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This document provides a quick reference guide for Oracle Server 9i, summarizing key aspects in 3 sentences or less per section: - It describes Oracle instance background processes, parameters, and dynamic performance views for monitoring instances. - It then summarizes key aspects of databases, including initialization parameters, utilities, tablespaces, redo and undo management, users and privileges. - The rest of the document briefly outlines Oracle features such as SQL, PL/SQL, distributed databases, clustering, globalization support, and tools like SQL*Plus, with brief notes on new and deprecated features between Oracle 8i and 9i.
![2 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Disclaimer
This document is nothing official by Oracle ers for input data are enclosed in brackets <>
Corporation. Oracle holds all rights on its with corresponding default values underlined.
documentation. Certain terms are registered A comma followed by an ellipsis inclosed in
trademarks. The major goal of this quick ref- square brackets [, âŚ] indicates that the pre-
erence guide is compaction, not clarity. Some ceding syntactic element may be repeated. An
syntax options only work under certain circum- ellipsis without preceding comma ⌠indicates
stances, some options exclude each other. This that the corresponding syntactic elements have
behaviour is intentionally not reflected to avoid been specified beforehand.
proliferation of similar statements. Be aware of Each section commonly starts with dynamic
your actions! The author disclaims liability for performance views and static data dictionary
errors within this document and subsequent views (only DBA variants listed) and â oc-
mistakes that might harm your database. In casionally â tables. Initialization parameters
case of uncertainties please refer to Oracleâs follow as well as database packages and im-
original documentation, which comprises sev- portant files or processes. Then comes a list
eral hundred megabytes meanwhile, or contact of performance tuning measures and desup-
Oracle Customer Support. Suggestions and ported or deprecated features. The main part
corrections to improve this guide are welcome. of each section is comprised of SQL statements
This reference uses a modified Backus-Naur grouped by functionality. The final section may
Form syntax which is adapted from the Oracle state utilities if any exist.
online documentation. Optional parts are Changes from Release 8i to 9i are colored
enclosed in square brackets [], a list of items is blue for new features or red for obsolete fea-
enclosed in curly braces {}, alternatives within tures. Outdated syntax has not been removed
brackets or braces are separated by a vertical most of the time as one eventually comes
bar |. Keywords appear in regular style and across databases running older releases of
are not case-sensitive in most OS. Placehold- Oracle Server.
Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management ⢠RingstraĂe 23a ⢠65824 Schwalbach ⢠Germany
Phone/Fax +49 (6196) 889739-0/5 ⢠Mobile +49 (173) 6530050 ⢠info@larsditzel.de
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 3
Instance
Background Processes (v$bgprocess) cess, v$px_process_sysstat, v$pq_sesstat, Tuning/Contention
ARC<n>, CJQ0, J<nnn>, CKPT, DBW<n>, v$pq_slave, v$pq_sysstat, v$pq_tqstat, Buffer cache: ÂŤCache Hit RatioÂť (v$sysstat)
DIAG, DMON, EMN0, LCK<n>*, LGWR, v$execution, v$mls_parameters, deptree, or per pool (v$buffer_pool_statistics)
