Monopoly Vs Monopoly
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The document discusses a game of Monopoly that was played using a stratified setup based on real US income and wealth distributions to demonstrate the realities of different social classes. Certain pieces like the dog and thimble started with little money and property and remained in debt, while the battleship dominated by owning most of the property. The game showed how social mobility is more difficult when not all players start on an equal financial footing.
![The Success Of Accuracy And Efficiency Of Neuromorphic...
The success of accuracy and efficiency of neuromorphic architectures led to the the advent of more
applications that demanded even more work in this field.Advancement at architecture level and state
of the art in silicon neural processing began in the early 1980's when Carver Mead, widely regarded
as the father of neuromorphic computing, wrote the book "Analog VLSI and Neural Systems.". The
following sections of the paper provide a comprehensive survey of the prior art discussing the
current trends in neuromorphic chips.
A. Device Technology and Neuron Architecture
Developments in electronic devices is trending towards lesser area and more functionality.This trend
has been driven by Moore's Law (*?) [1965_Moore] which states that transistor density will double
every 18 months and as it is evident from roadmap of semiconductor technology that this law has
reached its bottleneck[3].So when scaling in terms of dimensions and voltage was no longer and
effective alternative we enter into the 'More than Moore regime' that involves exploring other
alternative strategies for improving efficiency and transistor density and neuromorphic architectures
is one of them. Digital neurons are able to have high throughput, consume less power, and increase
the density, which make a compelling argument for their future.Analog neuron don't affect scaling
yet they still have a seat at the table when it comes to neuromorphic architectures. Authors
demonstrated a Leaky Integrate and Fire analog
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![Free Essays
Computer
[pic]
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically
manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.
The first electronic computers were developed in the mid–20th century (1940â€"1945). Originally,
they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal
computers (PCs).[1]
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable
than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2]Simple computers are small enough
to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their
various forms are iconsof the Information Age and are what most people ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay BrusentsovÂ
conducted research on ternary computers, devices that operated on a base three numbering system
of âˆ'1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most
computers are based. They designed the Setun, a functional ternary computer, at Moscow State
University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the
more common binary architecture.
Semiconductors and microprocessors
Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s,
but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by transistor–based machines, which were smaller,
faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised
computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953.[20] In the 1970s,Â
integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel
4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. By
the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated computers calledÂ
microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic
appliances
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![Virtuality as Representation
The most important error [generally committed] is the reduction of reality to actuality and virtuality
to possibility: as if the actual and the virtual were the given and the pre–given, respectively" (Doel
& Clarke, 1999) From since the 1970s computers have opened new ways of virtualization where the
human brain is assisted in forecasting extremely complicated, and even inherently complex systems.
At the beginning of the 1990s the commercialization of the internet as an international network
determined the popularization and incorporation of virtuality into every aspect of modern life,
creating a pervasive cyberspace. This paper presents a collection of meanings of the term
"virtuality" and develops, though the implications in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a virtualization is destined to observation it is often because the observer, or the researcher, cannot
easily expect the evolution of a system [15]: on his behalf the computer takes into account all the
variables – those that will determine the evolution of the virtual system – and produces results in
terms of forecasts or data synthesis. It is important to note that the results are only relevant as far as
the virtualization is good: in other words, the premises that constitute the basis for the virtualization
must be good enough to provide knowledge applicable in the real world. This characteristic is
shared by every kind of representation and it's explicit whenever a limit of validity is reached – such
as newtonian physics compared to general relativity – but for virtualization it's somewhat easier to
forget that the predictions calculated by the computer do not reflect reality but, instead, depend on
the programmers and designers that developed the virtuality. Virtuality as a kind of representation
can have very specific and mundane purposes: in every–day life we have the example of weather
forecasting, which use virtualization of winds and pressure to determine the outcome of cloud
movements and the general state of the atmosphere. Virtualizations can also be multidimensional
and based on partly arbitrary hypotesis, such as the World3 model a computer simulation of
interactions between population, industrial growth, food production and limits
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![Computer Organisation
1. Analyse the von Neumann architecture, which is the basis for most digital computers today, with
respect to the von Neumann bottleneck. [5 marks]
2. What are the limitations of Moore's Law? Why can't this law hold forever? Explain [4 marks]
Intel Founder Gordon Moore stated "The density of Transistors in an integrated circuit will double
every year" There are physical and financial limitations. At the current rate of miniaturaturization, it
would take about 500 years to put the entire solar system on a chip! Clearly, the limit lies
somewhere between here and there. Cost may be the ultimate constraint. Rock's Law, proposed by
early Intel capitalist Arthur Rock is a corollary to Moore's law. "The cost of Capital equipment to
build ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a) MSB is 1 that means the number is negative so the absolute number is converted to decimal
as 0011101 equivalent to 11101 and converted into decimal number as
= 16+8+4+0+1
=29
Thus, the decimal equivalent of Signed–magnitude representation of the given number is –29.
For b)
Since the MSB is 1 that represents the given number in binary when represented as Signed–2's
complement is negative and the binary conversion follows as above and the decimal equivalent is –
(29+1) = –30. Negative binary number in Signed–2's complement number is always added 1 to its
absolute decimal value. 5. Construct the XNOR operator using only AND, OR and NOT gates. [4
marks]
6. Write a Boolean function, construct the truth table and design a logic circuit, use of basic logic
gates to activate a speed camera during morning 7.00 am to 10.00 am and afternoon 1.00 pm to 3.00
pm. You need to use 24 hour clock timing when designing this circuit. [6 marks]
Truth Table Time | a | b | c | d | Y | 00:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 01:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 02:00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0
| 03:00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 04:00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 05:00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 06:00 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 07:00 | 0 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 08:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 09:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10:00 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11:00 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0
| 12:00 | 1 | 1
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![Computers
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Computer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Computer (disambiguation).
"Computer system" redirects here. For other uses, see Computer system (disambiguation).
"Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited.
Computer |
|
A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of
arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the
computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central
processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated
by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which
parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.[8] This is the essence of
programmability.
Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk Gerbert d 'Aurillac brought back from Spain
the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered either Yes or No to the questions it
was asked.[9] Again in the 13th century, the monks Albertus Magnus andRoger Bacon built talking
androids without any further development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty
years of his life when Thomas Aquinas, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).[10]
In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator,[11] a device that could
perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.[12] The mechanical
calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways. Initially, it was in
trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators[13]
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![General Purpose Computing And Communications Systems
Preface:
Lately, hardware security has been the subject of intensive research in the context of general–
purpose computing and communications systems. However, security is often misunderstood by
embedded system designers to be an add–on luxury that can otherwise be done away with in order
to improve efficiency and certain other aspects of their product designs such as the cost,
performance, power consumption and similar metrics. In reality, security needs to be incorporated as
a new dimension by the system designers and it needs to be a primary objective of such design
considerations right from the initial stages of the product lifecycle due to its high relevance and
intrinsic value in subsequent stages of its operation. The challenges ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final challenge is the "assurance gap," which relates to the gap between functional security
measures (which include security services, protocols and their constituent cryptographic algorithms)
and actual secure implementations.
