabricated building components, parts,
are activities or processes that must be done but pieces and sub assemblies assembled under
for which no points are awarded. Credits are controlled conditions and shipped to become
pursued as a matter of choice for which points part of a larger, primary building project. They
are awarded if the requirements of the credits may represent a small portion or a significant
are achieved. In LEED for New Construction contribution of the completed project but they
and Major Renovations Version 2009 there are are not considered to represent the finished
nine Prerequisites, one hundred Base Points, six habitable project in and of themselves.
Innovation in Design Points and four Regional Whole building units prefabricated under con-
Priority Points. trolled conditions and delivered to the construc-
tion site. These units are commonly identified
In LEED 2009 there are nine prerequisites and as those that are manufactured and assembled
seventy-nine possible points. The other LEED off site then shipped in whole or in part to the
building rating systems vary but most carry a construction site to complete a finished unit.
similar category / credit / point structure. The Usually they are erected on a foundation that is
reader is referred to www.usgbc.org for a more constructed ahead of delivery then assembled
complete description of each. in large sections or as largely completed units
less final systems connections to civil infra
A LEED Accredited Professional is anyone who structure and site utilities.
passes any of the current exams administered
by the Green Building Certification Institute Modular building applied to prefabricated com-
(GBCI), an organization allied with the US- ponents can be used in any building type LEED
GBC to provide professional development and is used to certify. It is important to note that if
LEED accreditation testing. After March 31, prefabricated modular components are used in
2009, individuals wishing to take the LEED AP the context of a larger building they must meet
exam will have to register for the LEED Ver- the LEED criteria that apply to them but also are
sion 3 exam. The GBCI will offer an entrance subject to the LEED rating system as it relates
level exam designed for individuals who are al- to the finished building type under consideration.
lied with the green building movement and the The individual components or subassemblies do
application of LEED but who may not need or not, in themselves, receive LEED certification.
desire to be tested for a high degree of techni- In the case of modular building units the com-
cal proficiency. A LEED AP Plus exam will be pleted unit may be the subject of the LEED rat-
available for individuals who anticipate par- ing application and certification effort and may
ticipating in the LEED certification process in a ultimately be the finished project that receives
more involved and technical capacity. For the LEED certification.
purpose of clarity buildings undergo a certifi-
cation process. Individuals who pass a LEED
accreditation exam become LEED Accredited at
the level of the exam they take and are entitled to
use the credential LEED Accredited Profession-
al Associate or LEED Accredited Professional,
LEED AP. The US Green Building Council
and the LEED building rating system continue
to evolve. Because of this the reader is encour-



Modular Building and the
LEED Building Rating System

I
n order to better understand what affects a modular building’s potential for LEED certification
and the way LEED certification scores are compiled it is necessary to consider the following
observations and conditions that inform the LEED certification process

LEED prerequisites and credit opportunities fall into three broad areas of
concern:
Context and Community Connectivity. These issues are largely a function of where the project is located.
They are not specific to modular building practice, processes or products. A project using modular building
techniques is subject to the opportunities or limitations inherent in good site selection the same as any
other project.

Architectural, Engineering and Construction Choices. These are the decisions that comprise how a proj-
ect is designed and constructed. Material selection, construction techniques, building systems selection,
installation and controls and most other decisions that pertain to building envelope, mechanical, electrical
and plumbing systems and space conditioning are in this category. Modular building offers significant
opportunities for environmental stewardship, economic opportunity, LEED certification and market pen-
etration in this area. Material handling, optimal construction conditions and environmental control during
construction all can contribute to attaining LEED credits and attendant points. Much of this report is
focused on this area.

Construction Administration and Processes. These include such activities as commissioning, construction
waste management, maintaining superior interior air quality during construction and before occupancy and
measurement and verification. Like Context and Community Connectivity, Construction Administration
and Processes are not specific to modular construction. Instead they are prerequisites and credit oppor-
tunities that are common to all construction and the project as a whole. However, commissioning can be
done under optimal factory conditions, construction waste management and material recycling can occur
under tight factory control and construction documentation can be very efficient. All of this can make LEED
credit compliance and documentation very efficient.

The LEED tables and attendant narrative that er self evaluate projects. The letters stand for
follow at the end of this document are provided “Yes”, “Maybe” and “No”, referring to the
to illustrate how modular building practices and likelihood of each of the credits in the project
products align with the goals of high perfor- under consideration. They are provided only as
mance green building and the USGBC’s LEED a guide to assist the reader in understanding the
building rating system. Each is presented as a application of LEED and how it can be used to
reflection of current industry practice. The “Y evaluate different products and projects.
M N” columns are provided to help the read-

LEED Evaluation Matrix - Modular Building Institute

Credit Description Y M N Submittal Requirement Modular Building Issues

Attaining the Sustainable Sites Credits is largely a matter of project context. They are not specific to the physical qualities or attributes of modular building with the exception
on SS Credit 7.2 : Heat Island Effect - Roof

Construction
www.modular.org ::Activity Pollution Modular Building Institute path. drawing and narrative.
Prereq. 1 2009 :: The Required Erosion and sediment control
Confirm compliance
This is a general requirement for most building projects. Modular units need to
Rev 2 | 6.09
be placed within the guidelines of good site management practice.
Prevention


Sustainable Sites
and Modular Building

T
he Sustainable Sites Category in LEED Even though the majority of the credits in the
2009 has one Prerequisite and twenty six Sustainable Sites category are not a function of
possible points. The additional weight construction techniques it is important for stake-
given to credits and points in this category are in holders in the modular building industry to un-
SS Credits 2 through 4.4, none of which have a derstand the overall intent and requirements of
direct bearing on modular building. each credit. Proper siting or placement of modu-
lar units can contribute to improved daylighting,
SS Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect – Roof is the natural ventilation, better storm water manage-
only Credit in this category that is a matter of ment, more efficient site lighting and a host of
design and construction of a modular unit. The other sustainable design and development im-
Prerequisites and all other credits in this cate- provements that contribute to a more energy, ma-
gory are a function of context and community terial and resource efficient project.
connectivity. In order to achieve SS credit 7.2
modular construction must meet the require-
ments for solar reflective index or SRI in the
roofing material(s) used over 75% of the roof
area. These are SRI of 29 for roof areas of more
than 2 in 12 and SRI of 78 for roof areas in ex- MBI 2009 Awards of Distinction:
cess of 2 in 12. Green Building Winners
Modular construction may also have unique at-
tributes regarding SS Credit 6.1 – Site Develop-
ment - Protect and Restore Habitat. Option One
in this credit applies to construction done on
green fields or sites not previously disturbed or
developed. It rewards construction techniques
that limit site disturbance and keep disturbed ar-
eas to within the areas immediately adjacent to
the building footprint. The intent of the credit is
to stay within forty feet of the building perimeter,
within ten feet of sidewalks and utility trenches
serving connection of ten inches in Diameter or
less, within 15 feet of trenches with larger utility Waldorf School, Charlottesville, VA
connections and within twenty five feet of areas
intended to remain permeable.

Because modular components and complete
modular building units are fabricated off site
and delivered by a variety of over the road trans-
port it is possible to achieve tighter site control
and less disturbed area in the project perimeter.
Industry representatives need to coordinate de-
livery of modular components with contractors
to insure the site tolerances for SS Credit 6.1 can
be maintained.

SS Credit 9 – Site Master Plan and SS Credit 10
– Joint use of Facilities are specific to LEED for Jim Russell Racing Drivers School, Sonoma, CA
schools and are not reliant on either conventional
or modular construction for credit compliance.



How are modular structures more beneficial?
Modular construction techniques have been shown to be inherently advantageous in 7 major areas:

Less Materials Waste – Pre-fabrication makes it possible to optimize construction materials pur-
chases and usage while minimizing on-site waste and offering a higher quality product to the buyer. Bulk
materials are delivered to the manufacturing facility where they are stored in a protected environment safe
from theft and exposure to the environmental conditions of a job site.

Less Material Exposure to Inclement Weather – Many of the indoor air quality issues identified in
new construction result from high moisture levels in the framing materials. Because the modular structure
is substantially completed in a factory-controlled setting using dry materials, the potential for high levels of
moisture being trapped in the new construction is eliminated.

Less Site Disturbance – The modular structure is constructed off-site simultaneous to foundation
and other site work, thereby reducing the time and impact on the surrounding site environment, as well as
reducing the number of vehicles and equipment needed at the site.

Safer Construction – Modular construction is a safer alternative. Conventional construction workers
regularly work in less than ideal conditions dealing with temperature extremes, rain, wind, or any combina-
tion of natural conditions. This, by its very nature, is a much more challenging environment to work safely
in. Additionally, the potential for injury including falls, the most common work site risk, is much higher. In
a factory controlled setting, each worker is typically assigned to a work station supplied with all the ap-
propriate equipment needed to provide the safest work environment possible. Off-site construction also
eliminates the hazards associated with materials, equipment and an incomplete construction processes
typical of construction sites that can attract curious and unwelcome “visitors” (i.e. students on a school
expansion project).

Flexibility – When the needs change, modular buildings can be disassembled and the modules relo-
cated or refurbished for their next use reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the amount
of energy expended to create a building to meet the new need. In essence, the entire building can be
recycled in some cases.

Adaptability – Modular buildings are frequently designed to quickly add or remove one or more “mod-
ules” minimizing disruptions to adjacent buildings and surroundings.

Built to Code With Shorter Build Times – The bottom line is that with modular construction you can
get a facility built to the same local codes with construction quality as good as or better than a comparable
site built building in much less time. Additionally, the abbreviated construction schedule allows you to get
a return on your investment sooner while minimizing the exposure to the risks commonly associated with
protracted construction schedules.
source: Modular Building Institute



Water Efficiency

L
EED rewards project stakeholders for ap- universal principles and practices that apply to
preciating where our water comes from, all construction.
how we use and recycle it while we have
it on site and where it goes once we are finished WE Credit 2 – Innovative Waste Water Technology
using it. The primary emphasis is on reducing rewards project stakeholders for utilizing fixtures
dependence on municipally supplied potable that out perform the allowable water quantities
water for irrigation, the transportation of waste listed in the Energy Conservation Act of 1992.
using potable water and overall water conser- This is done by conducting an inventory of those
vation. Through integrated design we can see fixtures associated with flushing or transporting
relationships between the Sustainable Sites Cat- waste. The fixtures are inventoried and bench
egory in LEED and the water conservation goals marked against those in the Act. Then, substi-
and intents of the Water Efficiency category. tutions are made to enact a water conservation
Rainwater harvesting can reduce the reliance on strategy that reduces the overall need for potable
conventional civil infrastructure while contribut- water associated with transporting waste. Points
ing to the need for irrigation, if there is one. Or,
are rewarded for achieving a 50% reduction or
the reductions on potable water demand due to more in potable water required to transport waste
more water efficient bathroom or restroom fix- below that allowed by the flow rates listed in the
tures can lessen the need for transporting waste Energy Conservation Act of 1992. This can be
while integrating well with an on site grey water achieved through a combination of water effi-
separation and treatment facility. cient fixtures and / or the utilization of rain water
or treated grey water for flushing. Estimates of
In LEED Version 3, 2009, the Water Efficiency water saved from a single waterless urinal range
Category carries a Prerequisite and ten possible from 20,000 to 60,000 gallons per year depend-
points. WE Prerequisite1Water Use Reduction ing on the location and frequency of use.
– 20% is based on the previous WE Credit One
- 20% Reduction based on the Energy Policy Act WE Credit 3.1 and WE 3.2 – Water Use Reduc-
of 1992. In the new version project teams must tion recognize the potential for conserving water
achieve a minimum 20% reduction in water use in any way possible with the exclusion of pota-
below that allowed in the Energy Policy Act of ble water used for irrigation which is accounted
1992 in order to meet WE Prerequisite 1 Water for in WE Credits 1.1 and 1.2. Modular build-
Use Reduction – 20%. In addition, LEED 2009 ing manufacturers and suppliers have embraced
awards two points to each credit in the Water many of the strategies commonly used to reduce
Efficiency category, doubling that available in water consumption. Water conservation and the
LEED Version 2.2, 2007. ability to implement these strategies in modular
construction is well known and largely a matter
As with the LEED Sustainable Sites Category, of choice. Current products are durable, reliable
the LEED Water Efficiency credits are not spe- attractive and reasonably priced.
cific to modular building. WE Credits 1.1 and
1.2 associated with reducing potable water de- WE Credit 3.3 – Process Use Water Reduction is
mand for irrigation are a matter of resource ef- specific to LEED for Schools. It is intended to
ficient landscaping and site water management reward any effort to aggregate a number of wa-
in any project. All construction whether con- ter conservation opportunities commonly found
ventional or modular can include the principles, in schools. If these uses are housed in modular
practices and products associated with water building units then they are in play just as they
conservation and site water management. Rain would be for any other building type.
water harvesting systems can be integrated into
modular building designs. Ecologically sensi- Water conservation and the LEED Water Effi-
tive landscaping, intelligent plant selection, in- ciency credits are gaining in priority and applica-
tegrated pest management and sensitivity to the tion as the awareness of the importance of water
microclimates buildings create when sited are and, in some cases, growing shortages emerge.



