O44087882

Parth Gabani et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.78-82
www.ijera.com 78 | P a g e
Ecosanitation: An Integrated Approach towards Sanitation.
Parth Gabani, Juzer Nalwala, Aditya Patel, Bharat Radadiya, Mitali Shah.
*(Department of Civil Enginerring, Sarvajanik College of engineering and Technology, Surat.
ABSTRACT
There are at least 2.6 billion people in the world without improved sanitation. Improved sanitation is defined
by WHO as connection to a Public sewer, connection to a septic system, a pour-flush latrine, a simple or
ventilated pit latrine. Most of this 2.6 billion reside in rural Asia and Africa. But technically even access to
improved sanitation does not solve the problem, a spit latrines which serve about 2.8 billion people usually fail
to sanitize and contribute to ground water pollution. Also, septic systems and sewerage treatment plant often
discharge in to the overloading and eutrophication. The need to close the loop on nutrients indicates that a
paradigm shift towards sustainable sanitation is necessary environment with little or no sanitization or nutrient
removal, polluting the ground water table streams, lake sand coastal zones, helping to perpetuate the cycle of
human disease and upsetting fragile aquatic ecosystems by nutrient. The health risks associated with the current
state of sanitation in the world require immediate action. Thus in present scenario huge amount of water and
piping coverage is required and inspite of all these things the operational and maintenance cost are also high.
This traditional British flush sanitation system has created havoc. Ample amount of NPK which is readily
available in absorbable form by plants is wasted down the drain. Due to ever expansion of urban areas are
getting far away which is increasing the cost of conveyance of sewage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ecological sanitation has attracted many
definitions. Morgan (1998) defined ecosan as system
that makes use of human waste and turns it into
something useful and valuable with minimum
pollution of the environment and with no threat to
human health. Guzha (2001) defined ecological
sanitation as an environmentally friendly way of
managing human excreta in a way that benefits
people and their environment. Ecosan, according to
Morgan (1998), is a system in which toilets are
designed to Store and prepare human waste for use in
agriculture by formation of humus through the
addition of ash, soil, lime or any other biodegradable
materials.
Some call it feces and some call it humanure
and some call it other things not fit for this document.
Everybody poops and it has to go somewhere. So it
should be important to everyone where it goes.
Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) is an integrated
sanitation strategy developed through traditional
knowledge and biological science in which natural
processes are utilized to transform human wastes
(poop and pee) into fertile soil.
Ecosan is based on three principles:
1. The prevention of pollution rather than an
attempt to control or mitigate it after the fact;
2. The sanitization of urine and poop; and
3. Using the resulting safe products to enhance
agricultural production. EcoSan provides an
innovative, low-cost solution to multiple
problems faced by the world's poor and has the
potential to simultaneously improve a
community‟s overall structure.
Sanitation is a key determinant of society‟s
ability to sustain itself. If we cannot meet the
sanitation challenge described above, we will not be
capable to provide for the needs of the present
generation without hindering that of future
generations. Thus, sanitation approaches must be
resource minded, not waste minded.
1.1 History of Ecological Sanitation:
 The concepts behind ecological sanitation are
based on natural processes and, as such, have
been understood and practiced by indigenous
cultures for centuries. In China, human wastes,
called “night soil”, have been collected and used
to enhance agricultural productivity for over 500
years.Throughout Africa and Latin America,
peasants will explain that their most productive
fruit trees can be found on or near old latrine
sites. Even an observant suburban American has
noticed that the grass is greener near the septic
tank.
1.4 Issues with Traditional Approaches:
The Price of Sewers and the Problem With pits:
• The two primary sanitation approaches promoted
globally are:
• 1.To flush the wastes away with water through
sewers that lead (Sometimes) to a treatment
plant, or
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

