Open access savvy skills 2011
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The document provides a history of open access from 1969 to 2009. It discusses key events like the creation of ARPANET and early online databases in the 1970s, the development of email and the internet in the 1980s, the launch of the first open access journals and repositories in the 1990s, and the creation of Creative Commons in 2002. It also defines open access, discusses issues around open access credibility and costs, and outlines advantages of open access for institutions, authors, and journals.
Open access savvy skills 2011
- 1. Introduction to Open Access Robert Perret Savvy Skills for Researchers October 2011 University of Idaho
- 2. What is Open Access? • Free of charge(to the reader) • Free of most copyright and licensing restrictions • Online • Digital • Immediate (No delays or embargoes) • Full-text
- 3. What is Open Access? • Simply removing the price barrier is not sufficient • Tolerating “fair use” is not sufficient
- 4. What is Open Access? • Per the Bethesda and Berlin statements, to be OA the copyright holder must consent in advance to let users copy, use, print, index, distribute, transmit and display the work publically, as well as to make and transmit derivative works • Essentially the only right retained under OA is the right to proper attribution of authorship
- 5. History of Open Access www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/ARPANET.html • 1969 – Steve Crocker sends a “Request for Comment” on his paper about IMP software across ARPANet.
- 6. http://www.woldgate50.com/Seventies.htm • 1970 First free online databases – Agricola (Government) – Project Gutenberg (Private)
- 7. http://s3.media.squarespace.com/production/650702/7578546/wp- content/uploads/2009/12/1174631634_faad3aaea7_thumb.jpg • 1971 First email sent by engineer Ray Tomlinson
- 8. http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Te-Va/Transactinides.html • 1974 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center begins cataloging electronic pre-print literature
- 9. http://echo.gmu.edu/node/5147 • 1979 USENET created • 1981 JANET and BITNET
- 10. http://www.photosfan.com/images/ealy-home-computer-pcs.jpg • 1983 – ARPAnet switches protocols from NCP to TCP/IP. Generally considered to be the birth of the Internet.
- 11. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/large/c6289-25a.jpg • 1985 The White House issues National Security Decisions Directive 189 stating that “to the maximum extent possible, the products of fundamental research remain unrestricted.”
- 12. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTwj- H3pjRpNmynksyoAj5QdDVUFejpl7VixKcvrBarVU367JEw • 1987 Syracuse University launches New Horizons in Adult Education, the first free, online peer-reviewed journal
- 13. emeraldinsight.com • 1990 Hytelnet, the first online hypertext internet directory
- 14. www.guardian.co.uk • 1990 CERN scientist Tim Berners-Lee creates the first web client and server
- 15. http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=394653 • 1991 GOPHER protocol launched
- 16. http://www.library.rochester.edu/images_Dbases/DB_icon_Project_Muse.gif • 1993 Project MUSE provides free full-text searching and authors retain copyright
- 17. http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/17257797fb4c1f67145f388dd39519a4_1M.png • 1994 National Academy Press provides free full-text versions of all its books online. They find that free online copies actually drive the sales of print versions.
- 18. http://web.archive.org/web/19970126045828/http://www.archive.org/ • 1996 Computer scientist Brewster Kahle launches the Internet Archive
- 19. http://web.archive.org/web/19980113191222/http://slashdot.org/ • 1997 Undergrad Rob Malda launches “Slashdot”, widely considered to be the first blog
- 20. http://web.archive.org/web/20000229093412/http://www.openarchives.org/ • 1999 Open Archives Initiative launched
- 21. http://web.archive.org/web/20010727112808/http://www.wikipedia.org/ • 2001 Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales launches Wikipedia
- 22. http://www.researchinformation.info/rimarapr05oaister.html • 2002 OAIster launched by University of Michigan
- 23. http://web.archive.org/web/20110628180027/http://creativecommons.org/ • 2002 Stanford law professor Lawrence Lessig launches the Creative Commons system
- 24. http://web.archive.org/web/20030214235014/http://www.doaj.org/ • 2003 The Directory of Open Access Journals launches
- 25. http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm • 2003 Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing released
- 26. http://web.archive.org/web/20110722063241/http://books.google.com/ • 2004 Google Scholar and Google Books
- 27. http://blogs.library.ualberta.ca/libnews/wp- content/uploads/2008/10/oad_120x240.jpg • 2008 First International Open Access Day
- 29. http://web.archive.org/web/20090315183941/http://www.openaccessweek.org/ • 2009 First International Open Access Week
- 30. What OA is intended to do • Block plagiarism and misrepresentation • Impedes commercial re-use • Authorizes and facilitates legitimate scholarship
- 31. What OA is not intended to do • Legitimize vigilante behavior (wikileaks) • Facilitate expropriating • Encouraging infringing • Justify piracy
- 32. What OA isn’t • OA is not the same as universal access. OA does not address: – Filtering and censorship barriers – Language barriers – Handicap access – Connectivity barriers
- 33. Issues in Open Access • Credibility – Peer review – Impact factor • Cost – Author fees • Self-publishing? – Institutional Funds – Advertising/Sponsorship
- 34. OA Credibility • The value, rigor, and integrity of peer review is independent of the price or medium of a journal • The same procedures, standards, and even the same reviewers and editors can be used
- 35. Journal vs. Repository • OA journals have the ability to maintain the same standards and practices as traditional peer- reviewed journals • Repositories do not have a quality-control function, merely a preservation/access function • Repositories can also contain theses, dissertations, course materials, data files, audio and video files, institutional records, and digitalized special collections
- 36. OA “Business Model” • In the traditional publisher paradigm, authors write, reviewers review, and editors edit without direct compensation. • All of this is supported by research institutions. • Publishers package the writing and then sell the product back to the research institutions that created the writing in the first place.