Water conservation is one of the hallmarks of Contest Aims to Green Senior Living
high performance green buildings and one area Modular Building Institute Extends Annual Award Contest for a
where modular building can enjoy the same Real-World Application
benefits as conventional construction. Several
modular construction manufacturers currently
list water conservation and LEED Water Effi- In 2008 MBI’s Awards of Distinction contest proposed a real-world
ciency credit compliance as part of their mar- scenario aimed at delivering a sustainable design to deserving
keting effort. At the same time modular build- community populations.
ing advocates need to be aware of the integrated
design implications for whole building and total
site water management to insure the completed Students from eligible schools of design, architecture and
design meshes site water harvesting opportuni- engineering submitted their plans for a community center of a
ties with current water conservation and water senior population called The Meadows, located in Crozet, Va. The
management strategies. The modular building
Meadows provides low-income housing to people ages 62 and
industry can benefit by studying the art and sci-
ence of stormwater management to better par- older.
ticipate in LEED discussions centering on how
a building should be sited, how retention ponds, The winning entry, pictured here, was submitted by Ball State
rain gardens and other site amenities contribute
architecture student Tyler Stanley. Stanley’s 4,900-sf design
to LEED credits with open space requirements.
Modular construction that anticipates inclusion capitalizes on some of the greenest aspects of modular
in projects with rain water harvesting is best if construction: use of recycled materials and reduced waste from
it has anticipated the detailing, structural loads off-site construction.
and system interfaces that are part of the build-
ing and site engineering necessary to be part of
the overall systems integration.

MBI’s student design competition offered a challenge to architecture students for a real-world
scenario. The winning entry (pictured here) came from Tyler Stanley of Ball State University. The
senior community center’s green features include: Low to no emitting materials; no VOC paint and
carpets; double-pane, low E windows; sound absorbing gypsum for reduce noise pollution; LED
lighting and low-energy appliances; and, a vegetative roof.



Energy and Atmosphere

C
urrent literature supports the fact that extent possible that a building will perform and
energy conservation and the attendant be operated and maintained as it was intended.
reduction in building operating costs are LEED requires fundamental commissioning of
two of the major drivers in the high performance the HVAC and controls, lighting and controls,
green building movement. LEED recognizes the domestic hot water systems and renewable en-
history of the energy conservation movement as ergy systems if they are included. Commission-
the energy crises of the 1970s and the tools that ing differs from traditional testing and balancing
have been developed to model energy use reduc- or the start up primary space conditioning equip-
tion via building envelope and building energy ment by manufacturer suppliers or subcontrac-
systems optimization since that time. LEED tors in that commissioning must insure that all
also recognizes the ongoing connection between systems are working collectively as intended. In
the production of primary power via fossil fuels the case of modular building commissioning is
and the consequences for air pollution, global assumed to be applied to a finished project.
warming and ozone protection. Increasing en-
ergy costs and growing concern about energy If a modular building is fully assembled prior to
availability and security are sure to keep the in- delivery and the systems that must be commis-
terest in energy conservation and renewable or sioned are installed and operational most funda-
alternative energy sources in the forefront of the mental commissioning activities can take place
high performance green building movement. in the factory. However, the modular building
is subject to additional commissioning activi-
All of the Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite ties if connecting to the civil infrastructure, site
and Credit opportunities can be applied directly mounted renewable energy systems, site water
to modular construction projects. While this is supply pressure testing, etc. These activities can
true of conventional construction modular build- only happen in the field and are required for a
ing has a number of potential advantages if the complete commissioning report.
industry chooses to pursue them. Modular con-
struction that uses structural insulated panels or It should be noted that beyond the traditional
SIPS can produce relatively high R-values and commissioning activities themselves LEED re-
low infiltration rates if fabricated and construct- quires the following:
ed with good quality control. Steel and alumi-
num stud frame construction can also produce 1. Designate an individual as the commissioning
energy efficient units if care is taken to insure agent to lead, review and oversee the comple-
proper installation techniques and air sealing. tion of the commissioning process activities.
High performance windows contribute to the a. The commissioning authority shall have
pursuit of high performance building envelopes documented commissioning authority ex-
in each case as do proper air sealing procedures perience in at least two projects of similar
and quality entrance systems. Several modular scale, scope and complexity.
building manufactures tout superior energy con- b. The individual serving as the Commission-
servation and reduced operating costs as a func- ing authority shall be independent of the
tion of quality control in factory environments project’s design and construction manage-
as opposed to conventional construction where ment, though they may be employees of the
both labor and materials can be subject to the firms providing those services. The com-
influence of weather. missioning authority may be a qualified em-
ployee or consultant of the Owner.
The following discourse summarizes the rela- c. The commissioning agent shall report the re-
tionship of modular building and the LEED En- sults, findings and recommendations directly
ergy and Atmosphere Prerequisites and Credits. to the owner.
d. For projects smaller than 50,000 square feet,
EA Prerequisite 1 – Fundamental Commission- the commissioning agent may include quali-
ing of the Building Energy Systems fied persons on the design or construction
teams who have the required experience.
Commissioning is the art and science of using 2. The Owner shall document the Owner’s Proj-
diagnostic tools, experience and building fo- ect Requirements (OPR). The design team
rensic knowledge to guarantee to the greatest shall develop the Basis of Design (BOD). The
10


commissioning authority shall review these It is quite common for municipalities to base
documents for clarity and completeness. The their building code requirements on ASHRAE
Owner and design team shall be responsible standards and references. In this case the modu-
for updates to their respective documents. lar buildings in question are assumed to be per-
3. Develop and incorporate commissioning re- manently installed on foundations not meant to
quirements into the construction documents. facilitate removal or frequent relocation.
4. Develop and implement a commissioning
plan. EA Prerequisite 3 – Fundamental Refrigerant
5. Verify the installation and performance of the Management
systems to be commissioned.
6. Complete a summary commissioning report. This prerequisite prohibits the use of CFC
– based refrigerants in new building HVACR
Lastly it may be possible that the completed systems. These refrigerants are not permitted in
modular unit which has been commissioned new construction in the US but may be present
largely in the factory is still a subassembly in in central plants that modular buildings are ser-
a larger completed project. In this case all of viced by. If this is the case the project using the
the modular building commissioning activities modular building serviced by the central plant
will be part of a more comprehensive commis- must obtain an inspection of the central plant as
sioning plan and will have to be coordinated well as a commitment to phase out the equipment
accordingly. One of the most important roles a using CFCs in the central plant over time. Each
commissioning authority has when a project in- is weighed on its merits.
volves modular buildings is to act as the liaison
between the modular building manufacturing EA Credit 1 – Optimum Energy Performance
plant and the construction site. The commis-
sioning plan should address how commissioning This credit is based on meeting all the require-
activities that vary in scope and location will be ments of EA Prerequisite 2 Minimum En-
coordinated and reported. ergy Performance which mandates exceeding
ASHRAE 90.1 2007 minimum energy perfor-
EA Prerequisite 2 – Minimum Energy Perfor- mance requirements by 10% for new construc-
mance tion. In Version 3, 2009, LEED provides an op-
portunity to obtain up to twenty one points for
In LEED 2009, all LEED projects are subject new construction by computer modeling the pro-
to exceeding the minimum energy performance posed design against a base case building using
criteria set forth in Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, Appendix G of ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1 – 2007.
9.4, and 10.4 of ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1 – 2007 Once the base case is created and an annual op-
without amendments as well as the prescriptive erating budget is established the design team is
requirements of Sections 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 9.5 tasked with creating a design case building that
without amendments by 10% for new construc- reduces the annual operating budget by at least
tion and 5% for major renovations. The reader 12% below that required for the base case build-
is referred to ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1 2007 for a ing before points can be scored. Projects whose
complete description of the requirements. Gen- yearly operating budget for energy is 12% below
erally the building categories are: the Base Building modeling as established by
Section 5 – Building envelope Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1 2007 can score
Section 6 – Heating, Ventilating and Air Con- the minimum two points. Projects with yearly
ditioning (including parking garage ventilation, energy operating budgets forty eight percent or
freeze protection, exhaust air recovery and con- more below the Base Building estimate are eli-
denser heat recovery) gible for nineteen points.
Section 7 – Service water heating
Section 8 – Power (including all building power It is important to note that the modular building
distribution systems) in question must be modeled in the context of
Section 9 – Lighting (including exit signs, build- the site and the final design. This exercise can-
ing exterior. Grounds and parking garages) not be done remotely or theoretically in the fac-
Section 10 – Other Equipment (including all tory. This is because energy performance and the
permanently wired electric motors) criteria that LEED requires to be considered are
11


