Novel coronavirus(2019 n cov)
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The document provides an overview of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19, detailing its origins, modes of transmission, symptoms, severity, and at-risk populations. Key points include human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, the severity of the disease affecting mainly older adults with underlying conditions, and the absence of a specific treatment or vaccine. It also discusses the testing criteria and procedures for suspected COVID-19 cases.
Novel coronavirus(2019 n cov)
- 1. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) What is SARS-CoV-2? What is COVID-19? In the last twenty years, several viral epidemics occurs. 1. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 to 2003. 2. H1N1 influenza in 2009. 3.Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in 2012. 4. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
- 2. Where do coronaviruses come from? 1. Coronaviruses are viruses that circulate among animals with some of them also known to infect humans. 2. Bats are considered natural hosts of these viruses yet several other species of animals are also known to act as sources. 3. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is transmitted to humans from camels. 4. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) is transmitted to humans from civet cats.
- 3. Is this virus comparable to SARS or to the seasonal flu? 1. The novel coronavirus detected in China in 2019 is closely related genetically to the SARS- CoV-virus. 2. SARS emerged at the end of 2002 in China. 3. It caused more than 8 000 cases in 33 countries over a period of eight months. 4. Around one in ten of the people who developed SARS died. 5. Both COVID-19 and seasonal influenza are transmitted from person-to-person and may cause similar symptoms, the two viruses are very different and do not behave in the same way.
- 4. What is the mode of transmission? How (easily) does it spread? 1. Animals are believed to be the original source. 2. Now from person to person (human-to-human transmission). 3. The virus seems to be transmitted mainly via small respiratory droplets through sneezing, coughing, or when people interact with each other for some time in close proximity (usually less than one metre). 4. These droplets can then be inhaled, or they can land on surfaces that others may come into contact with, who can then get infected when they touch their nose, mouth or eyes. 5. The virus can survive on different surfaces from several hours (copper, cardboard) up to a few days (plastic and stainless steel). 6. The incubation period for COVID-19 (i.e. the time between exposure to the virus and onset of symptoms) is currently estimated to bet between one and 14 days.
- 5. When is a person infectious? 1.The infectious period may begin one to two days before symptoms appear. 2. People are likely most infectious during the symptomatic period, even if symptoms are mild and very non-specific. 3.The infectious period is now estimated to last for 7-12 days in moderate cases and up to two weeks on average in severe cases.
- 6. How severe is COVID-19 infection? 1. Around 20-30% of diagnosed COVID-19 cases are hospitalized. 2. 4% have severe illness. 3. Hospitalisation rates are higher for those aged 60 years and above, and for those with other underlying health conditions.
- 7. What are the symptoms of COVID-19 infection 1. Infected patient might appear asymptomatic. 2. Present with fever, dry cough, and fatigue, and few have upper respiratory symptoms including nasal congestion and running nose. 3. Some patients presented with gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. 4. Severe cases often develop dyspnea one week after disease onset. 5. Severe cases may rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, refractory metabolic acidosis, and coagulation dysfunction
- 8. Are some people more at risk than others? 1. Elderly people above 70 years of age 2. With underlying health conditions (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and cancer). 3. Men in these groups also appear to be at a slightly higher risk than females.
- 9. Are children also at risk of infection and what is their potential role in transmission? 1. Children make up a very small proportion of reported COVID-19 cases, with about 1% of all cases reported being under 10 years, and 4% aged 10-19 years. 2. Children appear as likely to be infected as adults, but they have a much lower risk than adults of developing symptoms or severe disease. 3. There is still some uncertainty about the extent to which asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children transmit disease.
- 10. What is the risk of infection in pregnant women and neonates? 1. It seems that pregnant women appear to experience similar clinical manifestations as non-pregnant, there have been no maternal deaths, no pregnancy losses and only one stillbirth reported. 2. No current evidence suggests that infection with COVID-19 during pregnancy has a negative effect on the foetus. 3. At present, there is no evidence of transmission of COVID-19 from mother to baby during pregnancy and only one confirmed COVID-19 neonatal case has been reported to date.
- 11. Is there a treatment for the COVID-19 disease? 1.There is no specific treatment or vaccine for this disease. 2. Mostly using a symptomatic approach and provide supportive care (e.g. oxygen therapy, fluid management) for infected persons, which can be highly effective. 3. In severe and critically ill patients, a number of drugs are being tried to target the virus.Several clinical trials are ongoing to assess their effectiveness but results are not yet available. 4. As this is a new virus, no vaccine is currently available.
- 12. When should I be tested for COVID-19? 1. Hospitalized patients with severe respiratory infections; 2. Symptomatic healthcare staff including those with mild symptoms; 3. Cases with acute respiratory infections in hospital or long-term care facilities; 4. Patients with acute respiratory infections or influenza-like illness in certain outpatient clinics or hospitals; 5. Elderly people with underlying chronic medical conditions such as lung disease, cancer, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, renal disease, liver disease, diabetes, and immunocompromising conditions.
- 13. Where can I get tested? 1. If you are feeling ill with COVID-19 symptoms (such as fever, cough, difficulty breathing, muscle pain or general weakness). 2. It is recommended that you contact your local healthcare services online or by telephone. 3. If your healthcare provider believes there is a need for a laboratory test for the virus that causes COVID-19, he/she will inform you of the procedure to follow and advise where and how the test can be performed.