• 2. To soak the wastes into the ground and let the
soil filter it as is done for deep-pit latrines and
septic tanks.
• Both of these approaches remove raw human
wastes from the immediate household
environment, and, as such, the spread of these
technologies has significantly reduced the
transmission of water born disease. However,
both approaches have unintended environmental
consequences, which affect both public health
and the long-term sustainability of these
sanitation systems.
Problems with water borne sewage arise when:
 Public money is tight: many developing
countries do not have the resources for sewer
projects for cities that have burgeoned with
unplanned settlements and are stressed beyond
the capacity for which they were designed.
 Sewage is discharged untreated: when raw
sewage is discharged into aquatic ecosystems it
increases both nutrient concentrations and faecal
pathogen loads. If these aquatic systems are near
or upstream from human habitations sewage can
pose a serious public health risk. Even when
sewage is discharged far from humans, the
nutrients can cause shifts in aquatic ecosystems,
which ripple throughout the food chain.
 Waterisscarce: when water is scarcer people
live far from a water source, flush toilets are
dependent on constant labor (usually performed
by women and children) and often experience
problems with clogged pipes. Access to running
water is largely determined by economic status,
and flush toilets are not designed to cater to the
poor. As clean water resources become more and
more scarce it will become increasingly difficult
to maintain flush toilets, even in wealthy
countries.
Problems with pits arise when:
• Groundwaterishighortheareafloods:When the
groundwater rises above the bottom of the pit,
nutrients and microorganisms from human
wastes mix with the water table and can cause
serious environmental and public health
problems.
• Mosquitoes breedinthesludge: Because
volumes of urine are so much higher than faeces,
pit latrines generally contain standing water,
especially in clay soils which can be breeding
zone for flies and the mosquitoes that carry
malaria and dengue fever.
• Ventilation is poor: Pit latrines can have terrible
Odors when they are not well ventilated.
• Soil is vulnerable to collapse: deep latrines are
prone to collapse in some soils, particularly if
they are not lined. Pit collapses can be fatal
depending on the depth of the latrine and the
construction material.
Septic tanks similarly dispose of wastes on
site by settling out the solids from flush water in a
tank or series of tanks and filtering the excess water
into the surrounding soil, often through a leach field.
Again if they are correctly sited away from water
sources, above the water table, and with enough
drainage space, they can safely manage wastes. But
they have similar problems to pit latrines in areas
with high water tables or flooding and must also be
emptied when full.
1.5 The double-vault toilet in India:
In India, the Vietnamese sanitation system
has been adapted to a population of „washers‟. Not
only urine, but also the water used for anal cleaning
is diverted – in this case into an evapotranspiration
reed bed next to the toilet. The vault is lined with
straw before use. This provides a carbon-rich bed to
receive the faeces and also absorbs moisture. A
handful of ashes are sprinkled over the faeces after
each use. Occasionally some straw, leafy material
and paper scraps are also added, which means that
there is a process of decomposition rather than
dehydration. A reduction in volume of the vault
contents confirms that decomposition is occurring.
The first vault is opened after one year or more of
operation.
The evapotranspiration bed requires very
little maintenance. All that is required is that
excessive growth is cut back, chopped into small
pieces and added to the processing vault..
1.6 Concept
The basic concept of our project is to
separate urine and excreta at source. We see the 19th
century toilets uses so much water to flush out
excreta to far away STP. But the problem is not
solved here as the laymen thinks. There are so much
processes that are to be done to this waste-water that
it involves so much amount of time, energy and
money. This resources are too precious to be wasted
in modern world. Leave apart the kilometers of
pipelines that are included. The normal STP then
gives water output that is not at all useable in day to
day lives. The water is released into natural streams
to restore back its natural condition and again then
treated in water treatment plant.
So we see here there is so much of
haphazardness in this precious resource planning.