dependent in whole or in part on final building ing projects. Integrated design is driving design
orientation, passive solar and natural ventilation trends that install relatively small-scale PV pan-
contributions, site lighting, occupancy and mi- els as window shading devices. Other eligible
croclimate conditions that effect yearly energy systems such as low impact hydro dams, while
use. contributing to the credit, are clearly a matter of
site selection and proximity. The contribution of
In large projects energy modeling using DOE.2e these systems to the reduction of the annual en-
or other sophisticated modeling software is used. ergy costs are reflected in the energy modeling
In smaller projects more prescriptive measures or prescriptive approaches to energy cost calcula-
can be used based on several ASHRAE publica- tions found in EA Credit 1. EA Credit 2 Renew-
tions such as the Advanced Buildings Core Per- able Energy points are rewarded for displacing
formance Guide. The LEED Reference Guide conventional fuels and the attendant reduction in
contains an extensive discussion of what evalu- yearly energy costs on a graduated scale. The
ation procedures are most appropriate and what percentage listed in the title of the credits refers
is acceptable as building envelope, building sys- to the reduction in dollars below the yearly en-
tems, site and occupancy variables. ergy cost in dollars for the base building modeled
in Appendix G or through some other prescrip-
EA Credit 2 – On-Site Renewable Energy Sys- tive method. They are:
tems 1% Renewable Energy 1 Point
5% Renewable Energy 3 Points
Once the yearly operating budget of the design 9% Renewable Energy 5 Points
case building has been determined using the 13% Renewable Energy 7 Points
procedures contained in EA Credit 1 the proj-
ect team can address meeting the annual energy EA Credit 3 – Enhanced Commissioning
demands of the project with renewable energy
sources and building systems. LEED considers LEED 2009 awards two points for EA Credit 3.
the following systems eligible for consideration Enhanced commissioning is related to the basic
in this credit: commissioning required for all LEED projects in
EA Perquisite 1. In addition to the basic require-
Photovoltaic systems ments inherent in EA Prerequisite I the commis-
Solar thermal Systems sioning authority must also:
Bio-fuel based electrical systems
Geothermal heating systems (Geothermal 1. Conduct a minimum of one commissioning de-
heat pumps are excluded but their benefits sign review of the Owners Program Require-
are considered in EA Credit 1 – Optimum ments (OPR), the Basis of Design (BOD),
Energy Performance) and design documents prior to the mid-docu-
ments production phase. A back check of the
Geothermal electrical systems
remarks and responses to the design reviews
Low impact hydro electric power systems
must be included in subsequent phases.
Wave and tidal systems
2. The Commissioning authority shall also re-
For EA Credit 2 these systems are generally con- view contractor submittals concurrent with
sidered to be located on site and dedicated to the the A/E reviews. Findings must go directly to
subject project. Systems such as photovoltaics the owner.
and solar domestic water heating systems can 3. Develop a systems manual that provides fu-
have their internal components installed in the ture operating staff the information needed to
modular building factory but final assembly of understand and properly operate the commis-
the collectors or PV arrays is typically done in sioned systems.
the field. This is certainly true of any array that 4. Verify the requirements for staff training and
is site mounted or part of a larger central array operating personnel have been completed.
dedicated to more than one modular building. 5. Participate in a review of the building opera-
tion within 10 months of substantial comple-
Renewable energy systems can be applied to tion.
any building construction type and are being As in the EA Prerequisite 1 – Fundamental Build-
found increasing frequently in modular building Systems Commissioning enhanced commis-
12


sioning activities and responsibilities may be is to acquire sufficient building systems data to
split between the manufacturing plant and the verify the building is performing as anticipated.
construction site. The commissioning plan must In this regard this credit is often evaluated as a
reflect how commissioning activities will be co- compliment to the commissioning activities that
ordinated. And, systems that are assembled or are taking place in the same time period, espe-
sub-assembled at the factory which become part cially if Enhanced Commissioning activities are
of the permanent installation must be commis- taking place.
sioned as part of the finished installation.
The work associated with obtaining this cred-
EA Credit 4 – Enhanced Refrigerant Manage- it can be relatively simple if the structures are
ment modest in scale and the systems are limited and
straight forward. Many modular building appli-
LEED 2009 awards two points for EA Credit 4. cations be they classrooms or small office are in
LEED rewards project teams that make respon- this category. Modular buildings of this type are
sible choices regarding the selection, installation often single zone structures with dedicated space
and maintenance of refrigerants. This credit conditioning systems and simple controls.
opportunity is not specific to modular building
but is a function of space conditioning equip- EA Credit 6 – Green Power
ment and the refrigerant choices that accompany
them. The point for this credit is obtained by not LEED 2009 awards two points for EA Credit 6.
using refrigerants or by selecting one that has the Green Power refers to electrical energy generat-
qualities and attributes of being efficient while ed off site using criteria established by the Center
minimizing the potential for ozone depletion and for Resource Solutions (CRS) Green-e products
global warming should the refrigerant wear out certification requirements. Projects are rewarded
prematurely, require difficult or dangerous main- one LEED point for contracting for at least 35%
tenance or escape to the atmosphere. R410A or of the project’s electrical requirements for two
Puron is preferable to R12 or R22. A LEED years. A second point is available if the contract
point is rewarded for selecting a refrigerant that doubles to 70% for the same two year period.
balances these criteria and still meets equipment
performance and warranty requirements. This credit is not specific to modular buildings
sans for the indirect implication that very energy
EA Credit 5 – Measurement and Verification efficient modular buildings can reduce the actual
kW required per year, hence lowering the per-
LEED 2009 awards three points for EA Credit centage of Green Power that is contracted for.
5. Measurement and Verification is a process by
which the operation and associated energy per- The literature supports the fact that modular
formance of a completed project is monitored for buildings can be very energy and resource ef-
at least one year using the processes and prac- ficient. Competitions now showcase the vari-
tices set forth in the International Performance ous ways in which modular building suppliers
and Measurement Verification Protocol (IP- are incorporating energy and water conserving
MVP) Volume III. The IPMVP allows the use equipment and features in completed projects.
of two protocols, Option B and D respectively Stakeholders representing modular buildings in
depending on the complexity of the project and LEED applications need to have an appreciation
the number of systems that use energy. for which activities are joined in the manufactur-
ing facility and which are a function of outside
While this credit is not specific to modular build- collaborations and team member participation.
ing project teams need to understand the require- It must also be noted that unless the modular unit
ment of the credit as it related to the installed represents the entire finished project, modular
controls, sensors, data acquisition systems and sub assemblies and modular units that comprise
other performance indicators the IPMVP proto- a portion of a larger whole project are evaluated
cols involve. Obtaining this point may require against the energy performance of the project as
coordination between the modular building sup- a whole.
plier and the HVAC and / or the mechanical,
electrical and plumbing engineers. The intention
13


Materials and Resources

M
odular building by nature is material In order to facilitate the LEED application the
and resource efficient. One of the great modular component or modular unit manufac-
economies of modular building is the ture must be intimately familiar with the nature,
ability to assemble repetitive units in controlled source and manufacturing processes associated
conditions. Another is to minimize material with the materials assembled in the modular
waste associated with conventional construction building entity in question. This will be discussed
due to weather intrusion and construction site further in the Credit interpretations below. The
theft. Modular components and subassemblies reader is invited to study the LEED Reference
that exhibit controlled tolerances can be coordi- Guide for the LEED rating system being used for
nated into larger projects. Whole modular units a more complete discourse on the subjects of ma-
—largely finished prior to arriving at the con- terials and resources.
struction site—can significantly limit construc-
tion waste generated at the site and contribute The Prerequisite and LEED Credit opportunities
directly to construction site waste management. in the Materials and Resources section are:

LEED rewards projects for recognizing where MR Prerequisite 1 – Storage and Collection of
materials come from, how they are used on site, Recyclables
whether or not they are salvaged during renova-
tions, and how the residual waste stream is man- This prerequisite is common to all LEED projects
aged. Special recognition is given to using ex- and not specific to modular building. The project
isting buildings, materials with recycled content team must illustrate how glass, aluminum, paper,
and those that are mined, harvested, extracted corrugated cardboard, and plastic are collected,
and assembled within 500 miles of the construc- stored and then removed from the project site
tion site. Finally LEED rewards projects that whether or not a municipal waste collection pro-
use products grown using good stewardship gram is in place. This is typically the responsibil-
practice, and are lightly processed or have low ity of the design team.
embodied energy.
MR Credit 1.1 – Building Reuse, Maintain
In order to accurately evaluate the role of materi- 75% of Existing Walls Floors and Roof
als and resources in modular building and LEED MR Credit 1.2 – Building Reuse, Maintain
projects the following must be understood: 95% of Existing Walls Floors and Roof
MR Credit 1.3 – Building Reuse, Maintain
There are no LEED certified products 50% of Interior Non Structural Elements
A product can not give a LEED project
points These credits only apply to LEED projects that
A product can contribute toward or comply involve existing buildings. In LEED 2009 MR
with LEED credit requirements Credit 1.1 is awarded two points. It is possible
that the existing building in question is a modu-
In LEED products fall into two categories: Con- lar building. It is also possible that the project
tribution Credits and Compliance Credits. involves adding modular buildings or new con-
struction that contains modular components to an
Contribution Credits require a calculation to de- existing building. In each case an inventory of
termine what percentage of the project’s materi- the building(s) is conducted to calculate the per-
als meet the requirement set forth by the LEED centage of each involved. These credits stay in
rating system that the project team is applying play unless the new construction being added to
for certification. Compliance Credits require all the existing building (if any) exceeds the size of
related materials to meet a certain requirement the existing building by two hundred percent, at
set forth by the standard. All products related which point these credits drop out and the exist-
to the credit must all pass the standard. These ing building materials segue into MR Credits 2.1
credits are pass or fail. and 2.2, Construction Waste Management.

14


MR Credit 2.1 – Construction Waste Man- LEED rewards incorporating used building ma-
agement, Divert 50% from Disposal terials in new construction and major renovation.
MR Credit 2.2 - Construction Waste Man- To date this practice is very limited in the manu-
agement, Divert 75% from Disposal facture of new modular building components
or modular units. However, it is quite possible
One of the significant economies associated that modular building practices could be used in
with modular construction is the ability to man- LEED projects where other aspects of the overall
age construction waste. LEED rewards con- construction could feature these materials. The
struction waste management at the construction percentages listed refer to the percentage of Di-
site by being able to account for the materials, visions Two through Ten material costs of that
by weight or by volume, that are diverted from are represented by reused materials.
landfills. This includes all non-hazardous ma-
terials excluding cut and fill and organic mate- MR Credit 4.1 – Recycled Content, 10% (post
rial removed from the site. One direct benefit of consumer + ½ pre consumer)
reducing the overall waste stream is the simpli- MR Credit 4.2 – Recycled Content, 20% (post
fication of construction waste management at consumer + ½ pre consumer)
the site and the attendant reduction in dumpster
costs and hauling fees. Modern modular building construction uses a
full range of materials with high recycled con-
In the case of modular building overall construc- tent. These materials are recognized for there
tion waste generated at the site can be reduced relatively high strength to weight ratios, mois-
significantly. Moreover there may be Innovation ture resistance and cost effectiveness. LEED
Points available to LEED project teams that can recognizes the contribution of material manufac-
illustrate similar waste management practices tures that use both post consumer and pre con-
are in play at the modular building manufactur- sumer recycled content. Post consumer recycled
ing facilities. In order to apply for an Innovation content is that which is manufactured from such
Point the LEED team must be able to do a similar items as plastic bottles and cans which, once
“upstream” evaluation to determine the amount used, find their way back into the manufactur-
of construction waste material generated in the ing process. Pre consumer recycled content is
fabrication of modular buildings at the plant and that which transfers from one industry to another
the amount also diverted from landfills. without interfacing with consumers. Fly ash in
concrete or wheat straw substrate are two exam-
In order to calculate MR Credits 3.1 through ples. In order to participate in obtaining these
5.2 LEED requires project teams to calculate credits the modular building manufacturer must
the cost of building materials in Divisions Two be able to identify and quantify the nature and
through Ten less labor and transportation costs. percentage by weight of recycled content in the
This number then forms the denominator in materials used in modular construction. These
the calculations used to determine compliance include but are certainly not limited to materials
with the Credit requirements in each. Achiev- commonly found in the modular construction in-
ing these credits requires a working knowledge dustry: oriented strand board (OSB) and insula-
of the source of the materials, their composition tion plastics found in structural insulated panels
and the point of purchase. Modular building (SIPs) agriculturally based substrates, linoleum,
representatives should familiar themselves with aluminum, metal and glass window assemblies,
the full range of credit requirements detailed in medium and light gauge steel framing, carpet
the LEED Reference Guides. Only materials systems, floor tile, acoustic ceiling tile, cabine-
that are permanently installed qualify for inclu- try, interior drywall partitions, surface treatments
sion in MR Credits 3 through 7. and fabrics, doors, metal roofing, etc. Each must
be evaluated for recycled content and cost rela-
MR Credit 3.1 – Material Reuse, 5% tive to the overall cost of the modular component
MR Credit 3.1 – Material Reuse, 10% or unit less labor and transportation. Because
transportation costs associated with transporting
15


modular building units is documented separatelyshow that at least 2.5% of the cost of the mate-
from the product this information simply needs rials in Division Two through Ten in the entire
to be recorded an provided to the appropriate project is represented by materials that have these
LEED submission contact person. attributes. In order to qualify for this Credit and
the point available the modular building supplier
MR Credit 5.1 – Regional Materials, 10% Ex- must be able to identify and quantify which ma-
tracted, Processed and Manufactured Region- terials comply. These are then evaluated against
ally the total project cost of materials in those divi-
MR Credit 5.2 – Regional Materials, 20% Ex- sions and a determination is made.
tracted, Processed and Manufactured Region-
ally MR Credit 7 – Certified Wood