LMD0*, LMON*, LMS<n>*, LNSV, LSP0, session_context 1 â (ÂŤphysical readsÂť / (ÂŤdb block getsÂť +
MRP0, NSV0, PMON, QMN<n>, RECO, ÂŤconsistent getsÂť)) < 90â95% -> increase
RLAP, RSM0, SMON, RFS<n> Parameters (init<sid>.ora) ÂŤdb_block_buffersÂť or ÂŤbuffer_pool_keepÂť,
BSP<n>*, SNP<n> << obsolete spfile, ifile, instance_name, service_names, ÂŤbuffer_pool_recycleÂť
* RAC processes Shared pool: ÂŤShar. CursorsÂť
db_block_size, sga_max_size, db_cache_size,
Failure of LGWR (Err 470), CKPT (470), DBW<n>
(471), ARC<n> (473), SMON (474) or RECO (476) db_keep_cache_size, db_recycle_cache_size, (v$librarycache) gethitratio for SQL AREA
lead to termination of instance by PMON. Failure of db_<n>k_cache_size, db_cache_advice, < 99%
PMON leads to termination of instance by DBW<n> shared_pool_size, log_buffer, large_pool_size,
(Err 472). Library cache: sum(reloads) / sum(pins) > 1%
Failed SNP<n> processes are restarted by PMON. java_pool_size, shared_pool_reserved_size, (v$librarycache)
pre_page_sga, sessions, processes, user_dump_ Dict. cache: sum(getmisses) / sum(gets) >
dest, background_dump_dest, max_dump_ 15% (v$rowcache) -> increase ÂŤshared_
Foreground Processes
file_size, local_listener, remote_listener, pool_sizeÂť
D<nnn>, S<nnn>, P<nnn> mts_service, circuits, dispatchers, max_dis- LRU latch: ÂŤcache buffers lru chainÂť
patchers, shared_servers, max_shared_servers, (v$latch) sleeps / gets > 1% -> increase
Views & Tables shared_server_sessions, dbwr_io_slaves, ÂŤdb_block_lru_latchesÂť (max. CPU * 6 or
v$fixed_table, v$fixed_view_definition, remote_os_authent, os_authent_prefix, BUFFERS / 50)
v$indexed_fixed_column, v$instance, v$sga, dml_locks, enqueue_resources, parallel_auto-
Redo buffer: ÂŤredo%retriesÂť (v$sysstat)
v$sgastat, v$pgastat, v$session, v$process, matic_tuning, parallel_min_servers, paral-
PGA: ÂŤ%ga memory%Âť (v$sysstat), ÂŤsorts%Âť
v$bgprocess, v$version, product_compo- lel_max_servers, parallel_min_percent, paral-
(v$sysstat), sorts (v$sqlarea), ÂŤwork-
nent_version, v$license, v$option, v$access, lel_adaptive_multi_user, parallel_threads_
area%Âť (v$sysstat, v$sesstat), v$pgastat,
v$timer, v$parameter, v$parameter2, per_cpu, parallel_execution_message_size, par-
v$sql_workarea, v$sql_workarea_active,
v$spparameter, v$system_parameter, allel_broadcast_enabled, oracle_trace_enable,
pga_%_mem (v$process)
v$system_parameter2, v$obsolete_parameter, oracle_trace_collection_{name | path | size},
v$sql, v$sqlarea, v$sqltext, v$sqltext_with_ oracle_trace_facility_{name | path}, java_
soft_sessionspace_limit, java_max_sessions- Deprecated Features
newlines, v$sql_cursor, v$sql_bind_data,
v$sql_bind_metadata, v$sql_shared_memory, pace_size, lock_sga, shared_memory_address, v$mts
v$sql_plan, v$sql_workarea, v$sql_work- hi_shared_memory_address, object_cache_op- db_block_buffers, buffer_pool_keep, buf-
area_active, v$librarycache, v$rowcache, timal_size, object_cache_max_size_percent, fer_pool_recycle, mts_circuits, mts_dispatch-
v$rowcache_parent, v$rowcache_subordi- serial_reuse, session_max_open_files, timed_ ers, mts_max_dispatchers, mts_servers,
nate, v$open_cursor, v$object_dependency, os_statistics, cursor_sharing, drs_start mts_sessions
v$db_object_cache, v$shared_pool_reserved, utlbstat.sql, utlestat.sql
v$bh, v$cache, v$subcache, v$buffer_pool, Packages
v$buffer_pool_statistics, v$db_cache_advice, DBMS_SYSTEM Desupported Features