- 37. OA “Business Model” • Academics write and edit for impact and career advancement, not (directly) profit, so OA is compatible and even advantageous • Institutions are already paying for published research (twice) with diminishing returns on access • Supporting the system by paying once upfront instead of on an ongoing basis is advantageous for institutions in the long run • Large institutions will publish more articles and bear more cost, but will be buying the same prestige and impact they are already buying at a lower cost, with greater access for everyone, including themselves
- 38. Reduced cost • OA reduces the cost of scholarly publishing by: – Eliminating print – Eliminating subscription management – Eliminating DRM – Reducing legal expenses – Reducing marketing costs by relying on social media and search engines
- 39. Mitigated costs • Some OA resources offset costs by: – Author/publication fee – Advertising – Add-ons – Auxiliary Services
- 40. Need for Open Access Journal costs outpace inflation by 400% since the 1980s! Quantity of scholarly information is growing while access is disappearing!
- 41. Advantages to institution • Broader access to resources • Lower-cost in the long-run • Facilitates text and data mining • Increases author visibility and impact • Advances mission to share knowledge
- 42. OA and public funding • Open Access publishing is now often required to receive public funding, except for classified military research, patentable discoveries, and research that generates royalties
- 43. Open Access Fund • Pool of money set aside by an institution or other research-sponsoring entity specifically to defray or cover OA journal processing fees • Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, MIT, and UC Berkeley
- 44. Advantages for authors • Wider audience and greater impact than subscription journals (Studies vary by discipline and journal, but 2011 studies showed an increase of citation between 130%- 740%. Looking at the past several years, it seems safe to say that OA publishing easily doubles the number of citations in most cases.) http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html
- 45. Advantages for journals/publishers • Increased visibility may attracts: – Submissions – Advertisers – Readers – Citations • May be combined with subscription strategies
- 46. Open Access Availability • Estimated 4200 open access peer-reviewed journals • Directory of Open Access Journals is a great resource • It has been estimated that about 20% of scholarly papers are published OA http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation- biblio.html
- 47. Open Access vs. Creative Commons • Creative Commons is a standardized system for indicating that an author has granted permissive rights to a work • OA and CC are not the same thing • However, sufficiently permissive CC licenses may be compatible with OA • Similar impetus
- 48. Author Permission • Be aware that if you have already transferred copyright to a publisher, you must now seek permission for OA publication, even repository storage
- 49. Green OA • However, many publishers provide blanket permission for Green OA, or placing any pre- publication draft in an OA repository • This can include drafts that have been through the peer review process – anything up until you sign the contract on the final proof • Project SHERPA is an online clearinghouse for publishing agreements – including Green OA
- 50. Resources • www.righttoresearch.org • www.doaj.org • http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/ • Effect on Impact Factor bibliography
- 51. Citations • Björk, B.-C., Welling, P., Laakso, M., Majlender, P., Hedlund, T., & Guðnason, G. (2010). Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e11273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011273 • Eyal Amiran. (2010). The Open Access Debate. symploke, 18(1- 2), 251-260. • Jacobs, N. (2006). Open access key strategic, technical and : economic aspects. Oxford: Chandos. • Laakso, M., Welling, P., Bukvova, H., Nyman, L., Björk, B.-C., & Hedlund, T. (2011). The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20961. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020961 • Willinsky, J. (2006). The access principle the case for open access : to research and scholarship. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press.