These Credits recognize the economic and en- Certified wood is that which comes from sources
vironmental benefits of building with materials certified by the Forest Stewardship Council’s
that are found in proximity to the construction Principles and Criteria. These include but are not
site. The percentages listed refer to the portion limited to structural framing, sub-flooring, wood
of the total material cost less labor and trans- doors and finishes. In order to qualify for this
portation of materials in Divisions Two through Credit and the point available 50% of the value of
Ten. In order to qualify for these points the point the wood based products in the completed proj-
of purchase of the modular building component ect that are permanently affixed must come from
or modular building unit must be within a 500 FSC certified sources. The modular building sup-
miles radius of the project site. The modular plier should be able to identify and quantify what
building manufacturer must then be able to iden- those products are and have proof of the chain of
tify what building products used in the construc- custody that accompanies FSC certification. If
tion of the component or modular building unit the FSC certified source is within 5oo miles of
were extracted, processed, manufactured and the construction site credit can be taken for MR
purchased within that same 500 mile radius. For Credit 5.1-Regional Materials.
homogenous materials this can be a relatively
easy assessment. For materials that are complex
or which derive a portion of their materials out-
side the 500 mile radius this can be an involved
calculation. The 1000 mile diameter that results
from the 500 mile radius is a significantly large
area and many LEED projects get one or both of
the points associated with these Credits. Most
modular building units are shipped from within
a 500 mile radius of the construction site so it be-
hooves the project team to attempt these Credits.
It should be noted that the 10% and 20% of the
value of the materials on the project are calcu-
lated against the total cost of materials including
site development.

MR Credit 6 – Rapidly Renewable Materials

Rapidly renewable materials and products are
those which are derived from raw materials that
come to market in a ten year cycle or less. These
are typically such materials as bamboo, Agrifi-
ber, linoleum, cork, wool and cotton. LEED
awards a point to LEED project teams that can
16


Markets Currently Served by Commercial Modular Construction

source: Modular Building Institute,
2007 Commercial Modular Construction Report

17


Indoor Environmental
Quality and Modular Building

N
ext to overall energy efficiency, effec- We have arrived at this juncture in time with the
tive daylighting and natural ventilation,full capability for industry-change toward provi-
superior indoor environmental quality sion of both environmentally conscious buildings
is one of the most desirable and important at- and eco-friendly building materials. The modular
tributes of high performance green buildings. building industry has control over both the ma-
Improved health and optimum building occu- terials and quality control features that provide
pant performance as a function of interior envi- superior building atmospheres. LEED is used
ronments that are allergy free and non toxic are to explore the relationship of energy efficiency,
now appreciated as one of the most important the influence of daylight and natural ventilation,
returns on the investment in high performance the use of allergy free, non toxic materials and
green buildings. Studies linking occupant health the psychology of space with respect of acous-
and satisfaction to natural light and clean inte- tics and views to provide highly desirable spaces
rior air have been in the medical literature for using a variety of assembly techniques, includ-
decades. More recent studies range from those ing modular building. This is evidenced by the
focusing on single issues such as absenteeism creative and inspirational responses produced by
and lost asthma days to the importance of good modular building manufactures who have par-
acoustics to broader concerns of human ecology, ticipated in green building challenges. They are
ergonomics and the ongoing impact of spending proof positive the modular building industry can
as much as 90% of our time indoors. continue to pioneer and respond to the evolution
of the green building movement. The following
The design and construction market’s response to is a discussion of modular building as it relates
our growing awareness of the impact of the built to the LEED Indoor Environmental Quality cat-
environment on our general well being and the egory.
financial benefits associated with environments
optimized for health and productivity has been EQ Prerequisite 1: Minimum IAQ Performance
very positive. It has precipitated a major shift
in industry response and product availability This prerequisite is based on ASHRAE 62.1-
within the green building movement. Where it 2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
may have been difficult ten years ago to find non Quality with separate consideration of paragraph
proprietary products that were allergy free and 5.1 for buildings that are naturally ventilated.
non toxic today they are commonplace and price ASHRAE 62 is commonly used as the founda-
competitive. Some are enhanced by the fact that tion of many codes but LEED requires adher-
they are manufactured with recycled materials ing to local code requirements if they are more
and often found within 500 miles of the project stringent. Generally ASHRAE 62 determines the
site. Improvements in HVAC system efficiency, amount of ventilation air required as well as stan-
dehumidifying capability and the use of energy dards for the quality of ventilation air and how it
system modeling to right size space condition- is best distributed. The Prerequisite apples to all
ing systems and controls has all contributed to building types classified as permanently installed
more cost effective ways of maintaining accept- buildings regardless of the fabrication or con-
able psychrometrics and comfort conditions. struction deliver method.
We have arrived at the point where product sup-
pliers aware of the health consequences of how EQ Prerequisite 2: Environmental Tobacco
materials impact interior air quality have joined Smoke (ETS) Control
forces with an enlightened design and engineer-
ing community who have the diagnostic tools The Prerequisite to eliminate or strictly control
necessary to optimize both natural and mechani- environmental tobacco smoke is applicable to
cal space conditioning systems. LEED has pro- all building types. The LEED reference guide
vided the forum through which the principles gives specific requirements for the design, con-
and practices of integrated design can be used to struction, commissioning and control of smoking
combine the best of both in the most cost effec- areas inside LEED certified buildings if they are
tive ways possible. to be included. Requirements vary between com-

18


mercial and multi-family residential buildings. must be maintained in spaces that are not defined
They are not specific to modular buildings. as high density.

EQ Prerequisite 3: Minimal Acoustical Perfor- Spaces that are naturally ventilated must have
mance (LEED for Schools only) CO2 sensors in each space located between three
and six feet above the floor.
LEED for Schools contains this prerequisite
which is intended to provide minimum acoustic Modular building manufactures must confirm
performance in core learning spaces in academic these rates are achievable and install the proper
buildings. Attaining the credit is based on de- sensors and associated limit indicators to inform
signing classrooms and other learning spaces building operators and occupants when design
to meet the Reverberation Time (RT) require- conditions are not being met. If space condition-
ments of ANSI standard S12.60-2002, Acousti- ing is accomplished with a combination of forced
cal Performance Criteria, Design Requirements air and other equipment the LEED team must ex-
and Guidelines for Schools. Also, classrooms plain how ventilation air will be controlled and
and other core learning spaces must meet Sound how the sensors will work in concert with other
Transmission Class (STC) requirements except controls.
for windows which must meet an STC rating of
at least 35. EQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation

In addition a background noise level of 45 dBA LEED rewards project teams for providing a
must be met using the methodologies described minimum of thirty percent additional ventila-
in annexes B through D of ANSI Standard tion air to the regularly occupied areas of the
S12.60-2002. Or, classrooms and other core building. The benefit is additional fresh air and
learning spaces must achieve an RC (N) Mark II increased assurance that any residual pollutants
level of 37 with HVAC equipment and installa- will be removed with additional ventilation and,
tions as defined in the 2003 HVAC Applications hopefully, effective filtration. This credit can be
ASHRAE Handbook, Chapter 47. applied to modular construction the application
of which must be modeled in EA Credit 1: Opti-
Modular building units can be optimized to meet mum Energy Performance.
these criteria as they are seldom fabricated of
heavy masonry construction or massive materi- EQ Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management
als that reflect sound. SIP construction, metal Plan During Construction
studs with multiple layers of drywall mounted
on resilient clips, acoustic ceiling tiles and other Obtaining this Credit requires understanding
acoustic design techniques can all be applied. the Credit intent with respect to modular build-
The strategy for meeting this Prerequisite and ing manufacturing environments and conditions.
the associated EQ Credit 9: Enhanced Acousti- The criteria for maintaining acceptable IAQ dur-
cal Performance can be formed around materi- ing construction are based on the Sheet Metal and
als and construction techniques commonly used Air Conditioning Contractors National Associa-
in the modular building industry. The overall tion (SMACNA) IAQ Guidelines for Occupied
approach must be considered against the site Buildings Under Construction, 1995, Chapter 3.
context, whether or not the finished project is When applied to conventional construction proj-
multi-story and ambient noise conditions. ects the intent is to insure that work in place is
protected, the project site is generally clean and
EQ Credit 1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring free of excessive water, materials are effectively
stored and kept dry and ductwork is kept clean,
This Credit is intended to insure occupant com- especially if the HVAC system is used during
fort by monitoring the amount of air mechani- construction.
cally delivered to spaces with a density of 25
people per 1000 square feet or less, keeping it In modular building manufacturing plants the
within 10% of designed air flow rates. 15% conditions are often ambient, reducing the need
19


for supplemental space conditioning during con- Once healthy building products and practices
struction. The assembly areas are not subject to are implemented the LEED team can subscribe
excessive moisture or extremes in temperature to one of two techniques to obtain the point for
and are generally controlled to provide accept- this credit.
able working conditions. If modular units are
assembled in whole or in part outside these con- The first is to flush out the building with a mini-
trolled conditions do not exist and the modular mum of 14,000 cubic feet of outside air per
building units are subject to the same criteria for square foot of building. The air must be intro-
this Credit as conventional construction. And, it duced maintaining at least 60ºF and 60% relative
is assumed that factory finished units are shipped humidity. Alternative approaches to this tech-
and installed in ways that also maintain the in- nique are allowable if the building is occupied.
tent of the credit which assumes the precautions The flush out is complete when the total amount
are observed until the project is completed. In of air necessary to satisfy the credit requirement
order to meet the intent of this credit the con- has been routed through the building.
ditions expected by meeting the SMACNA
standard should be evidenced in the completed The second alternative is to perform IAQ sam-
project. The narrative provided in the LEED pling and testing using testing protocols con-
template for this credit should explain how this sistent with the US Environmental Protection
is accomplished. Agency’s Compendium of Methods for the De-
termination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air. In
EQ Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management this approach testing is conducted to specifically
Plan Before Occupancy detect the presence and concentrations of the
pollutants listed above. This approach is much
LEED rewards project teams that build with al- more scientific and useful than simply flushing
lergy free non toxic material and building prac- air through the structure although both are ac-
tices as defined in EQ Credits 4.1 through 4.6 ceptable.
described below. As an extra precaution EQ
Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan In order to meet the intent of the credit either
Before Occupancy is available to insure that method should be conducted on site in what is the
any residual indoor air pollutants are removed. completed LEED project. Air sampling and mea-
This is done by either flushing out the complet- surement done inside the modular building man-
ed building or measuring the same using IAQ ufacturing facility can be adversely impacted by
testing procedures focused on the following: the manufacturing environment. Also, modular
units can pick up pollutants during transportation
Formaldehyde (HCHO) not to exceed 50 that could impact the testing and which should be
parts per billion removed or ventilated out before the intent of the
Particulates not to exceed 50 microns per cu- credit can be met. LEED only rewards accept-
bic meter able IAQ levels in the completed structure so the
Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) testing must be completed on site.
not to exceed 500 micrograms per cubic me-
ter EQ Credit 4: Low Emitting Materials
Carbon Monoxide (CO) at 9 parts per billion
and no greater than 2 parts per million above The modular building industry is scrutinized
outdoor levels more than site-build construction for its ability
4-phenylcyclohexane (4-PCH) not to exceed to provide usable habitats with acceptable indoor
6.5 micrograms per cubic meter air quality, despite the fact that this feature has
also been proven to be very possible in modu-
In order to insure superior air quality in any lar environments. The combination of growing
completed structure it is important to build with awareness of the consequences of poor indoor
allergy free non toxic materials and maintain air quality coupled with LEED and the growing
the same with ecologically acceptable cleaning high performance green building movement has
products. Modular building is no exception. made compliance with this collection of credits
20