An example of a field where embedded systems find use is in the world of e–commerce. Non–cash
payments (cards, checks, ACH, electronic transactions etc.) for the year 2012 is listed at $122.8
billion in the United States alone and, the number of such transactions has seen an increase in annual
rate of 4.4 percent (2009–2012) and at a rate of 4.7 percent between 2003 and 2012 based on the
Federal Reserve Payment Study [1]. In this same report, it is noted that there were 31.1 million
unauthorized transactions (third–party fraud) which amounted to an estimated $6.1 billion in
monetary value. These figures provide an estimate as to the extent of damage possible today in the
world of commerce. There are real livelihoods at stake and providing Network Security in the
context of online transactions can address some the vulnerabilities seen in the system. Recent
attacks that have targeted various financial and commercial institutions in the United States alone,
point to the urgent need to implement security solutions universally across all platforms that use
embedded systems. This has to be implemented in a systematic manner and should include the
active
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![Drm Research Paper
Over the last decades, electronics industry had a tremendous growth and became a main pillar of the
overall world's economy. Electronic mobile devices are replacing the conventional ways people used
to interact and perceive information, and created unprecedented uses that don't have conventional
counterparts: health and fitness trackers, smart watches and virtual assistants to name a few. The
sustained advancement of the semiconductor silicon based technology is the key driver of the
performance enhancements and functionality expansion of the electronic devices. This extraordinary
growth of the electronic devices types and functionality is imposing urgent needs of higher
computational speeds, better data transmission bandwidths and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An SRAM cell usually consists of six transistors and every cell is used to store one bit. Therefore,
this memory is not dense and consumes a large area of the CPU real–estate. There is no nonvolatile
replacement, at least nowadays, that can match the switching speeds of the SRAM. The closest
rivals' switching speeds are at orders of magnitude slower [12], [13]. The second element in the
memory hierarchy is the Dynamic RAM (DRAM), each DRAM cell consists of a single transistor
and a capacitor (1T–1C) and only stores one bit. Hence, compared to SRAM it is much denser [14].
The access time of DRAM is in the order of ~10ns. DRAM requires consistent refreshing due to
charge leakage and destructive read (i.e. the information is lost upon the cell reading. The embedded
version of DRAM (EDRAM) is used as a last level cache (Figure 1 1)[1]. Magnetic storage Hard
Drive (HDD) is the densest and the slowest storage element in the memory hierarchy as it provides
terabytes (Tb) of memory at very low cost at the expense of very long access latencies with
regarding to a random access operation [1]. NAND flash is the solid–state counterpart of the
magnetic HDD with three order of magnitude higher access speeds. It is the highest density memory
[15], and is commonly used in high–speed disk systems [16]. Integrating the main memory onto the
CPU can drastically improve the computation speed by eliminating the I/O bottleneck to off–chip
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![The Construction Of Red Black Trees
1 Introduction
In recent years, much research has been devoted to the construction of red–black trees; nevertheless,
few have refined the confusing unification of Internet QoS and active networks [3,13,23,18,8]. The
impact on random robotics of this has been adamantly opposed. An essential problem in hardware
and architecture is the synthesis of checksums. To what extent can hash tables be developed to
address this question?
Statisticians never enable the Turing machine in the place of robots. Such a hypothesis is mostly a
confirmed aim but fell in line with our expectations. Indeed, Web services [22] and public–private
key pairs have a long history of interacting in this manner. Indeed, operating systems [30] and RAID
have a long history of interacting in this manner [35,22,19,33]. The basic tenet of this method is the
visualization of hierarchical databases.
Another essential riddle in this area is the emulation of cache coherence. It should be noted that
LactylMuset locates local–area networks. However, large–scale configurations might not be the
panacea that systems engineers expected. Even though similar approaches improve the memory bus,
we achieve this goal without harnessing the compelling unification of operating systems and
context–free grammar.
LactylMuset, our new heuristic for perfect archetypes, is the solution to all of these grand
challenges. The disadvantage of this type of method, however, is that the foremost large–scale
algorithm for the exploration
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![Free Essays
Computer
[pic]
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically manipulates
data, and provides output in a useful format.
The first electronic computers were developed in the mid–20th century (1940–1945). Originally,
they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal
computers (PCs).[1]
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than
the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2]Simple computers are small enough to fit
into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various
forms are iconsof the Information Age and are what most people think of as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible
programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first
digital electronic computer" is difficult.
Notable achievements are as under:–
▪ Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine
featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In
1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational
computer.[17] ▪ The non–programmable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (commenced in 1937,
completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative
capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact than its
peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could
be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements. ▪ The secret British Colossus
computers (1943),[18] which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using
thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for
breaking German wartime codes. ▪ The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large–scale electromechanical
computer with limited programmability.[19] ▪ The U.S. Army's Ballistic
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![Jean Bartik ( 1994-2011 ) Journey Towards Computer...
Abstract
This research paper mainly focuses on Jean Bartik (1994–2011) journey towards computer
programming and her great contributions, works and her experience from the work to this computer
world.
Introduction [1]
Jean Bartik, Born on 1924 in Missouri and named as Betty Jean Jennings. As all her family
members were professionally teachers she is good at education and she opted for mathematics as a
major from Northwest Missouri State Teachers college. At that time she was only the student who
selected mathematics as a major with different courses like calculus and Astronomy. She is
accompanied by another student and several other students who were in naval training for some
other different courses. She used to perform well in studies from childhood. As she opted for
different mathematics courses than others, special professors were appointed to teach her the
particular courses she opted. She is only the student to be majored from mathematics from that
college.
Professional Carrier [1]
After Completion of her under graduation she applied for a job in IBM and applied for a "computer"
job in Moore School at University of Pennsylvania. "Computer" is a term used as a position like
"professor", "scientist", "programmer". At that time World War 2 was going on and there is a need
for army to calculate the trajectories for firing tables of guns. These trajectories were used to help
the soldiers how to fire guns like the angle to fire, calculating distance in
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![The Cold War Era Essay example
The Cold War Era
Works Cited Missing
The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the
biggest technological effect on society. This era, The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack
or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of
space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what
has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race.
On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the
United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik
instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
NASA was not engineering in a new field; the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA) and other government organizations had been working on the idea of space flight. These
organizations were subsequently pulled into NASA upon its creation. [3] The main focus became
developing technology that was steady enough and strong enough to support human life in space.
The act of simply launching a rocket into space had been achieved over ten years before when Nazi
Germany launched its first successful V–2 rocket in October 1942. The V–2 (Vengeance Weapon 2)
rocket was built to shoot warheads at targets from a long range. [4]
With the disastrous ability of the V–2 in mind, when Sputnik was launched, the fear of ICBMs
(Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) became a very prevalent part of American society. Families built
bomb shelters in their backyards and stocked them with non–perishable goods to help them sustain
life if they were ever attacked. Students and employees practiced air raid drills by crawling under
desks and tables. An imminent fear of attack hung heavily in the air causing such historical events as
the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The entire era of the Cold War was spurred by a fear
of the technology that the opposing country (either Russia or America) possessed; thus, the obvious
effect of technology on the society of the times.