v$filestat, v$sysstat, v$sesstat, v$mystat, set_sql_trace_in_session v$recent_bucket, v$current_bucket, db_
v$statname, v$waitstat, v$latch, v$latchname, DBMS_SESSION block_lru_latches, use_indirect_data_buffers,
v$latchholder, v$latch_parent, v$latch_chil- set_sql_trace db_block_lru_extended_statistics, db_block_
dren, v$event_name, v$system_event,
DBMS_SHARED_POOL lru_statistics, lock_sga_areas, shared_pool_re-
v$session_event, v$session_wait, v$circuit,
keep, unkeep, sizes served_min_alloc, parallel_server_idle_time,
v$queue, v$shared_server, v$shared_serv-
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO parallel_transaction_resource_timeout, paral-
er_monitor, v$dispatcher, v$dispatcher_rate,
set_module, set_action, set_client_info, lel_min_message_pool, mts_rate_log_size,
v$reqdist, v$queue, v$lock, v$enqueue_lock,
read_module, read_client_info mts_rate_scale, mts_max_servers
v$locked_object, v$global_blocked_locks,
v$session_connect_info, v$session_longops,
v$system_cursor_cache, v$session_cur- Files
sor_cache, v$session_object_cache, v$sess_io, dbmspool.sql, prvtpool.plb, catparr.sql,
v$bsp, v$px_session, v$px_sesstat, v$px_pro- utldtree.sql
Database locks (v$lock) CU cursor bind, DF data file, DL direct cache, RT redo thread, SC system commit
modes loader parallel index creation, DM data- number, SM smon, SN sequence number,
0 - none, 1 - null (NULL), 2 - row share base mount, DR distributed recovery, DX SQ sequence number enqueue, SS sort seg-
(SS), 3 - row exclusive (SX), 4 - share (S), distributed transaction, FS file set, HW ment, ST space transaction, SV sequence
5 - share row exclusive (SSX), 6 - exclu- space management operation, IN instance number value, TA generic enqueue, TS
sive (X) number, IR instance recovery, IS instance temporary segment (ID2=0) or new block
user types and names state, IV library cache invalidation, JQ allocation (ID2=1), TT temporary table,
TM dml enqueue, TX transaction job queue, KK redo thread kick, L[A-P] UN user name, US undo segment ddl,
enqueue, UL user-defined lock library cache lock, MM mount defini- WL being-written redo log, XA instance
tion, MR media recovery, N[A-Z] library registration attribute lock, XI instance
system types and names
cache pin, PF password file, PI/PS parallel registration lock
BL buffer hash table, CF control file trans-
operation, PR process startup, Q[A-Z] row
action, CI cross-instance call invocation,
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![4 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Instance (cont.)
Parameters | false}, remote_os_roles = {true | false}, repli- Session Scope Dynamic Init. Parameters
show parameter[s] <string> cation_dependency_tracking = {true | false}, alter session set <param> [=] <value>;
alter system set <param> [=] <value> rollback_segments = (<rbs> [, âŚ]), row_lock- cursor_sharing = {similar | exact | force},
[comment â<text>â] [deferred] ing = {always | default | intent}, serial_reuse = db_block_checking, db_create_file_dest =
[scope = {memory | spfile | both} ] {disable | select | sml | plsql | all}, session_max_ â<dir>â, db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5> =
[sid = { â<sid>â | â*â } ]; open_files = <10>, sessions = <(1.1*proc)+5>, â<dir>â, db_file_multiblock_read_count = <8>,
sga_max_size = <n>, shadow_core_dump global_names = {true | false}, hash_area_size
alter system reset <param>
= {partial | full}, shared_memory_address = = <n>, hash_join_enabled = {true | false},
[scope = {memory | spfile | both} ]