very desirable. The reader is invited to revisit
is possible to critically meter and effectively ap-
Materials and Resources and Modular Build- ply only the amount of material necessary. Ma-
ing to refresh the association with the criteria in
terial off gassing and airborne overspray can be
that LEED category. controlled. Controlled temperatures and humid-
ity provide for optimum product storage, appli-
In LEED 2009 the following four Low Emitting cation and curing conditions. This is not true if
Materials Credits are contained in this Credit modular building products and units are manu-
grouping in LEED for New Construction and factured and / or assembled in whole or in part
Major Renovations: outdoors.

EQ Credit 4.1: Low Emitting Materials – Ad- The second is technically these credits only con-
hesives and Sealants sider materials applied on site. As in all credit
EQ Credit 4.2: Low Emitting Materials – categories only the finished LEED project is
Paints and Coatings considered. If none of the materials evaluated
EQ Credit 4.3: Low Emitting Materials – in EQ Credits 4.1 - 4.4: Low Emitting Materi-
Flooring Systems als are applied on site then the Credits and as-
EQ Credit 4.4: Low Emitting Materials – sociated points are not available. Conversely, if
Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products even small amounts of the subject materials are
applied in the field, perhaps in touching up or fi-
In LEED 2009 EQ Credit 4.3 was changed nal installation, then the entire application of the
from Carpet Systems to Flooring Systems. material in question must be evaluated.
This change acknowledges a wider selection of
flooring materials and enables LEED 2009 for It is very common for LEED projects to score
New Construction to align itself with LEED for well in this category. Modular building should
Schools. not be an exception.
In LEED for Schools these Credits are also EQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant
available: Source Control

EQ Credit 4: Option 3 – Flooring Systems This Credit recognizes the importance of keep-
EQ Credit 4: Option 5 – Furniture and Fur- ing finished buildings clean and uncontaminated
nishings during their service life. To obtain this credit and
EQ Credit 4: Option 6 – Ceiling and Wall the associated point the following features and
Systems products must be in place:
Each of the above material categories are gov-
Walk off grates or removable mats in the main
erned by organizations that set maximum allow-
entrances
able limits for volatile organic compounds in the
Code based solutions to properly venting haz-
products eligible for credit consideration. They
ardous gases out of the building
are listed in the respective reference guides along
The inclusion of Minimum Efficiency Report-
with the submission requirements and allowable
ing Value (MERV) 13 filters in the permanent
alternative compliance paths for calculating
HVAC system(s)
VOC budgets if a product does not comply. In
essence LEED project teams are challenged to
These features are not specific to modular build-
use only benign products with low or zero VOC
ings but can be incorporated. The most serious
content. These materials are now readily avail-
challenge may be using the high efficiency MERV
able and largely cost neutral, especially if pur-
13 filters in unit ventilators or through the wall
chased in bulk. The modular building industry
and roof top mounted packaged HVAC equip-
has two unique situations that impact achieving
ment commonly found in modular units. The
LEED points for these credits.
HVAC industry has responded with a growing
The first is by assembling modular building com- number of MERV 13 filters than can be installed
ponents and units in controlled environments it in packaged space conditioning and ventilation
21


equipment. The modular building manufacturer largely a matter of envelope and building systems
and / or supplier needs to know these choices are integration with controls and occupancy profiles.
available. It is not specific to modular building.

Exhausting hazardous gases and other code re- EQ Credit 7.2: Thermal Comfort Verification
lated ventilation requirements are usually in re-
sponse to special ventilation needs; laboratory Project teams can obtain this credit and point by
or kitchen exhaust hoods, paint booths or other agreeing to conduct an anonymous survey six to
project specific conditions. If no special ventila- eighteen months after occupancy to determine
tion needs or conditions exist the credit can still whether the comfort goals of the project have
be achieved. been met. It is typically conducted by the Owner
or the Owner’s agent. It is not specific to modu-
EQ Credit 6.1: Controllability of Systems - lar building.
Lighting
EQ Credit 8.1: Daylight and Views – Daylight
This credit requires individual lighting controls 75% of the Spaces
for 90% (minimum) of the building occupants
and lighting system controls for all shared multi- Effective daylighting is one of the signature char-
occupant spaces. It is applicable to any building. acteristics of high performance green buildings.
Modular building manufacturers simply need to LEED rewards effective daylighting through its
be aware of the lighting system design require- inclusion in the calculations for EA Credit 1:
ments and be sure they are incorporated into the Optimum Energy Performance. This credit ac-
finished project. knowledges the importance of daylight in reduc-
ing the dependence on electric lighting and its
EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems – Ther- positive influence on the psychology of space.
mal Comfort
LEED permits three different calculation meth-
Thermal comfort system control, for the purpose odologies to determine whether a minimum day-
of this credit, is defined as the provision of con- lighting contribution has been made to a suffi-
trol over at least one aspect of thermal comfort cient number of spaces. In essence project teams
– air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed must balance the relationship of properly selected
and humidity. The influence of these variables and placed glazing, and provide effective shading
and acceptable strategies for controlling each are and glare control to meet minimum daylighting
set forth in ASHRAE 55-2004. To obtain this requirements.
credit at least 50% of building occupants must
have access to comfort controls and be able to Effective daylighting is a matter of good design
control at least one of the variables. All shared and is not specific to any building type. The grow-
occupancy spaces must have accessible controls. ing awareness of the importance of daylighting in
This consideration also extends to operable win- school environments has put added emphasis on
dows if the parameters set forth in ASHRAE achieving this credit and point in modular units
62.1 – 2007, paragraph 5.1 are met. used as primary learning environments. Daylight
also has a natural sanitizing capability that con-
EQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort Design tributes to limiting mold growth.

The point for this credit is attained if the LEED EQ Credit 8.2: Daylight and Views – Views for
project team can illustrate the building enve- 90% of the Spaces
lope and space conditioning systems can meet
the comfort standards set forth in ASHRAE LEED recognizes the importance of connecting
55-2004. The comfort parameters – tempera- building occupants with exterior environment.
ture, humidity, radiant comfort and air velocity This point is obtained by providing views to the
- are the same as those in EQ Credit 6.2. This is exterior from 90% or more of the regularly oc-

22


cupied spaces. This is a matter of room con- organic content, limited window area, external
figuration, or shape, and the strategic placement HVAC equipment and intermittent occupancy.
of vision glazing assumed to be between 2’-6”
and 7’-6” above the floor. This credit is a matter Several modular building providers have won
of design and not specific to modular construc- competitions for their buildings that demon-
tion. In integrated design glazing dedicated to strate superior indoor air quality is possible with
passive solar gain or daylighting strategies are informed design and construction choices and
effectively combined with the desire to provide quality construction.
views. Modular buildings can attain this credit
and point. LEED rewards finished building projects that ad-
dress Mold prevention by doing the following:
EQ Credit 9: Enhanced Acoustical Performance
(LEED for Schools only) 1. Earning EQ Credits 3.1: Construction IAQ
Management Plan – During Construction,
EQ Credit 9 builds on the foundation of EQ Pre- EQ 7.1: Thermal Comfort – Design, and EQ
requisite 3 – Minimum Acoustical Performance Credit 7.2: Thermal Comfort – Verification
and rewards a point to LEED project teams that 2. Provide HVAC Systems and controls designed
can achieve a higher level of acoustic perfor- to limit space relative humidity to 60%
mance in primary learning spaces. Essentially 3. Develop and implement on an ongoing basis
teams must follow the design goals and criteria an ISAQ management program for buildings
set forth in ANSI Standard S12.60 – 2002 to based on the EPA’s “Building Air Quality: A
achieve more stringent acoustic performance guide for Building Owners and Facility Man-
goals than those associated with the Prerequi- agers”, EPA Reference Number 402.F-91-
site. 102, December, 1991.

Modular building manufactures and suppliers Collectively these efforts represent a foundation
should assess what can be done to current mod- that addresses the fact that mold is ambient, the
ular building practice(s) to meet this credit re- propagation of mold is due to several interre-
quirement. It must be noted that windows with lated factors, and the mediation of mold is de-
a minimum STC rating of 35 may be required in pendent on proper maintenance and ongoing due
the modular unit if the overall unit is to qualify. diligence. The modular building industry must
If STC 35 windows are not included the units interface with LEED design teams and com-
may be required to incorporate acoustic ceiling missioning authorities to insure the preventive
tile or other sound attenuating material. In addi- measures including in the factory are maintained
tion the project team may be required to assess through the final construction phases and into the
the ambient noise conditions of the project. In occupancy of the building.
markets based on the construction and sale of re-
petitive units the investment made in an acoustic
consultant can be recouped over time.