The Cold War Era was not an era that revolved entirely around fear
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Monopoly Vs Monopoly
- 1. Monopoly Vs Monopoly The game was used to demonstrate the reality of the various social classes based on a census composed of factual evidence of the income and wealth distribution in the United States. The initial money given along with the pre–owned property represented wealth and the money obtained afterwards was considered income. My social class was a car. Early in the game, I earned an income of about two hundred dollars, but the money did last long. From there, I never gained more money but gradually lost money. Yes, the player who was the battleship dominated the game. One major difference between Stratification Monopoly and "standard" Monopoly is the amount of money each player started with. Instead of each player starting off with the same amount of money, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... However, for example the dog may have earned some income of eighty–five dollars, but would quickly loose that if they landed on a railroad–or enter debt before they reached ten spaces. The dog, iron and thimble never bought property, even when the opportunity presented itself. The mindset was to save money because an "emergency" or in this case a fee or charge might arise and you need to be able to pay for it. The battleship won the game, the hat, called it off because they would have not been able to capitalize on the little valued property they owned. So while, the battleship did not mind continuing to play, everyone else already knew they would lose so it was hopeless to try. The social mobility in Stratified Monopoly was harder than the "standard" because everyone did not start off with the same amount, some people got a head start based on a simple roll of a dice. A few reasons why the old monopoly varies from the new is, the game was invented in 1903 and published in 1935, so economically the ratios between the rich and poor was not as large, and two, the railroads cost so much because that was the main transportation at the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 3. The Success Of Accuracy And Efficiency Of Neuromorphic... The success of accuracy and efficiency of neuromorphic architectures led to the the advent of more applications that demanded even more work in this field.Advancement at architecture level and state of the art in silicon neural processing began in the early 1980's when Carver Mead, widely regarded as the father of neuromorphic computing, wrote the book "Analog VLSI and Neural Systems.". The following sections of the paper provide a comprehensive survey of the prior art discussing the current trends in neuromorphic chips. A. Device Technology and Neuron Architecture Developments in electronic devices is trending towards lesser area and more functionality.This trend has been driven by Moore's Law (*?) [1965_Moore] which states that transistor density will double every 18 months and as it is evident from roadmap of semiconductor technology that this law has reached its bottleneck[3].So when scaling in terms of dimensions and voltage was no longer and effective alternative we enter into the 'More than Moore regime' that involves exploring other alternative strategies for improving efficiency and transistor density and neuromorphic architectures is one of them. Digital neurons are able to have high throughput, consume less power, and increase the density, which make a compelling argument for their future.Analog neuron don't affect scaling yet they still have a seat at the table when it comes to neuromorphic architectures. Authors demonstrated a Leaky Integrate and Fire analog ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 5. Free Essays Computer [pic] A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. The first electronic computers were developed in the mid–20th century (1940â€"1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2]Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are iconsof the Information Age and are what most people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov conducted research on ternary computers, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of âˆ'1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most computers are based. They designed the Setun, a functional ternary computer, at Moscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binary architecture. Semiconductors and microprocessors Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by transistor–based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953.[20] In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. By the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated computers called microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 7. History of the Development of Computers Essay DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in developing and improving technology for various sectors to make the world a better place for us to live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour, finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their work. Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that life without computers will certainly be incomplete. In current times most of us own computer gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some form of input, processing as well as output. In a modern computer, these processing is done electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time. Binary codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds, text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and zeros that represents the electrical on and off states and endless combinations of those to process any input. Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective would be the invention of hardware components over time like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the other hand, another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of time. In the 1950s the computers were almost impossible to use except by very patient geniuses. Next in the 1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from the 1980s till present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone. From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These first electronic computers used vacuum tubes. They were huge and complex, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 9. John von Newman's Impact to Computer Technology Introduction Computers and its technology within the last century have progressed very rapidly and have become a way of life for practically everyone. For the most of us, especially for us Americans we use them to play games, pay bills, educate our children or communicate with family and friends via social networking like Facebook and Twitter. The PC has become an essential major component in nearly every aspect of our modern day lives. However, just like a television or cell phone, many people do not comprehend the internal guts that process and store the data we input. From a computer architect designer point of view, it is critical to understand the design and function of the arithmetic logic unit by von Neumann. The architecture of the PC is dependent on both the software and the hardware, however the bare basics of this technology is acknowledged by some vital ideas that have roots within the von Neumann architecture and because of this, not one component of the PC would be able to function or communicate with other components inside the machine. Discussion John von Neumann's impact to computer technology and is has many influences within numerous different areas. However, the possible and utmost inspiration, when speaking about computer architecture was the stored program concept. Previous to Mr. Neumann's concepts, computers where used for a specific purpose and they were only capable of carrying out specific tasks. Between the mid 1940's John von Neumann ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 11. The Ubiquitous Computer III – The Ubiquitous Computer The miniaturization of processors, memory chips and other essential hardware has unlocked numerous possibilities for the potential usage of computers in everyday life. Computers take many forms and, while not always noticeable, have an ever increasing presence in today's world. Wireless technology is becoming more commonplace, furthering modern computers capabilities and providing us with even more potential uses. The advent of this technology has made it possible for computers to become less noticeable and even function unseen while still receiving and emitting data. An increase in the usage of computers in everyday items has made computers a regular part of society – a fact that has begun fueling privacy concerns. Radio Frequency Identification chips are becoming more common as well. They are small and inexpensive, making them increasingly useful in numerous applications. Certain companies have begun using employee ID badges embedded with RFID chips in order to ascertain the whereabouts of its employee's. This same technology can be found in several other devices, such as tags for tracking livestock, and in certain retail items in order to prevent theft. The wireless signals and location tracking abilities enabled by RFID chips have made privacy conscious individuals more concerned about the general usage of these chips in everyday products. Some worry that such technology will bring our society closer to a surveillance state, while others ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 13. Von Neumann Architecture Essay Von Neumann architecture is a type of computer architecture model that acts as a store–program digital computer which uses a processing unit and a separate storage system that holds instruction and data. The processing unit is a combination of the control unit which has program counter and an instruction register and processor registers with an Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU). The memory unit is a block of shared storage registers that stores both data and instructions (Petterson & Lennessy, 2014). The memory block has a data bus and an address bus for communication with the processor. A Von Neumann system is characterized by a common bus that does both instruction fetching and operations of data. This means handling of data and instructions has to be done in sequential order which is known as Von Neumann Bottleneck, since the bus cannot operate in a full duplex manner. Von Neumann is one of the earliest computer architecture designs. But due to its limiting bandwidth operation and underutilization of the processor meant it had to be modified to cater for this. Most modern computer architectures borrow heavily from the Von Neumann architecture which had been considered to be incredibly successful at its time when processor demand was not highly required. In modern computer CPU chips you will find a control unit and the ALU along one local memory, and a main memory in the form of a RAM stick which is located on the mother board (Clements, 2006). The Van Neumann architecture was ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 15. Unit 1 Supplemental Reading ENIAC W Supplemental Reading Worksheet #1 The ENIAC Story – By Martin H. Weik, 1961 (web article) Steve Wozniak – Gnomedex Presentation (.mp3 audio) The 'ENIAC Story' is a historical account of the creation of the world's first electronic digital computer. The intent of this reading is to provide some historical context to understanding today's information systems. There are so many interesting stories and events that we could read about – but where it all began is probably as good as any place to get started. Some of us are old enough to remember when the first Personal Computers appeared in the mid 1970s, I bought my first computer in 1980 for $309 (I still have it and can't bring myself to throw it out – despite my wife's nagging). It was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The full audio presentation is offered in two parts (Part I, and Part II). You are only required to listen to part I. Part II is also available at the itconversations web site. You can download the audio as an .mp3 file or simply stream the audio by clicking on the play button. Relax and enjoy the presentation. (47 minutes) If you have never downloaded or streamed an .mp3 audio file, taking the time to learn how to download and listen to audio files is well worth your effort. If you have difficulty getting this to work you can post a question on the Help discussion board. You should have no difficulty downloading an .mp3 audio file – even if you are tied to a dial–up Internet connection. If you do not have audio capabilities on your home computer, you can email you instructor about campus resources where you can access audio capable computers. http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail214.html 11. Why did Steve Wozniak buy a hybrid car? 12. What non–cash items did Steve Wozniak and his childhood friends work for as kids? 13. What simple consumer electronic product changed Steve's thinking as a 5th grader? 