Hence the very simple and lucid method is to
separate it from very source. The urine which can be
accustomed as “Gold Urine” can be easily treated at
very nominal cost and can be a very rich resource in
agriculture due to easy usability by plants. The
excreta can be directed to septic tank and the
supernatant thus generated is also good source of
nutrients can be too used in agriculture along with
urine. Hence the whole natural cycle is maintained
and the nutrients of soil is restored back by this very
concept.
program to increase the carbon content of
soils. Most efforts to address the atmospheric build-
up of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is believed to be
causing climate change, have focused on reducing the
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and the
clearing of rain forests. However, scientists have
recently begun to focus on the ability of soils to serve
as a sink for excess atmospheric carbon. (In soils
carbon is stored in the form of humus and decaying
organic matter.) A number of factors influence the
accumulation of carbon in soils. Returning sanitized
human excreta to degraded lands would play a
significant role in this process by enhancing soil
fertility, increasing plant growth and hence the
amount of CO2 pulled from the atmosphere through
photosynthesis. A modest doubling of the amount of
carbon in non-forest soils, from the current low level
of 1% (as a result of erosion) to 2% over the course
of 100 years would balance the net annual increase of
atmospheric carbon over that time3
.
Access to improved Sanitation- Urban (%)
Access to improved Sanitation- Rural (%)
Ref: Banglore Workshop.
1990 1995 2000 2005
Afgh
anista
nBan
glade
shBh
utan
India
Maldi
vesN
epalP
akista
nSri
Lank
a
7
55
...
45
100
48
82
82
5
12
...
3
...
7
17
64
7
54
65
49
100
53
56
93
2
18
70
9
42
15
26
75
30
53
65
55
100
58
89
96
16
27
70
17
42
23
34
85
49
51
65
59
100
62
82
98
29
35
70
22
42
30
41
89

No.ofperson Normalscenario Scenariowhenusing
ecosanitation
Watertobe treated at
STPforoneperson
135litres 30litres
Watertobe treated at
STPfor1000person
13500litres 3000litres
Thus the table shows the need of ecosanitationby showing how much sewage
load can be reduced to stp by ecosanitation.
Ref. Indian Plumbing code
BATHROOMS
NO-MIX
TOILETS
EXCRETATO
“SEPTIC
TANK”
GREYWATER
WASHBAS
INS
IRRIGATION
SLUDGE
SUPERNATENT
URINE “LIQUID
GOLD”
ASTEPFORWARD:TAKINGCLOSED-LOOPTO
NO-MIX TOILETS
AGRICULTUREFOOD
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and Foremost, we would like to thank
the main helping hand of our project, our project
guide, Mrs. Mitali Shah for her unwavering support
towards us.Our dear HOD Himanshu Padhya for his
always encouraging support and instilling confidence
in us throughout our journey in Civil Engineering
Department at SCET. The other gentleman towards
whom we owe our greatest gratitude is Mr. Muni
Raval for taking us into the world of water. His
teaching style reminds us of ancient “Guru-Shishya”
methodology as the most challenging concepts are
easily explained were explained in very lucid
language.We would also like to thank Miss Payden
Dorji, sanitation expert at WHO for helping and
keeping us aware of present trends flowing in
environment field. We feel extremely happy to be
helped by Prof. Bhasker Bhatt , Ranjit Patel and
Darpan Gadhiya in crucial situations.And finally ,We
thank god for showing us the right path through our
intuitions and his blessings showered on us, always..
REFERENCES
[1] E.Joyes, A.A. Cronin, J. Rueedi, and S.
PedleyRobens Centre for Public and
Environmental Health, Building AW Floor
2, The University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
[2] F. KansiimeMakerere University, Kampala,
Uganda.
[3] Hussein A. S. et al., Marmara Research
Center, Gerber, Turkey.
[4] J. W. Foppen (&) UNESCO-IHE Institute
for Water Education, Delft,
[5] The Netherlands.
[6] Ottosson J. 2003. Hygiene aspects of grey
water and grey water reuse. Royal Institute
of Technology.
[7] P. D. Jenssen, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Agricultural University of
Norway.
[8] T. Kluge and Ulrich ScheelE, Public
Services International (PSI) Pipe Dreams,
The Failure of the Private Sector to Invest in
Water Services in Developing Countries,
London.
[9] W. Scheumann et al. (eds.), Water Politics
and Development Cooperation,Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2008.
[10] W. Kilama (1985): Sanitation without water.
Revised and enlarged edition. Macmillan,
London, UK.
[11] W. Scheumann et al. (eds.), Water Politics
and Development Cooperation,Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2008.
[12] Indian plumbing codes
[13] Indian plumbing magazines.
[14] www.Unisef/Sanitation.com
[15] Who/sanitationwatersupply/india.org.

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