EQ Credit 10: Mold Prevention (LEED for
Schools only)

Modular buildings used for classrooms and
other similar purposes will continue to be the
subject of reviews regarding IAQ issues in gen-
eral and mold in particular. While the potential
to have mold present is not specific to modular
buildings, it is important to focus on building
structures that are resistant to supporting micro
flora despite a combination of interiors with high

23


Process and LEED

P
erhaps the best feature of the LEED build- savings and / or the environmental benefits to
ing rating system is the invitation to be the project is central to achieving the LEED
innovative. It underscores that fact that point. Modular building capitalizes on the
all buildings, including modular buildings, are ability to move product in controlled manu-
simply what we make them. If design is the first facturing conditions, tight inventory control
indication of intent then the finished building is and project schedules. It is inherently waste
simply the manifestation of that intent. conscious and can have minimum site impact
if delivered carefully and strategically with
In LEED 2009 The Innovation Design Pro- respect to site constraints. Modular units pur-
cess includes five credit opportunities to score chased within 500 miles of the construction
points in what are called ID Credit 1.1 through site offer other LEED ID point opportunities,
1.5. These credits can be achieved by accom- as does the installation of low VOC materials
plishing exemplary performance in the pursuit off site.
of any credit that is eligible for that approach. In
LEED Version 3 2009 those three ways are: The LEED team using modular building compo-
nents or modular units is encouraged to explore
1. Exemplary performance. This means the ways to achieve Innovation and Design process
project team has gone beyond the last incre- points both in the manufacturing facility and in
ment of the credit’s graduated requirements the field. LEED project teams are invited to ex-
by the next full increment. They include such plore any and all innovation opportunities that
credits as WE Credit 3.2 Water use Reduc- resonate with LEED’s premise of environmental
tion where the LEED team would accomplish stewardship.
a savings of 50% reduction in water use in
LEED NC including LEED for Schools. Lastly, LEED projects that involve LEED Ac-
Or, in Materials and Resources Credit 2.3 credited Professionals, LEED APs, are also
Construction Waste Management, the team eligible for a point in this category. The GBCI
diverts more than 95% of the construction has implemented a two-tiered LEED 2009 exam
waste stream from a landfill. structure. Those who pass with the LEED AP
2. Repeat a previously awarded Innovation in Plus accreditation will be able to claim ID Credit
Design Credit. The USGBC publishes a cata- 2 LEED AP. Those holding a LEED AP Associ-
log of ID Credits that teams have submitted ate status will not be eligible for the ID Credit 2
for consideration. These are listed categori- LEED AP ID Point.
cally and indicated as accepted or denied. If
the LEED team that is using modular build-
ing components can repeat the credit listed
it will receive one ID point. For instance,
the ID Catalog contains a listing for a point
rewarded for sensitive site planning that ex-
hibits minimum site disturbance. Minimum
site disturbance is something modular build-
ing can achieve. If the same gesture can be
repeated and sufficiently documented the
modular building LEED team can claim the
same point.
3. Be truly innovative. In this case the LEED
team needs to document the intent, require-
ments and the means by which the idea was
achieved. Original ID credits are most suc-
cessful if they quantify the results the project
is trying to achieve. The ability to quantify

24


A green building success story. As seen in Building Design+Construction magazine:

Proven green features
Highly reflective roof membrane
Increased R-value of building envelope
(insulated doors, widows and a vapor
barrier)
Recycled materials, including exterior
siding, floor and acoustical ceiling
Dual glazed, Low E glass windows
Daylight harvesting with sun tunnels
Paperless drywall and no-VOC paint
High-efficiency light fixtures (T-5s)
Energy-efficient heat pump with
reduced noise
Placement for least impact on surface
water movement

Head of the green class
Charlottesville, Va. Waldorf School (Waldorf) has spent the green products to enhance the learning environment of the
last 25 years educating students on the importance of taking school. “We were thrilled to help such a visionary school
care of the environment, with a core mission of Setting the right in our own backyard, and proud of our members who
Green Standard. When Waldorf needed extra space fast rose to the occasion,” said Hardiman. As for Zuffoletti, “We
for the 2008 school year, it believed that a green modular couldn’t be more pleased. We started our conversations with
classroom fit its vision. Enter the Modular Building Institute MBI seeking nothing more than information on what was
(MBI), also located in Charlottesville, Va. MBI’s Educational available. Instead, we got a green portable classroom.”
Foundation recently launched a student green building contest What better opportunity than this for a young architecture
as a part of its annual Awards of Distinction contest. The student to show how portable classrooms can be sustainable
previous year’s competition focused on a high-performance, in real-world applications. “I entered MBI’s contest and won,
relocatable classroom. William O’Brien of Concordia and now my design has jump-started this whole process,”
University designed the winning entry (pictured lower right). said William O’Brien. “I’m just happy that the Waldorf
Initially unaware of MBI’s student design competition and School stepped up to have this classroom built, and it is
its Charlottesville neighbor, Jim Zuffoletti, Chair for Waldorf exciting to think that I am helping to change the way the
Board of Directors, reached out to Tom Hardiman, MBI world builds.” MBI
executive director, for assistance. At the outset, Zuffoletti
was simply researching what green modular solutions might
be available. Hardiman shared with him O’Brien’s winning
entry and took the additional step of posing a challenge to
MBI membership. He asked for someone to step forward and
build a green classroom for Waldorf—and it had to mimic
O’Brien’s award-winning design.
M Space Holdings (M Space) of New York, N.Y. jumped
at the challenge. They started planning a green modular
classroom with Zuffoletti that met time, budget and
sustainable requirements of the school. In a little over one
month, M Space delivered a slightly modified, but highly MBI’s student design competition had focused on a high performance
sustainable design inspired by O’Brien’s winning entry. relocatable classroom in 2007. William O’Brien, of Concordia University,
Other MBI members, including Bard Manufacturing, Tell designed the winning entry shown here. This student design inspired the
Manufacturing and Hunter Modular Construction, donated classroom built for Charlottesville’s Waldorf School this past year.

25


New Category:
Regional Priority

T
he Regional Priority Credits category is on the USGBC website www.usgbc.org. Each
new to LEED 2009. The category was is indexed to the project location via zip code.
introduced in response to the USGBC For instance, if the location in which the mod-
members who felt LEED should evolve toward ular building project has listed Energy and At-
something that could address local issues. It was mosphere Credit One – Optimum Energy Per-
developed largely through volunteer effort cen- formance as a Regional Priority Credit the team
tered in local USGBC Chapters. In each case is eligible for a point via that Regional Priority
members were asked to propose credits that credit opportunity if the team scores well in the
reflect regional concerns. The Regional Bonus EA point. If the team exceeds the Regional Pri-
Credit Category contains four possible Regional ority credit threshold for Water Efficiency Credit
Specific Environmental Priority credits. A da- 3.2 the team is eligible for an additional point.
tabase of Regional Priority credits is available

Recycling: Before and After
Commercial modular construction providers lead the way on
renovation and reuse of buildings

The modular building “before” was renovated into a model
center for a senior citizen’s assisted living facility. The
renovated building stands alone at the gate of an assisted
living community where it serves as an exact replica of what
the living quarters of the facility will look like when built. The
building has a cut sandstone and stucco exterior wall finish
with a standing seam roofing material.

Before After

26


Conclusions

I
n conclusion, the evolution of LEED is a re- of modular building techniques by positively
flection of the changing market forces, ongo- promoting the unique qualities and attributes
ing innovation and opportunities that present of modular building, especially as they relate
themselves in the design, construction, and op- to green building.
eration and maintenance of high performance 3. Continue current practices and activities such
green buildings. The modular building industry as conferences and design competitions in
should note the increased sophistication embed- a way that positively promotes the modular
ded in the evaluation of the credits and their building industry. The ability to speak with a
associated point scores in LEED 2009. There unified voice to the AIA, ASHRAE, BOMA,
is every opportunity for the modular building the US Green Building Council, the Collabor-
industry to identify with and achieve the value ative for High Performance Schools, and the
added in energy, material and resource efficient Association of School Board Officials is criti-
qualities and attributes of high performance cal to promoting the interests of the Modular
buildings in LEED 2009 that have been assigned Building Industry.
higher point scores. At the same time the modu-
lar building industry still offers the best strate- It is in the best interest of the members of the
gies for construction waste management, mate- Modular Building Industry and the environment
rial efficiencies and superior air quality which, at large that we work together to promote energy,
although they were not revised in LEED 2009, material and resource efficient buildings that
still enable LEED project teams to have the best are optimized for the health and productivity of
overall projects possible. building occupants and users.

There are several sources that indicate that in-
terest in sustainable design and development
and the green building movement is continuing
to grow. McGraw Hill publishes their Green
Building Market Survey each year. It chronicles
steady growth in the green building movement
as well as a growing awareness of the benefits
of green buildings in many market sectors. Pub-
lications as different as the Wall Street Journal
and the American Wind Energy Journal site mar-
ket influences and construction trends that point
to the emergence of green technologies and new
jobs. This Obama administration’s stimulus
package earmarks funding for green schools and
alternative energy development. The indicators
that green development will lead the recovery in
the real estate industry are everywhere.

In order for the Modular Building Industry to
capitalize on these trends a number of issues
must be addressed. Among these are:

1. The ability to embrace change and recognize
how the qualities and attributes in modular
building can be used to gain market share.
2. The need to overcome the negative impres-
sions many design professionals have regard-
ing the limits to creativity and adaptability

27

28
Sustainable Sites

Rev 1 | 6.09

Attaining the Sustainable Sites Credits is largely a matter of project context. They are not specific to the physical qualities or attributes of modular building with the exception on SS Credit 7.2 :
Heat Island Effect - Roof

Construction
Erosion and sediment control drawing and narrative. This is a general requirement for most building projects. Modular units need to
Prereq. 1 Activity Pollution Required
Confirm compliance path. be placed within the guidelines of good site management practice.
Prevention

SS CR 1 Site Selection Evidence that all six limiting factors have been observed. Credit requirements are not specific to building type.

Development
Evidence that the project and surrounding projects meet
Density and
SS CR 2 or exceed 60,000 sq. ft. / acre or the community criteria Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Community
enterprises are present within 1/2 mile.
Connectivity

Brownfield Projects can only obtain this point via SS Prerequisite 2 by
SS CR 3 Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Redevelopment remediating the site.

Alt. Transportation
Evidence of the mass transit elements and / or the district
Public

SUSTAINABLE SITES
SS CR 4.1 demographics regarding the percentage of the school Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Transportation
population that is within walking distance.

Access

Alt. Transportation Calculate FTE and transient (student and visitor)
SS CR 4.2 Bicycle Storage and populations. Drawings showing bike racks and showers. Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Changing Rooms Need two or more safe bike paths to the edge of the site.

Option One: Convert vehicles serving the school to 20%
Alt. Transportation alternative fuels. Option Two: Provide preferred parking for
SS CR 4.3 Low Emitting and 5% of the total vehicle parking of the site and at least one Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Fuel Efficient Veh. designated drop off area for low emitting and fuel efficient
vehicles.

www.modular.org :: 2009 :: The Modular Building Institute

Sustainable Sites
and Modular Building (cont)

Calculate total parking for site, as per Option One.
Alt. Transportation
SS CR 4.4 Renovations may qualify under Option Two: No new Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Parking Capacity
Parking.

On greenfield sites limit disturbed area of construction to
Site Development:
LEED requirements. On previously developed or graded
SS CR 5.1 Protect or Restore Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
sites protect a minimum of 50% of the site area excluding
Habitat
the building footprint with native or adaptive vegetation.

Site Development: Project site and building footprint area, landscape dwg
SS CR 5.2 Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Max. Open Space open space calcs.

Stormwater Design Narrative and stormwater design calculations for site and
Quantity Control roof areas, as per option 1. Coordinate with LA.

Stormwater Design Narrative and stormwater design calculations. This needs
Quality Control to be coordinated with CR and EWC.

Heat Island Effect Site dwgs with material locations, shading and SRIs and
Non-Roof narrative of compliance strategy.

SUSTAINABLE SITES
Modular construction must comply with the SRI requirements for roofing
Heat Island Effect Roof dwgs with material locations and SRIs and narrative
SS CR 7.2 materials; SRI of 78 for roof pitches less than 2/12 and SRI of 29 for roof pitches
Roof of compliance strategy.
greater than 2/12.
Lighting levels need to be reduced to those stated in the LEED NC or LEED for
Lighting layouts, photometrics, LPD tables, site zone
Light Pollution Schools reference guide which are a percentage of IESNA recommendations.
SS CR 8 classification, SLCs and narrative. Exterior - LZ2 Interior
Reduction Also, curfew controls with manual override must be included to meet light
- Option 2.
trespass requirements for aft.

A Master Plan must be authored that achieves 4 out of the
Site Master Plan Modular buildings can be included in Master Plan. Master plan may also include
SS CR 9 7 following credits: SS CR 1, SS CR 5.1, SS CR 5.2, SS
LEED for Schools removal or relocation of modular units.
CR 6.1, SS CR 6.2, SS CR 7.1, SS CR 8.