14. What game did Steve Wozniak build an electronic version of in the 6th grade? 15. What community college did Steve ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 17. A Critical Evaluation Between Technology And The Human Brain Artificial Intelligence: A critical evaluation between Technology and the Human brain Humans are continuously trying to develop a technology that will give artificial intelligence to machines (Gupta, 2013). People have been comparing the human brain to different technologies such as computers and smart devices. Recent years have seen an explosion in mobile web use (Entertainment close–up, 2013). Most devices and apps are capable of completing multiple tasks such as; entertainment, communication, navigation, education and health monitoring. In fact, people tend to rely their meetings, alarms, anniversaries, birthdays etc. all on their smart devices. As a result, people are becoming more occupied in their own digital worlds, anywhere and at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Moravec (1998) conducted a research that found that computers would have the power to mimic a human mind. The mere fact that humans created computers shows the intelligence that the human brain carries (Kurzweil, 2000). It has also mimicked human tasks. A research article from Brynjolfsson & McAfee (2012) stated that the Toyota company confirmed 6 Prius' were made to be automated. However, they also stated that previous studies tried to replicate this but failed in doing so. This comes to show how the human brain is still needed to control these factors. There are some differences between the brain and technologies. The brain uses chemical signals to transmit information whereas the computer uses electricity. Even though electrical signals travel at high speeds in the nervous system, they travel even faster through the wires in a computer. However, computer memory grows by adding computer chips. Memories in the brain grow by stronger synaptic connections. It is much easier and faster for the brain to learn new things. The brain needs nutrients like oxygen and sugar for power; the computer needs electricity to keep working. A computer uses switches that are either on or off. Neurons in the brain are either on or off by either firing an action potential or not firing an action potential. However, neurons are more than just on or off ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 19. Personal Statement Of Purpose For Computer Science Damian Fernandes Statement of Purpose T.U.M MS (Informatik) Admissions I am lucky. My fascination with computer began at an early age, ever since the time I got my first desktop, true it began with playing several computer games at first. But then as time went by and I moved to high school, I got allured by the computer science concepts and fundamentals that elucidated the workings of a computer. I was brought up in a family that not only allowed me my intellectual pursuits but helped foster them. I received lot of support from my aunt and my mother, since they were the first ones to understand the strengths in my skillset. I grew up with the notion that Computer Science is of utmost importance to us and will continue doing so in the far future. I strongly believe the forthcoming of mankind will be strongly influenced by the technology offered by computer science. So at an early age, I began associating myself with fathoming the depths of the information technology. While in middle school, I became an active member of the computer club, where we were taught the basics of programming and using certain soft wares in daily life. The following year, I took part in the National Cyber Olympiad and cleared the first round. This I believe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... My twelfth grade curriculum consisted of 2 years of each of the following: mathematics (including 2 years of calculus), physics, chemistry, and computer science. It was then I had decided that I will pursuing my career in Computer Science, the decision strongly influenced by my twelfth grade lecturer for Computer science. I feel I prepared myself well for my Computer scientific academic pursuits by obtaining 87% in Computer Science and 87% in mathematics in my twelfth All India Board Exams and then obtaining a very good state rank in Common Entrance Tests – ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 21. The Father Of The Computer Introduction Living in today's age it's easy to forget that "technology" didn't always mean mobile phones, televisions, laptops, internet etc. For thousand years, it was the means by which people secured food and shelter. Along with the language, religion and social culture technology is a part of our life. The history of technology begins with the Stone Age together with need of expanding exploring agriculture, industrialisation, transportation, medicine, warfare and computers. We can write for hours about technologies but let's have a look closer on one of the topics. Computers have become a big part of our everyday live. The definition of computer was first used in 1613 and it was describing a human who performed calculations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... For a short time he attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time. Babbage then joined 30–student Holmwood academy. This were he found his love to mathematics. He moved to Cambridge College to develop his mathematical skills. Disappointed in the mathematical introduction in the college formed with two other colleagues an Analytical Society. In 1812 he was transferred to Peterhouse in Cambridge where he was top mathematician there but surprisingly did not graduate with honours. Instead received degree without examination. Later life After school Babbage worked as a mathematitian.He was also elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society and played important part in the foundation of Astronomical Society in 1820.This is also the time where found passion in calculating machinery. In 1824 won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables (Difference Engine). In 1828 he occupied the Lucasian chair of mathematics at Cambridge and he took an important role in the establishment of the Association for Advancement of Science and the Statistical Society. He also attempt to reform the scientific organizations calling upon government and society to give more money to scientific effort. Remaining life spend on constructing analytical machine. He isolated himself filling in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 23. Mike Byster Research Paper Who Is Mike Byster, Creator of Brainetics? Who is Mike Byster? He is a 56–year–old, American, human calculator, mathematician, math educator and the creator of Brainetics. Mike discovered his talent with math at an early age. After receiving a proper education, he worked as a stockbroker until he quit the position. Then, he decided to devote his life to improving children's math and memory skills through his own unique methods. Today, he still passes on his skills to others in an attempt to improve their learning abilities. His methods allow him to perform math calculations in his head quicker than most other people. Years ago after research sessions, experts did proclaim him one of the fastest mathematicians on Earth. Early Years Mike grew up with his parents, Gloria and David Byster along with an older sister in Skokie, Illinois. His parents knew that Mike had a special skill with math at an early age and encouraged him to explore it. He discovered certain patterns in things even as young as about 4 years old when he first memorized the presidents of the USA. Mike learned to apply this same memorization skills to his math studies. Education, Employment and Personal Life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... He put his degree to use by working in the mercantile exchange. Mike also married during the early 1990s, and he and his wife are proud parents of a son Joshua. Joshua has learned his father's methods. Byster became unhappy in this career choice, though, but he did not realize that his life would soon change. Mike knew at this time that he had a special system for himself for memorization and math. At that time, though, he thought only he could benefit from his system until one event changed the course of his ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 25. Virtuality as Representation The most important error [generally committed] is the reduction of reality to actuality and virtuality to possibility: as if the actual and the virtual were the given and the pre–given, respectively" (Doel & Clarke, 1999) From since the 1970s computers have opened new ways of virtualization where the human brain is assisted in forecasting extremely complicated, and even inherently complex systems. At the beginning of the 1990s the commercialization of the internet as an international network determined the popularization and incorporation of virtuality into every aspect of modern life, creating a pervasive cyberspace. This paper presents a collection of meanings of the term "virtuality" and develops, though the implications in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... If a virtualization is destined to observation it is often because the observer, or the researcher, cannot easily expect the evolution of a system [15]: on his behalf the computer takes into account all the variables – those that will determine the evolution of the virtual system – and produces results in terms of forecasts or data synthesis. It is important to note that the results are only relevant as far as the virtualization is good: in other words, the premises that constitute the basis for the virtualization must be good enough to provide knowledge applicable in the real world. This characteristic is shared by every kind of representation and it's explicit whenever a limit of validity is reached – such as newtonian physics compared to general relativity – but for virtualization it's somewhat easier to forget that the predictions calculated by the computer do not reflect reality but, instead, depend on the programmers and designers that developed the virtuality. Virtuality as a kind of representation can have very specific and mundane purposes: in every–day life we have the example of weather forecasting, which use virtualization of winds and pressure to determine the outcome of cloud movements and the general state of the atmosphere. Virtualizations can also be multidimensional and based on partly arbitrary hypotesis, such as the World3 model a computer simulation of interactions between population, industrial growth, food production and limits ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 27. Computer Organisation 1. Analyse the von Neumann architecture, which is the basis for most digital computers today, with respect to the von Neumann bottleneck. [5 marks] 2. What are the limitations of Moore's Law? Why can't this law hold forever? Explain [4 marks] Intel Founder Gordon Moore stated "The density of Transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year" There are physical and financial limitations. At the current rate of miniaturaturization, it would take about 500 years to put the entire solar system on a chip! Clearly, the limit lies somewhere between here and there. Cost may be the ultimate constraint. Rock's Law, proposed by early Intel capitalist Arthur Rock is a corollary to Moore's law. "The cost of Capital equipment to build ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... For a) MSB is 1 that means the number is negative so the absolute number is converted to decimal as 0011101 equivalent to 11101 and converted into decimal number as = 16+8+4+0+1 =29 Thus, the decimal equivalent of Signed–magnitude representation of the given number is –29. For b) Since the MSB is 1 that represents the given number in binary when represented as Signed–2's complement is negative and the binary conversion follows as above and the decimal equivalent is – (29+1) = –30. Negative binary number in Signed–2's complement number is always added 1 to its absolute decimal value. 