SS Section Totals

Rev 2 | 6.09
29

30
Water Efficiency

Rev 2 | 6.09

Prereq. 1 Water Use Reduction Required 20% reduction Changed from WEc3.1 to WEp1.

Water Efficient
Baseline Total Water Applied and design case TWA; total non- Credit requirements are not specific to building type and are
WE CR 1.1 Landscaping
potable water supplied for irrigation; and supporting narrative. largely a function of site design.
Reduce by 50%

Water Efficient
Baseline Total Water Applied and design case TWA, total non- Credit requirements are not specific to building type and are
WE CR 1.2 Landscaping: No
potable water supplied for irrigation and supporting narrative. largely a function of site design.
Potable Water Use

Modular building can incorporate the full range of water
conserving fixtures and technologies associated with
Innovative Plumbing fixture drwgs., occupancy, baseline and design case
WE CR 2 transporting waste using potable water and can benefit equally
Wastewater Tech. sewage water use.
from rain water harvesting, grey water distributed by host
municipalities, etc.

WATER EFFICIENCY
Water Use Calculate occupancy, baseline and design case water use, Credit requirements are not specific to building type and are
WE CR 3.1
Reduction: 20% nonpotable water use and narrative. largely a function of site design.

Water Use Calculate occupancy, baseline and design case water use, Modular building can incorporate the full range of water
WE CR 3.2
Reduction: 30% nonpotable water use and narrative. conserving fixtures and technologies associated with
water conservation and can benefit equally from rain water
Water Use Calculate occupancy, baseline and design case water use, harvesting.
WE CR 3.3
Reduction: 40% nonpotable water use and narrative.

Evidence that no cooling equipment uses through put of potable
Process Water Use This credit applies to the building functions associated with the
WE CR 4 water, no garbage disposals are used, and at least four other water
Reduction water functions they host. It is not specific to building type.
uses are addressed.

WE Section Totals



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31

32
Energy and Atmosphere

Rev 2 | 6.09

Fundamental Cx Qualifications, (6) required Cx tasks per Reference
Prereq. 1 Required Required of each project.
Commissioning Guide and narrative.

Minimum Energy Confirm compliance with ASHRAE 90.1 2004 via
Prereq. 2 Required Required of each project; usually required by Code.
Performance accepted computer modeling.
Fundamental Confirm the project does not use CFC refrigerants or Required by Law. The use of CFCs in existing Central Plants is
Prereq. 3 Required
Refrigerant Man. provide phase out plan. conditional.
All completed projects must achieve a reduction in the yearly cost of
Optimum Energy Base case / design case comparison using accepted energy determined against an ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Appendix G base
EA CR 1
Performance computer modeling. case building. Modular buildings are particularly well suited to be
energy efficient depending on assembly techniques.
The application of renewable energy systems are not building type
Evidence that qualifying renewable energy systems offset specific. Renewable energy systems can be integrated into the
On Site Renewable
EA CR 2 1%, 5%, 9% or 13% of the yearly energy budget for 1, 3, building and / or site. Systems such as photovoltaics or solar water
Energy
5 or 7 points respectively. heating panels can also serve as shading devices. They need only
be a part of the project the modular is included in.
Modular components that comprise finished projects, in whole or in
Enhanced Cx Qualifications, (6) required Cx tasks per Reference part, are subject to the project's overall approach to the Prerequisite
EA CR 3
Commissioning Guide and narrative. 1: Fundamental Commissioning an EA Credit 3: Enhanced

Commissioning. There are no special considerations.

Equipment used for space conditioning must meet the numeric
Enhanced index for refrigerant choices which is a function of system type
Template showing refrigerants used comply and narrative
EA CR 4 Refrigeration size, refrigerant charge and the type of refrigerant selected. Small

ENERGY ATMOSPHERE
if special conditions.
Management equipment such as refrigerators or water coolers can be exempt. The
HVAC equipment must have compliant refrigerants.
Measurement and Verification plans are not building type specific.
MV is dependent on the nature of the energy consuming features
of the completed project, their impact on ongoing operation and
Measurement and
EA CR 5 Confirm IPMVP Option and upload a copy of the plan. maintenance and the clients willingness to implement Option B or D
Verification
of the IPMVP. Option B is for simple projects with limited systems
and energy conservation measures. Option D is for more complex
finished projects.

Green power can be applied to any project. The cost of this credit is
Provide name of Green Power vendor or green tags
EA CR 6 Green Power reduced in response to EA Credit 1 and the yearly electrical load of
supplier for 35% of load / year.
the completed project.

EA Section Totals


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33

34
Rev 1 | 6.08

Storage and
Indicate recycling collection and storage areas, the materials The finished project must illustrate how recycling will occur, or could
Prereq. 1 Collection of Required
recycled and narrative. occur, if there is no municipal recycling program.
Recyclables

Building Reuse: 75% These credits only apply to finished projects that involve existing
MR CR 1.1 Confirm the nature of the project. Tabulate the surfaces being buildings. Modular construction can be part of a finished project that
Shell
reused of each structural / envelope element and provide a narrative involves existing buildings. If the portion of the new (modular) building
Building Reuse: 95% if necessary. exceeds the original existing building by 200% or twice the square
MR CR 1.2 footage of the existing building these credits do not apply. However, in
Shell
this scenario the materials contained in the shell and / or interior of the
Building Reuse: 50% existing building transfer in their entirety to Credit MR 2.1 Construction
MR CR 1.3 Same as CR 1.1 and 1.2 for interior elements.
Interior Waste Management.

Template with completed construction waste tables showing Attaining these credits depends on construction waste management at
Construction Waste the construction site. Modular building by its nature contributes very
MR CR 2.1 materials, receiving agent, quantities in tons or cu.yds and CWM
Management: 50% little to the construction waste management stream at the construction
Plan narrative.
site. Projects using modular building should investigate construction
waste management practices at the modular building manufacturing
Template with completed construction waste tables showing plant to see if exemplary waste management practices at those plants
Construction Waste
MR CR 2.2 materials, receiving agent, quantities in tons or cu.yds and CWM can contribute to a LEED ID Innovation point in the waste management
Management: 75%
Plan narrative. category.

MATERIALS RESOURCES
Total project materials cost for Divisions 2-10 and % salvaged

MR CR 3.1 Material Reuse: 5% materials by cost. Include source, vendor and material costs. These credits are premised on the percentage of reused or aftermarket
Narrative describing uses. building materials that are included in the finished project. Thus, reused
materials in the modular building component of the project can be added
to others that make up the finished project. This includes site materials
Total project materials cost for Divisions 2-10 and % salvaged as well as materials in the project included in the non-modular portions
MR CR 3.2 Material Reuse: 10% materials by cost. Include source, vendor and material costs. of the work.
Narrative describing uses.


and Modular Building (cont)

These credits are achieved by having 20% or 30% of the cost of
Recycled Content: the materials in the project in Divisions two thru ten represented
MR CR 4.1 Credit points are calculated against the total project materials cost for
10% by materials with recycled content. Modular building typically uses
Divisions 2-10. The value of the eligible materials is determined as
materials in the building envelope and finished that can comply with
a % of preconsumer and post consumer recycled content calculated
these credit requirements. Among these are structural insulated
by weight in each building material considered. The source, vendor
panels (SIPs), oriented strand board, light gauge steel framing, drywall
Recycled Content: and material costs are listed in the template and supported by the
MR CR 4.2 products, carpet, acoustic ceiling panels, insulation, linoleum and other
20% narrative.
flooring options. The calculations are based on the completed project
including materials used in site development.

In order to qualify for these credits the modular unit must be purchased
Regional Materials: from within 500 miles of the project site. In addition, only those building
MR CR 5.1 Credit points are calculated against the total project materials cost for
10% components that have bee harvested, extracted, and assembled within
Divisions 2-10. The value of the eligible materials is determined as a
500 miles of the project site are eligible. The modular component
% of material content calculated by weight in each building material
supplier must be able to identify the source of the materials used in the

considered that are extracted, processed and manufactured within
manufacturing of the units, in whole or in part, and be able to determine
500 miles of the project site. The source, vendor and material costs
Regional Materials: by weight how much of the building components qualify for these points.
MR CR 5.2 are listed in the template and supported by the narrative.
20% These materials are then added to the remainder of the materials in the
total project that are under consideration.

Materials that comply with credit requirements typically include cork,
The base calculations are the same as CR 5.1 and 5.2. A minimum
agriculturally based wood substitute products such as wheatboard and
Rapidly Renewable of 2.5% of the total value of the materials in the project from
MR CR 6 soy based materials, components of linoleum, wool, bamboo and some
Materials Divisions 2 through 10 must be represented by materials whose

MATERIALS RESOURCES
woods used in plywood veneers and other composite wood products.
components come to maturity within ten years.
Calculations are based on the weight of the product parts that comply.

The credit is possible dependent on the amount of wood based products
50% of the wood based products permanently installed in the project permanently installed and whether a cost effective source for FSC
must come from Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified sources. wood based products can be located. It is calculated against the cost
MR CR 7 Certified Wood This is determined by the dollar value all the wood based products of all of the wood based products in the finished project, including site
installed, be they on site, exterior or interior of the finished building development, that are permanently affixed to the site and building(s). If
including the modular components. the FSC wood comes from within 500 miles of the project site the project
can take credit for the FSC materials in MR Credit 5.1.

MR Section Totals

Rev 1 | 6.08
35

36
Rev 2 | 6.09
Indoor Environmental Quality and
Modular Building

Design narrative and confirmation the project complies with The HVAC of the modular units and the completed project as a
Prereq. 1 Minimum IAQ Performance Required
ASHRAE 62 2004. whole must comply with all applicable ASHRAE Standards.
The modular units must comply with this prerequisite as part of the
Confirmation via template the project meets smoking design
Prereq. 2 ETS Control Required finished project. In some projects this includes smoking in any part
restrictions.
of the project once it is enclosed.
Modular construction must meet the overall acoustic design goals for
Meet Reverberation Time (RT) requirements of ANSI A12.60- all units used as core learning spaces. The minimum required STC
2002 Acoustic Performance Criteria and STC ratings. Meet of 35 for windows must be met. The combined STC ratings of the
same standards for STC ratings for core learning spaces except materials in the core learning spaces of less than 10,000 cubic feet
Minimum Acoustical for windows which must meet STC 35. And use methodology in must result in a maximum 1 hour A - weighted steady background
Prereq. 3 Performance in LEED For Required annexes B through D of ANSI S12.60-2002 to achieve a maximum noise level of 45 dBa or less and a reverberation time of 0.6 seconds
Schools projects only background level of 45 dBa, or, design core learning spaces to in the midband frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Spaces
achieve a maximum mechanical system RC (N) Mark II level of between 10,000 cu. ft. and 20,000 cu ft. must exhibit 45 dBa and 0.7
37 in accordance with the ASHRAE 2003 HVAC Applications seconds, respectfully. Mixed requirements exist for spaces above
Handbook, Chapter 47. 20,000 cu. ft. Completed designs must be reviewed for compliance.
Mechanical equipment requirements must also be met.
This credit must be evaluated against what constitutes regularly
Outdoor Air Delivery Narrative, and dwgs that depict system intent, implementation and occupied areas. Individual modular units with packaged HVAC that
EQ CR 1
Monitoring installation. meets these requirements can contribute to overall compliance of
the finished project.