5. Construct the XNOR operator using only AND, OR and NOT gates. [4 marks] 6. Write a Boolean function, construct the truth table and design a logic circuit, use of basic logic gates to activate a speed camera during morning 7.00 am to 10.00 am and afternoon 1.00 pm to 3.00 pm. You need to use 24 hour clock timing when designing this circuit. [6 marks] Truth Table Time | a | b | c | d | Y | 00:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 01:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 02:00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 03:00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 04:00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 05:00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 06:00 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 07:00 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 08:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 09:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10:00 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11:00 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12:00 | 1 | 1 ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 29. Essay on History of Computing History of Computing 1 General principles 1 2 Etymology (Where the word is from) 2 3 The exponential progress of computer development 2 4 Classification of computers 2 4.1 Classification by intended use 2 4.2 Classification by implementation technology 3 4.3 Classification by design features 3 4.3.1 Digital versus analog 3 4.3.2 Binary versus decimal 4 4.3.3 Programmability 4 4.3.4 Storage 4 4.4 Classification by capability 4 4.4.1 General–purpose computers 4 4.4.2 Special–purpose computers 6 4.4.3 Single–purpose computers 6 4.5 Classification by type of operation 6 5 Computer applications ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Electroniccircuits are then used to represent Boolean operations. Since almost all of mathematics can be reduced to Boolean operations, a sufficiently fast electronic computer is capable of sloving almost any mathematical problems (and the majority of information processing problems that can be translated into mathematical ones). This basic idea, which made modern digital computers possible, was formally identified and explored by Claude E. Shannon. Computers cannot solve all mathematical problems. Alan Turing identified which problems could and could not be solved by computers, and in doing so founded theoretical computer science. When the computer is finished calculating the problem, the result must be displayed to the user as output through output devices like light bulbs, LEDs, monitors, beamers and printers. Novice users, especially children, often have difficulty understanding the important idea that the computer is only a machine, and cannot "think" or "understand" the words it displays. The computer is simply performing a mechanical lookup on preprogrammed tables of lines and colors, which are then translated into arbitrary patterns of light by the output device. It is the human brain which recognizes that those patterns form letters and numbers, and attaches meaning to them. All that existing computers do is manipulate electrons that are logically equivalent to ones and zeroes; there are no known ways to
- 30. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 32. Computers ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Computer (disambiguation). "Computer system" redirects here. For other uses, see Computer system (disambiguation). "Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited. Computer | | A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.[8] This is the essence of programmability. Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk Gerbert d 'Aurillac brought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered either Yes or No to the questions it was asked.[9] Again in the 13th century, the monks Albertus Magnus andRoger Bacon built talking androids without any further development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty years of his life when Thomas Aquinas, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).[10] In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator,[11] a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.[12] The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways. Initially, it was in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators[13] ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 34. Epidemics In Malcolm Gladwell's The Tipping Point Last year, even though Kylie Cosmetics had their highest yearly sales, Fenty Beauty's first month of sales were 5 times more. Then as the next month came along, Fenty Beauty's sales raised by 35%. How could it be possible that one beauty line in their first month could experience way more sales then another beauty line experienced in two years? In The Tipping Point, author Malcolm Gladwell explains how influential people, cultural/social factors, and the stickiness factor all apply to a certain epidemic. He divides calls these the Laws of Epidemics. These laws are the Law of the Few, the Stickiness Factor, and the Power of Context. With the use of Gladwell's laws of epidemics, we can better interpret Fenty Beauty's drastic sales rate. As said, Fenty Beauty's sales have seen higher rates in one month then another cosmetics company experienced in a year. On Google Trends, the rates when Fenty Beauty's concept was brought up in August of 2017 really showed a small increase. Once September hit, Fenty Beauty was over 100 on the scale. The tipping point of Fenty Beauty spiked up drastically. This affected Rihanna, millennials, all races in general, and all countries around the world. The trend spreaded in many different countries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The stickiness factor explains that for an epidemic to reach a tipping point, it can be memorable. An example could be the Nationwide commercial that says "Nationwide is on your side", or Red Robin's phrase of "Red Robin" and a person simply replies with "Yum". Sometimes the more memorable moments are not slogans or chants, it is the actual product. Fenty Beauty does exactly that. Fenty Beauty has 40 different shades of all races, something that is not usually done. These ranges are in categories of "light, medium, tan, and deep". (Fenty Beauty). A Time interview with Rihanna shows her saying "I am going to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 36. Green Computing And The Improvement Of Computing the term "green computing" refers to the improvement of computing practices in a way that is environmentally friendly. green computing started in1992 with the introduction of the "Energy Star" program. This program awarded computer products that used a minimum energy and still operate at maximizing efficiency. Green computing Practices such as how you use, dispose and manufacture computers and computer technologies are only becoming more relevant. As big companies are looking to keep their energy usage and costs as low as possible investing and creating new technologies in green computing can help make computers run more energy efficiently which in turn reduces environmental impact and creates lower energy costs. Apart from saving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... One way is to use a cache to place critical memory access it quickly and easily. As technology evolves processors have improved and become even faster. The latency is greatly decreased but no matter how fast a given processor can function, it is still limited to the rate of transfer allowed by the bottleneck. In most cases, a faster processor only means that it will spend more time idling and will not be fully utilised. In a compiled implementation, the original program is translated or compiled into native machine instructions. These instructions are then executed by the hardware directly. In an interpreted implementation, the original program is translated into bytecode. Which is a set of instruction designed specifically for an interpreter program. This program then examines the bytecode and executes the instructions that are called. In Java implementation, there are two phases both a compilation and interpretation stage. These are the compilation stage and the interpretation stage. In the Compilation stage, a just–in–time compiler (a JIT) compiles the Java source code and transforms it into bytecode. In the Interpretation stage the Java interpreter also known as the Java virtual machine (JVM) converts the bytecode binary code that is readable by the processor. The binary code is executed and the output is displayed. Assembly language is not a very easy language to code it is far more time consuming to write and debug than high level languages. This is due to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 38. Theory Of Games And Economic Behavior Essay Introduction I first was interested in game theory after having learned about the topic in economics during my junior year. I fell in love with economics and game theory was a major aspect of microeconomics. Furthermore, the notion that a company could decide what course of action to take based simply off of a chart astounded me. It caused me to truly wonder how such actions could occur and how game theory truly worked. It simply begged the question, what was the underlying basis of game theory and how did a company choose the most probable option that would increase their profits. Game theory, by definition, is the branch of mathematics concerned with the analysis of strategies for dealing with competitive situations where the outcome of a participant 's choice of action depends critically on the actions of other participants. The theory was first presented via a proof by John von Neumann. This was followed by the book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, co– written with Oskar Morgenstern and published in 1944, establishing the field of game theory. The theory holds a prominent place when having been applied in the field of economics and has produced various methods for advancement and analysis. Most notably, to me, the theory provides an ability to look into how businesses will act, especially those that act as that of a duopoly. Such a market structure allows an in–depth view that would allow a business to make a decision based on analyzed data. Being that I am ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 40. Essay on Art from Baroque Period Through the Postmodern Era Art from Baroque Period through the Postmodern Era Renaissance art history began as civic history; it was an expression of civic pride. The first such history was Filippo Villani's De origine civitatis Florentiae et eiusdem famosis civibus, written about 1381–82. Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. The revival was begun by Cimabue and completed by Giotto, who equalled the ancient painters in fame and even surpassed them in skill and talent. After Giotto came his followers, Stefano, Taddeo Gaddi, and Maso, uomini illustri all, who, together with notable jurists, poets, musicians, theologians, physicians, orators, and others, made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... While rare for being texts on art, they are of a type, however, that was common in Renaissance literature. They belong to a genre or category in which are found some of the most characteristic texts of Renaissance humanism. Other of the books in this category are by such writers as Bruni, Salutati, and Manetti, books with which all students of the Renaissance are familiar. They treat broad moral and philosophical issues, but, as in the accounts of visual art, only insofar as they concern the city of Florence. And scholars reasonably have asked why there was such a preoccupation with Florence at this time. One of those who did so was Hans Baron and his answer has been at the center of discussions of this question since the 1950s. Baron linked the focus on Florence during the years around 1400 to a struggle over Florentine independence that began in 1390 with a declaration of war by Milan and ended only in 1454, when Milan accepted the independent status of the Florentine Republic. These events, he proposed, explain the direction taken by Florentine political speculation at this time, particularly the stress on republican ideals of liberty and civic involvement; they gave rise to a distinctive type of humanism, rooted in "a new philosophy of political engagement and active life," and devoted to the celebration of Florence's republican liberties. Bruni was responding not to recent events in Florence, came the rejoinder, but ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 42. General Purpose Computing And Communications Systems Preface: Lately, hardware security has been the subject of intensive research in the context of general– purpose computing and communications systems. However, security is often misunderstood by embedded system designers to be an add–on luxury that can otherwise be done away with in order to improve efficiency and certain other aspects of their product designs such as the cost, performance, power consumption and similar metrics. In reality, security needs to be incorporated as a new dimension by the system designers and it needs to be a primary objective of such design considerations right from the initial stages of the product lifecycle due to its high relevance and intrinsic value in subsequent stages of its operation. The challenges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The final challenge is the "assurance gap," which relates to the gap between functional security measures (which include security services, protocols and their constituent cryptographic algorithms) and actual secure implementations. An example of a field where embedded systems find use is in the world of e–commerce. Non–cash payments (cards, checks, ACH, electronic transactions etc.) for the year 2012 is listed at $122.8 billion in the United States alone and, the number of such transactions has seen an increase in annual rate of 4.4 percent (2009–2012) and at a rate of 4.7 percent between 2003 and 2012 based on the Federal Reserve Payment Study [1]. In this same report, it is noted that there were 31.1 million unauthorized transactions (third–party fraud) which amounted to an estimated $6.1 billion in monetary value. These figures provide an estimate as to the extent of damage possible today in the world of commerce. There are real livelihoods at stake and providing Network Security in the context of online transactions can address some the vulnerabilities seen in the system. Recent attacks that have targeted various financial and commercial institutions in the United States alone, point to the urgent need to implement security solutions universally across all platforms that use embedded systems. This has to be implemented in a systematic manner and should include the active ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 44. Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems... Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems from a 1945 computer architecture description by the physicist, mathematician, and polymath John von Neumann and others. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , external mass storage, subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a memory to store both data and commands, also an input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has grown to mean a stored–program computer in which a command fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is commonly referred to as the Von ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Add the span or extent of the instruction to the program counter. Interpret the instruction using the control unit. Meanwhile, The control unit commands the rest of the computer to perform some type of operation. The instruction may change the address in the program counter, thus permitting repetitive operations. The instruction may also change the program counter . this is done only if some arithmetic condition is true, thus giving the effect of a decision, which can be calculated to any degree of complexity by the preceding arithmetic and logic. Once all of this is done, it is programed to go back to step 1. The design of The Von Neumann architecture is a little more straightforward than the more modern Harvard architecture. It too is a stored–program system; nevertheless, it has one dedicated set of address and data buses for reading data from and imprinting data to memory, and an additional set of address and data buses for obtaining instructions. Von Neumann devoted most of his "Preliminary Discussion" to the design of the arithmetic unit. The details of this are the least interesting part of the paper from the standpoint of the organization of his computer, and its influence on future developments. The capabilities of the arithmetic unit were limited to the performance of some arbitrary subset of the possible arithmetic operations. He observes that "the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 46. The Z3 Research Paper The creation of the modern computer was not a clear, patented event, but an evolutionary process occurring over many decades. There was a tremendous amount of work aimed towards the development of computing from the time of Charles Babbage to Jack Kilby. Records of the most significant contributors vary from nation to nation. Since more people have begun to see the huge influence of computers on everyday lives, the records of the computer's pioneers have been juxtaposed to honor those most influential. Today, many people think of the first computer to be the ENIAC (1946), the ABC (1942), or Colossus (1943) when actually the Z3 was completed about one to five years before all of these. Konrad Zuse invented the Z3, the first programmable, digital computer, in 1941. The background of Konrad Zuse begins in Germany, he created his machines unaware of the other developments of computers going on in the world, and his machines, software, and novel ideas would give a portending insight into the future of computers. Konrad Zuse was born in Berlin, Germany on June 22, 1910. His father was a civil servant; his mother was his father's niece. He was brought up in Prussia, where his father was from, and attended school there. He attended a school called Evan–gelische Hoheve Madchen–Schule and then Gymnasium Hosianum, and "for his entire school career he was always about two years younger than the rest of his classmates which he said made him feel physically inferior", but this did not ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 48. The Progression Of Society: John Von Neumann Every generation has had its set of geniuses who have added to the progression of society, whether it's by inventing things, coming up with equations, or philosophical teachings, etc. However, I can't think of one person in history who was as incredible as John von Neumann. John von Neumann was born to Jewish parents in Budapest, Hungary on December 28, 1903. He was the oldest of three sons. Von Neumann's dad was a banker and his mother was raised in a family that profited from farming materials. Von Neumann was known to have an extraordinary memory when he was very young. At six years old, he had the ability to divide multiple eight–digit numbers mentally. He was able to solve calculus at eight years old; he could recite names, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... However, the University had only began on a new project EDVAC, which was a stored program computer. He assisted in the EDVAC project. In 1945, he created the report "First Draft of a Report" on the EDVAC. This consisted of what was to become the von Neumann stored program computer concept. The EDVAC that was designed by the University of Penn differed from his design. He discussed with the University people about the university people about the design of EDVAC and the wat memory and arithmetic materials are to be arranged. As soon as he had multiple conversations, he started work on EDVAC's logical design by creating a high tech language that deals with programming. The report shows a broad picture of the computer arranged with a central arithmetic unit, an outside recording medium, an input organ and a central control unit. The report describes the way these parts communicate as a whole. The second time von Neumann added to the field of computer architecture was by writing another report "Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument". This document was more well–known and it had a bigger impact than EDVAC's report. This paper provided specific details about the function of a random access memory computer which protects, sends and analyzes data simultaneously. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of initiation racing circuit, gas thermionic tube, and electromechanical electrical relay, before selecting the cathode shaft of light tube as the best available means of putting away information. The architecture of the adder and the multiplier are also considered. The report adopted a systematic, scientific approach with detailed mathematical analysis. It analyzed the storage requirements for solving different variety of mathematical problems, such as sum and partial first derivative ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 50. Von Neumann Research Paper THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS 1945–2013 What is machine before year 1935, it was an individual who do the number juggling estimations. Between year of 1935– 1945, definition alluded to machine, as opposed to an individual. The machine is focused around von Neumann's idea where gadget can accessto information, forms information, saves information, and produces output.it has experienced from vacuum tube to transistor, to the microchip.microchip starts conversing with modem. Nowdays we trade content, sound, photographs and films in a nature's turf. Machines additionally has an exceptionally essential influence in our lives and with such a large number of late innovations, no one can claim to have sole obligation regarding their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Von Neumann planned the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a put away program and in addition information. This "put away memory" strategy and also the "restrictive control exchange," that permitted the workstation to be halted sometime or another and afterward continued, took into account more amazing adaptability in machine programming. The key component to the von Neumann construction modeling was the focal transforming unit, which permitted all machine capacities to be facilitated through a solitary source. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), manufactured by Remington Rand, turned into one of the first monetarily accessible machines to exploit these developments. Both the U.s. Statistics Bureau and General Electric claimed Univacs. One of UNIVAC's amazing early accomplishments was foreseeing the victor of the 1952 presidential decision, Dwight D. Eisenhower. 