This credit must be evaluated against what constitutes regularly
Increase ventilation rates in the breathing zone of all primary occupied areas. Individual modular units with packaged HVAC that
EQ CR 2 Increased Ventilation
occupied spaces by 30% over ASHRAE 62-2004. meets these requirements can contribute to overall compliance of
the finished project.

Meet SMACNA IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Controlled conditions in Modular unit manufacturing plants contribute
Construction, 1995, Chapter 3, protect stored and installed to meeting the intent of this credit. Similar care must be provided
Construction IAQ
building materials from moisture damage, use MERV 8 filters on during shipment of modular components to insure the intent of
EQ CR 3.1 Management Plan: During
Construction all return air grills if HVAC equipment is used during construction the credit is met. MERV 8 filters are required during construction
and prohibit smoking in the building and within 25 feet of building and the project as a whole must comply with all other credit
entrances and openings once the building is enclosed. requirements.

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Modular units must be tested in place in context with the completed
Construction IEQ
Confirm compliance approach, flush out etc., IAQ sampling survey project using Option One - Flush Out or Option Two - IAQ Testing.
EQ CR 3.2 Management Plan: Before
Occupancy or other evidence of compliance. Compliance is achieved by not containing materials that violate IAQ
standards and accepted practice.
Option One: Low Emitting
Materials - Adhesives and
Sealants
These credits are considered essential to good interior air quality
Option Two: Low Emitting and contribute to overcoming the association with modular buildings
Materials - Paints and LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations
Coatings
as less than desirable in that regard. The credits are only applicable
is based on VOC and contaminant levels listed in the
to materials that are site applied or part of the on site construction
South Coast Standards, Greenseal Chapter Eleven
EQ CR 4 Option Three: Low Emitting process. Components assembled off site, which is the case in
and the Carpet and Rug Institute. LEED for Schools
Materials - Flooring modular construction do not apply. However, compliance with

Systems projects are based on the California Air Quality standards.
IEQ Credit 3.1 and 3.2 require strict attention to all materials used
in modular construction, especially those that contribute to good
Option Four: Low Emitting
Materials - Composite
interior air quality.
Wood and Agrifibre
Products

Indoor Environmental Quality and
Modular Building (cont)
LEED for Schools accepts compliance with
one or more of the following agencies and their
testing procedures for furniture and furnishings: Modular construction typically does not include anything that
Option Five: Low Emitting
Method A: GREENGUARDTM Children and Schools is not permanently affixed. The completed project, including
Materials - Furniture and
Furnishings Certified. Method B: US EPA Environmental Technology modular units, can be furnished or equipped with furniture
EQ CR 4 Verification (ETV) Large Chamber Testing Protocol components and systems that comply with these credits.
for Measuring Emissions of VOCs and Aldehydes.
Method C: BIFMA M7.1-2005 and X7.1-2005.
Option Six: Low Emitting
See note in Options One Through Four above. Applies to LEED for
Materials - Ceiling and Wall See note in Options One Through Four above.
Systems Schools only.

LEED compliant walk off matts are required in DIV 12, Section
Indoor Chemical Pollutant Template confirming entry products, MERV filters and special M / P 12692. DMS requires LEED compliant MERV 13 Filters or higher.
EQ CR 5
Source Control design. Projects need to comply with exhaust air requirements for labs,
large copiers, etc.
LEED for Schools differentiates between Administrative and other
Lighting systems in Modular units must achieve the circuiting and
Lighting System Design regularly occupied spaces and core learning spaces in determining
EQ CR 6.1 control requirements listed. This can be easily done. In the best
and Controllability lighting control strategies. Core learning spaces in turn must have

case the controls allow for optimizing available daylight.
general illumination and A/V lighting modes.
Control systems that comply with the credit requirements can
LEED NC and LEED for Schools requires thermal comfort
contribute to the inventory of spaces that meet the overall
controllability for 50% of the building occupants in their normal
Thermal Comfort project requirements. This must be coordinated with the project
EQ CR 6.2 work stations to control individual comfort requirements. Additional
Controllability as a whole and be recognized in the energy modeling needed
control must be provided to all multi-occupant shared spaces to suit
for Energy and Atmosphere Credit one - Optimum Energy
group needs and preferences.
Performance.

Design HVAC systems to comply with ASHRAE 55-2004.
EQ CR 7.1 Thermal Comfort: Design Natatoriums must meet “Typical Natatorium Design Conditions” See note in EQ Credit 6.2 above.
defined in Chapter 4.

Thermal Comfort: Construct and conduct a post occupancy survey and agree to This survey must be completed by the building owner within one
EQ CR 7.2
Verification correct deficiencies. year of project completion.

This credit is a function of room geometry, window selection

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Daylight and Views:
Effectively daylight 75%, 90% of the core learning spaces for 1 or 2 and treatment and interior finishes. Modular units can meet
EQ CR 8.1 Daylighting
75% of Spaces points. Daylight 75% of the other spaces for an additional point. this requirement and must be included in the overall project
calculations for all spaces under consideration.

This credit is calculated on a room by room basis. Modular units
Daylight and Views: Views Provide views per credit requirements for 90% of all the regularly
EQ CR 8.2 can comply with credit requirements but must be included in the
for 90% of Spaces occupied areas.
overall project calculations for all spaces under consideration.
This credit is based on the requirements of EQ Prerequisite 3
LEED for Schools only. Meet the reverberation times cited for the
and a comprehensive approach to reducing sound transmission
Enhanced Acoustical Prerequisite and reduce the background noise level to 40dBa and
EQ CR 9 between classrooms dependent on sound transmission
Performance 35dBa for one or two points respectively OR reduce the RC levels to
coefficients and good mechanical system design. Modular
32 and 37 for one or two points.
construction can achieve these requirements.

Meet EQ Credits 3.1, 7.1 and 7.2, install systems that maintain 60%
Modular construction can meet these requirements. The credits
relative humidity or lower during all load conditions, both occupied
EQ CR 10 Mold Prevention noted must be met and it is important to note that mold prevention
and unoccupied, and develop and implement an ongoing IAQ
is also dependent on good operation and maintenance.
Management Plan based on EPA 402-F-91-102, December, 1991.

Rev 2 | 6.09
Environmental Quality Section Totals

37

38

Rev 2 | 6.09
Process and LEED

ID CR 1.1 Innovation in Design

Innovation Credits and points can be achieved one of two ways:
Go beyond the threshold requirements for the credit under consideration by the next increment, that is,
accomplish exemplary performance based on the criteria for credit, or, propose something truly innovative and
submit the Innovation in Design credit based on its merits. In this case the Credit must be able to be quantified
ID CR 1.3 Innovation in Design and implemented based in the Credit Intent, the Requirements and the Strategies and Technologies proposed
by the author. Modular building is efficient and in many ways innovative by nature. This is particularly true in
the area of construction waste management, daylighting, HVAC and controls and good interior air quality; all
dependent on construction techniques and materials.


INNOVATION IN DESIGN
ID CR 2 LEED Accredited Professional Provide certificate of LEED AP designate

ID Section Totals


Regional Priority Credits
and Project Totals

Region Specific
RP CR 1.1
Environmental Priority

Region Specific The Regional Priority Credit Category contains four possible Regional Specific Environmental Priority credits. A
RP CR 1.2 database of Regional Priority credits is available on the USGBC website www.usgbc.org. Each is indexed to the
project location via zip code. For instance, if the location in which the modular building project has listed Energy and
Atmosphere Credit One – Optimum Energy Performance as a Regional Priority Credit the team is eligible for a point
Region Specific via that Regional Priority credit opportunity if the team scores well in the EA point. If the team exceeds the Regional
RP CR 1.3
Environmental Priority Priority credit threshold for Water Efficiency Credit 3.2 the team is eligible for an additional point.

Region Specific
RP CR 1.4

and SUMMARY

RP Section Totals
Certified 40 to 49 points, Silver 50 to 59 points, Gold 60 to 79 points, Platinum 80+ points
Project Totals

REGIONAL PRIORITY CREDITS

Rev 2 | 6.09
39

Modular Building and the USGBC’s LEED™ Building Rating System

WHITEPAPER SPONSORS

Modular Building and the USGBC’s LEED™ Building
Rating System. Written for MBI by Robert Kobet, AIA

Robert J. Kobet, AIA, is president of
About The MBI
Sustainaissance International Inc., a multifaceted Educational Foundation
architectural consulting firm specializing in
sustainable design and development and (MBIEF) NRB, Inc.
environmental education. Beginning in 1977, Bob has
specialized in environmentally conscious architecture 115 S. Service Rd. W.
and allergy free non toxic design for a variety of The MBI Educational Foundation is Grimsby, ON L3M 4G3 CANADA
clients evolving a practice with projects in eight 888-866-5830
countries on five continents. Projects range from tree the only organization established spe- www.nrb-inc.com
houses in a county park to consulting with the Cultural cifically to provide educational op-
Section of the State Department on sustainable
design and development in Argentina. portunities in the form of training and
scholarships to individuals with an
In addition to his professional practice Bob has
enjoyed a 25 year parallel career in teaching interest in commercial modular con-
ending with an appointment as adjunct professor of Skyline Building Systems
Architecture at Carnegie Mellon University School
struction. The Foundation began in
261185 Wagon Wheel Way
of Architecture. Along the way he was instrumental 2001 with the generous US$100,000 Rocky View, AB T4A 0E2 CANADA
in creating the country’s first Master of Science in 866-461-3914
Sustainable Systems at Slippery Rock University, a gift of Barry Mary Gossett. Mr.
www.skylinebuildingsystems.com
degree he now holds. Gossett is an industry veteran, mem-
ber of the MBI Hall of Fame, recipi-
White paper available from the MBI website at ent of the MBI Outstanding Achieve-
modular.org.
ment Award, and esteemed friend to
Copyright 2009 Modular Building Institute. Triumph Modular
many. Since 2001, the Foundation has 194 Ayer Road
All rights reserved
trained over 1,000 industry profession- Littleton, MA 01460
800-257-2536
Published by:
als through its popular “Essentials of www.triumphmodular.com
Commercial Modular Construction”
educational series, begun intensive
development of a modular buildings
installation certificate program, and
awarded student scholarships.
Williams Scotsman
Modular Building Institute
8211 Town Center Drive
944 Glenwood Station Ln. Ste. 204
Charlottesville, VA 22901-1480
To learn more, visit: Baltimore , MD 21236
888-811-3288 800-782-1500
434-296-3361 fax www.willscot.com
www.modular.org modular.org
Address all inquiries to:
Tom Hardiman
888.811.3288 x 158
tom@modular.org

All narrative expressed in this paper is written to correlate Founded in 1983, the Modular Building Institute is the only, international, non-
modular building practices with the United States Green profit trade association serving non-residential modular construction. Our regular
Building Council’s (USGBC’s) LEED™ Building Rating
System. LEED™ is a trademark of the USGBC and this membership includes wholesale manufacturers, direct manufacturers, and dealers
paper is in no way intended to express the opinions or of commercial modular buildings, while our associate members are companies
intent of the USGBC. This paper expresses the opinion and
intent of the Modular Building Institute as guideline to the supplying building components, services, and financing to the industry. It is MBI’s
commercial modular construction industry on best practices mission to grow the industry and its capabilities by encouraging innovation, quality,
for building in coordination with USBGC’s LEED™ Building
and professionalism through communication, education, and recognition. MBI also
Rating System.
administers an educational foundation. For more information, visit modular.org.
Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper.

Rev 2 | 6.09

Modular Construction & LEED

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