1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and get financing from the Census Bureau to manufacture the UNIVAC, the first business workstation for business and government applications.eniac – World's first electronic, expansive scale, universally useful machine, constructed by Mauchly and Eckert, and initiated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC reproduced on an advanced machine chip. See a clarification of ENIAC on a Chip by the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 52. The Basic Concepts Of Ilp Introduction Instruction–level parallelism(or we call it ILP) is a form of parallel operation or calculation which allows program to perform multiple instructions at one time. Thus it is also a measurement to describe the amount of instruction per unit time.We will explore the LIP from an overall view to the several specific methods to exploit it. ILP is a measure of how many of the instructions in a computer program can be executed simultaneously. When exploiting instruction– level parallelism, goal is to maximize CPI. As for how much ILP exists in programs is very application specific. In certain fields, like graphics and scientific computing the amount can be very large while workloads such as cryptography may exhibit much less parallelism. Micro–architectural techniques that are used to exploit ILP include instruction pipelining, superscalar execution, register renaming, and so on. This paper will first access the basic concepts of ILP by exploring the ways of handling data,including the controlling data dependence and data hazards. Then we will talk about ways of how to expose ILP using pipelining and loop scheduling in compiler(the ways to speed up instruction operation). Additionally, we will discuss the details of dealing with data hazards by dynamic scheduling (allow execution before control dependence is solved) by using the examples of Tomasulo's algorithm and explain the different types of branch prediction(choose which instruction to be executed). Next we will ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 54. The Effect Of Digital Analog Audio Signal Processing Abstract As technology advances, the research of digital signal processing is undergoing rapid development. At present, it has been used in many fields such as communications industry, voice and acoustics applications, radar and image. The processing of the speech signal is one of the key areas of DSP application. So far, it has formed a number of research directions, such as speech analysis, speech enhancement, speech recognition, voice communication, etc.. With the development of IT technology and voice processing technology, people have more and more high quality requirements of audio. However, the traditional analog audio signal processing has been impossible to meet people 's needs, at this time, digital signal processing began to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In this case, this paper designs and implements an audio signal acquisition and processing system which based on DSP technology. In the processing of the audio signal, it needs to go to the digital filter. Digital filter is a numerical system which used to filter the time discrete signal. According to the time domain characteristics of unit impulse response function, it can be divided into two kinds of filter, infinite impulse response (IIR) filter and finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Compared with the IIR filter, the FIR filter has just one zero point, and has no pole in the z plane except the origin, so it is always stable and can be easily realized. Even more important, the strict linear phase property can be obtained by the FIR filter, which is difficult to achieve by the IIR filter, so it is widely used in the field of high fidelity signal processing, such as digital audio, image processing, data transmission, biomedical and other fields. This project is about using DSP technology and digital filter to build a music instrument which can do sound signal acquisition and processing. At last, the suggestion and prospect of how to improve the system will be put forward. Key word: DSP, Audio signal processing, FIR filter Acknowledgments I am deeply glad and appreciating my dissertation supervisor Dr. Itagaki for his expert advice and throughout the whole project A warm thanks ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 56. The Storage Program Concept Or Stored Program Architecture The stored program concept or stored program architecture, which is also known as von Neumann architecture, is such a big deal because it is the milestone in general purpose electronic computer development (Sharma, 2015). To elaborate, the stored program concept provides two beneficial functions that modified the design of computers. First, computers would have the ability to signal and store programs and data in the same ROM or RAM (Sharma, 2015). By viewing programs as data and vice versa, the stored program concept simplifies the hardware and the software of computers. This would suggest that programs are represented by machine code, indicating that programs are understood by the computer and can then be stored in the computer's memory. Second, computers would be able to fetch, decode and execute a program written in machine code sequentially using the central processing unit to perform arithmetic and logical operations; ROM to boot up permanently stored programs and data; or RAM to temporarily store programs and data executed by the central processing unit, and; input–output interfaces that establish a communication between input and output devices, allowing the central processing unit to send and receive information from the output device (Sharma, 2015). This suggests that the human does not have to execute a program from within the computer. For instance, the concept of Hollerith's pre–formatted punch cards for computers, such as the "IBM CALCULATOR INSTRUCTION CARD" ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 58. What Did The Babylonians, Chinese Contribute To... 1. What did the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Islamic, and Chinese contribute to mathematics? Babylonian: The base 60 system that is still used today in the division of hours into minutes and seconds. They left clay tables that contained tables of multiplication, division, squares cubes, and square roots, and the measurement of area and length. All of these allowed the solution of linear and quadratic equation to be determined. They knew the Pythagoras Theory before invented and made predictions of when an astronomical event will occur. Egyptians: 1– Used math to solve practical problems (measuring time, the annual Nile flooding, calculating area of land, bookkeeping, accounting, calculating taxes). 2– Introduced Approximation by giving the approximate area of a circle. 3– Introduced the base 10 counting system they used for measuring time, flood, areas and records. Greeks: used math for music, made Pythagorean theorem, Euclidean algorithm, latitude and longitude, buoyance, pi, exponents, odometer. Pythagoras (theorem, discovered the square root of two p/q) and Thales (stated that since ABC are points in a circle, AC must be the diameter and the angle computer design. The American Census couldn't keep up with population growth that was done in paper. 1890 Census Count– Herman Hollerith– created an option of counting populations instead of human counting (with punch cards). Computing machines– railroads (first failed, then won) 1924– Watson rename the IBM. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 60. Joh Nash Essay Introduction: John Forbes Nash Jr. was born June 13, 1928 he is an American mathematician who works in game theory and differential geometry. He shared the 1994 Nobel prize in Economics with two other game theorists, Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. He is best known in popular culture as the subject of the Hollywood movie, A Beautiful Mind, about his mathematical genius and his struggles with mental illness. Childhood/Adolence: On June 13, 1928, John Forbes Nash was born in the small Appalachian town of Bluefield, West Virginia, the son of John Nash Sr., an electrical engineer, and Virginia Martin, a teacher. At 12, he was carrying out scientific experiments in his room at home. John at a young age didn't like working with other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The Putnam Mathematics Competition was not the only thing going badly for Nash. Although his mathematics professors heaped praise on him, his fellow students found him a very strange person. Physically he was strong and this saved him from being bullied, but his fellow students took delight in making fun of Nash who they saw as an awkward immature person displaying childish tantrums. He showed homosexual tendencies, climbing into bed with the other boys who reacted by making fun of the fact that he was attracted to boys and humiliated him. They played cruel pranks on him and he reacted by asking his fellow students to challenge him with mathematics problems. He ended up doing the homework of many of the students. When he graduated he had been ofered fellowships to enter as a graduate at either Harvard or Princeton. But he picked Princton because Princton seemed more intersested in getting him to go there. Adulthood: In September 1948 Nash entered Princeton where he showed an interest in a broad range of pure mathematics: topology, algebraic geometry, game theory and logic were his major interests but he did seem to have avoided attending lectures. His major accomplishment during his time at Princeton was to develop his theory of "Nash Equilibrium", which applied to Game Theory. Prior to his theory, it was thought that in game theory and competition, everyone fought for their own interests. He developed the idea that for each player in a game, there is an ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 62. Comparison Of 1930 And 1940's Inventions In the 1930's and the 1940's, there were many new and creative inventions that make life easier today. Just imagine life without television, a microwave, or even air conditioning. Well, thanks to the 1930's and 1940's you aren't devastated and grateful for what you have. In the early 1930's air conditioning was invented by Willis Carrier. It was not like the air conditioning we have today, back then the air conditioning systems were not aimed at human comfort, however they were designed to control the humidity. Another invention that many people use today is colored television. In 1940 CBS began experimenting with color field tests using films as early as August 28, and live cameras by November 12. One of the greatest inventions ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 64. Art From Baroque Period Through The Postmodern Era Essay Art from Baroque Period through the Postmodern Era Renaissance art history began as civic history; it was an expression of civic pride. The first such history was Filippo Villani's De origine civitatis Florentiae et eiusdem famosis civibus, written about 1381–82. Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. The revival was begun by Cimabue and completed by Giotto, who equalled the ancient painters in fame and even surpassed them in skill and talent. After Giotto came his followers, Stefano, Taddeo Gaddi, and Maso, uomini illustri all, who, together with notable jurists, poets, musicians, theologians, physicians, orators, and others, made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... These texts are among the handful that treat art in the early Florentine Renaissance and are, therefore, precious testimony from the early years of Renaissance art history. While rare for being texts on art, they are of a type, however, that was common in Renaissance literature. They belong to a genre or category in which are found some of the most characteristic texts of Renaissance humanism. Other of the books in this category are by such writers as Bruni, Salutati, and Manetti, books with which all students of the Renaissance are familiar. They treat broad moral and philosophical issues, but, as in the accounts of visual art, only insofar as they concern the city of Florence. And scholars reasonably have asked why there was such a preoccupation with Florence at this time. One of those who did so was Hans Baron and his answer has been at the center of discussions of this question since the 1950s. Baron linked the focus on Florence during the years around 1400 to a struggle over Florentine independence that began in 1390 with a declaration of war by Milan and ended only in 1454, when Milan accepted the independent status of the Florentine Republic. These events, he proposed, explain the direction taken by Florentine political speculation at this time, particularly the stress on republican ideals of liberty and civic involvement; they gave rise to a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 66. Drm Research Paper Over the last decades, electronics industry had a tremendous growth and became a main pillar of the overall world's economy. Electronic mobile devices are replacing the conventional ways people used to interact and perceive information, and created unprecedented uses that don't have conventional counterparts: health and fitness trackers, smart watches and virtual assistants to name a few. The sustained advancement of the semiconductor silicon based technology is the key driver of the performance enhancements and functionality expansion of the electronic devices. This extraordinary growth of the electronic devices types and functionality is imposing urgent needs of higher computational speeds, better data transmission bandwidths and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... An SRAM cell usually consists of six transistors and every cell is used to store one bit. Therefore, this memory is not dense and consumes a large area of the CPU real–estate. There is no nonvolatile replacement, at least nowadays, that can match the switching speeds of the SRAM. The closest rivals' switching speeds are at orders of magnitude slower [12], [13]. The second element in the memory hierarchy is the Dynamic RAM (DRAM), each DRAM cell consists of a single transistor and a capacitor (1T–1C) and only stores one bit. Hence, compared to SRAM it is much denser [14]. The access time of DRAM is in the order of ~10ns. DRAM requires consistent refreshing due to charge leakage and destructive read (i.e. the information is lost upon the cell reading. The embedded version of DRAM (EDRAM) is used as a last level cache (Figure 1 1)[1]. Magnetic storage Hard Drive (HDD) is the densest and the slowest storage element in the memory hierarchy as it provides terabytes (Tb) of memory at very low cost at the expense of very long access latencies with regarding to a random access operation [1]. NAND flash is the solid–state counterpart of the magnetic HDD with three order of magnitude higher access speeds. It is the highest density memory [15], and is commonly used in high–speed disk systems [16]. Integrating the main memory onto the CPU can drastically improve the computation speed by eliminating the I/O bottleneck to off–chip ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 68. Game Theory Essay Game Theory was said to have been introduced by Emile Borel in 1921. Borel was a French mathematician who published papers on the theory of games. From this standpoint and according to the article "Game Theory", Borel could have been named the "first mathematician to envision an organized system for playing games" however; evidence has shown that Borel did not develop his ideas any further. This is the reason why most historians have given credit to John Von Neumann. Von Neumann was born in 1903 in Budapest, Hungary. His first mathematical paper was published, along with the help of his tutor, when he was 18. Von Neumann went on to study mathematics in college and eventually earned his PhD in mathematics with a minor in both physics and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In "Game Theory Models and Methods", the prisoner's dilemma is said to be the most widely known example of game theory. This dilemma was invented by Albert Tucker of Princeton University in 1950. In this dilemma, one is to imagine two people arrested under suspicion of having committed a crime together. The police do not have sufficient evidence to convict the criminals. They are placed in two separate rooms and the police visit each suspect, offering a deal. The deal is basically, whoever gives up evidence on the other person will go free. If neither suspect takes the offer, they are working against the police and both will receive a small punishment because of lack of evidence. Both suspects appeared to have won because neither took the offer, but were given a small punishment. However, if one suspect takes the offer and betrays the other, the one who gave up the evidence will gain more because he will be set free and the one who remained quiet will get the full punishment. However, if both suspects betray each other, they will both receive punishment. From this example, we learn that each suspect was given "a choice between only two options, but cannot make a good decision without knowing what the other one will do" (Game Theory Models and Methods). This strategy is still used today not only be police officers and detectives, but it is also used in some of the criminal television shows, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 70. The Characteristics Of Computer Memory And Information... Computer memory (an information storage device, a storage device) is a part of a computer, a physical device or a data storage medium used in calculations for a particular time. Memory, like the CPU, is an unchanged part of the computer since the 1940s. Memory in computing devices has a hierarchical structure and usually involves the use of multiple memory devices having different characteristics. Computer memory provides support for one of the functions of a modern computer, the ability to store information for a long time. Together with the central processor, the storage device is a key part of the so–called von Neumann architecture, the principle underlying most modern computers of general purpose (Tsien 52–59). The first computers used storage devices solely for storing the processed data. Their programs were implemented on the hardware level in the form of hard–coded executable sequences. Any reprogramming required a huge amount of manual work on the preparation of new documentation, re–computation, the rebuilding of blocks and devices, etc. The use of von Neumann architecture, which provides storage of computer programs and data in shared memory, radically changed the situation. Any information can be measured in bits and therefore, regardless of what physical principles and in what number system the digital computer (binary, ternary, decimal, etc.) functions, numbers, text information, images, sound, video and other types of data can be represented by bit string ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 72. The Construction Of Red Black Trees 1 Introduction In recent years, much research has been devoted to the construction of red–black trees; nevertheless, few have refined the confusing unification of Internet QoS and active networks [3,13,23,18,8]. The impact on random robotics of this has been adamantly opposed. An essential problem in hardware and architecture is the synthesis of checksums. To what extent can hash tables be developed to address this question? Statisticians never enable the Turing machine in the place of robots. Such a hypothesis is mostly a confirmed aim but fell in line with our expectations. Indeed, Web services [22] and public–private key pairs have a long history of interacting in this manner. Indeed, operating systems [30] and RAID have a long history of interacting in this manner [35,22,19,33]. The basic tenet of this method is the visualization of hierarchical databases. Another essential riddle in this area is the emulation of cache coherence. It should be noted that LactylMuset locates local–area networks. However, large–scale configurations might not be the panacea that systems engineers expected. Even though similar approaches improve the memory bus, we achieve this goal without harnessing the compelling unification of operating systems and context–free grammar. LactylMuset, our new heuristic for perfect archetypes, is the solution to all of these grand challenges. The disadvantage of this type of method, however, is that the foremost large–scale algorithm for the exploration ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 74. Free Essays Computer [pic] A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. The first electronic computers were developed in the mid–20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2]Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are iconsof the Information Age and are what most people think of as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult. Notable achievements are as under:– ▪ Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational computer.[17] ▪ The non–programmable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact than its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements. ▪ The secret British Colossus computers (1943),[18] which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes. ▪ The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large–scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.[19] ▪ The U.S. Army's Ballistic ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 76. Jean Bartik ( 1994-2011 ) Journey Towards Computer... Abstract This research paper mainly focuses on Jean Bartik (1994–2011) journey towards computer programming and her great contributions, works and her experience from the work to this computer world. Introduction [1] Jean Bartik, Born on 1924 in Missouri and named as Betty Jean Jennings. As all her family members were professionally teachers she is good at education and she opted for mathematics as a major from Northwest Missouri State Teachers college. At that time she was only the student who selected mathematics as a major with different courses like calculus and Astronomy. She is accompanied by another student and several other students who were in naval training for some other different courses. She used to perform well in studies from childhood. As she opted for different mathematics courses than others, special professors were appointed to teach her the particular courses she opted. She is only the student to be majored from mathematics from that college. Professional Carrier [1] After Completion of her under graduation she applied for a job in IBM and applied for a "computer" job in Moore School at University of Pennsylvania. "Computer" is a term used as a position like "professor", "scientist", "programmer". At that time World War 2 was going on and there is a need for army to calculate the trajectories for firing tables of guns. These trajectories were used to help the soldiers how to fire guns like the angle to fire, calculating distance in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
- 78. The Cold War Era Essay example The Cold War Era Works Cited Missing The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the biggest technological effect on society. This era, The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race. On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... NASA was not engineering in a new field; the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government organizations had been working on the idea of space flight. These organizations were subsequently pulled into NASA upon its creation. [3] The main focus became developing technology that was steady enough and strong enough to support human life in space. The act of simply launching a rocket into space had been achieved over ten years before when Nazi Germany launched its first successful V–2 rocket in October 1942. The V–2 (Vengeance Weapon 2) rocket was built to shoot warheads at targets from a long range. [4] With the disastrous ability of the V–2 in mind, when Sputnik was launched, the fear of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) became a very prevalent part of American society. Families built bomb shelters in their backyards and stocked them with non–perishable goods to help them sustain life if they were ever attacked. Students and employees practiced air raid drills by crawling under desks and tables. An imminent fear of attack hung heavily in the air causing such historical events as the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The entire era of the Cold War was spurred by a fear of the technology that the opposing country (either Russia or America) possessed; thus, the obvious effect of technology on the society of the times. The Cold War Era was not an era that revolved entirely around fear ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...