<0>, shared_pool_reserved_size = <5%SP>, log_archive_dest_<1-10> = {location = <path>
[sid = { â<sid>â | â*â } ];
shared_server_sessions = <n>, spfile = <file>, | service = <serv>} [optional | mandatory]
sql92_security = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true [[no]reopen [=<300>]] [arch | lgwr] [synch |
Static Initialization Parameters | false}, tape_asynch_io = {true | false}, thread async = <n>] [[no]affirm] [[no]delay [= <30>]]
active_instance_count = <n>, audit_file_dest = <n>, transactions_per_rollback_segment = [[no]dependency] [[no]alternate [= <dest>]]
= <dir>, audit_trail = {none | false | db | true | <5>, undo_management = {manual | auto}, [[no]max_failure [= <n>] [[no]quota_size
os}, background_core_dump = {full | partial}, util_file_dir = <dir> [= <n>] [[no]quota_used] [[no]register [=
bitmap_merge_area_size = <1m>, blank_trim-
<loc>]], log_archive_dest_state_<1-10> = {en-
ming = {true | false}, buffer_pool_{keep | Dynamic Initialization Parameters able | defer | alternate}, log_archive_min_suc-
recycle} = {<n> | (buffers: <n>, lru_latches:
aq_tm_processes = <n>, archive_lag_target = ceed_dest = <1>, max_dump_file_size = {<n>
<n>} << deprecated, circuits = <n>, cluster_data-
<n>, background_dump_dest = â<dir>â, back- | unlimited}, nls_calendar = â<cal>â, nls_comp
base = {true | false}, cluster_database_instances
up_tape_io_slaves = {true | false}, control_file_ = {binary | ansi}, nls_currency = <curr>,
= <n>, cluster_interconnects = <ip>[:<ip>âŚ],
record_keep_time = <7>, core_dump_dest = nls_date_format = â<fmt>â, nls_date_lan-
commit_point_strength = <n>, compatible
â<dir>â, db_{2|4|8|16|32}k_cache_size = <0>, guage = <lang>, nls_dual_currency = <curr>,
= <x.x.x>, control_files = (â<file>â [, âŚ]),
db_block_checking = {true | false}, db_block_ nls_iso_currency = <terr>, nls_language =
cpu_count = <n>, create_bitmap_area_size
checksum = {true | false}, db_cache_advice <lang>, nls_length_semantics = {byte | char},
= <8m>, cursor_space_for_time = {true |
= {on | ready | off }, db_cache_size = <48m>, nls_nchar_conv_excp = {true | false}, nls_nu-
false}, db_block_buffers = <n> << deprecated,
db_{keep | recycle}_cache_size = <0m>, meric_characters = <sep>, nls_sort = {binary |
db_block_size = <2048>, db_domain =
dispatchers = â{ (protocol = <prot>) | (descrip- <ling>}, nls_territory = <terr>, nls_time_for-
<str>, {db | log}_file_name_convert = (âprimâ,
tion = (address =âŚ) ) | (address = (protocol mat = â<fmt>â, nls_timestamp_format =
âstdbyâ [, âŚ]), db_files = <200>, db_name =
= <prot>) (host = <node>) (port = <port>) â<fmt>â, nls_timestamp_tz_format = â<fmt>â,
<str>, db_writer_processes = <1>, dblink_en-
)} (connections = <n>) (dispatchers = <1>) nls_time_tz_format = â<fmt>â, object_cache_
crypt_login = {true | false}, dbwr_io_slaves =
(index = <n>) (listener = <list>) ( {pool | max_size_percent = <10>, object_cache_op-
<0>, disk_asynch_io = {true | false}, distrib-
multiplex} = {1 | on | yes | true | both | ({in | timal_size = <n>, optimizer_index_caching
uted_transactions = <n>, gc_files_to_locks
out} = <n>) | 0 | off | no | false | <n>}) (ticks = = <0>, optimizer_index_cost_adj = <100>,
= â<f#>[-<f#>]=<n>[!<B>][r][each][: âŚ]â <<
<15>) (service = <serv>) (presentation = {ttc | optimizer_max_permutations = <80000>, op-
disables Cache Fusion, hi_shared_memory_ad-
oracle.aurora.server.{SGiopServer | GiopServ- timizer_mode = {first_rows_{1|10|100|1000}
dress = <0>, ifile = <file>, instance_groups
er} })â, drs_start = {true | false}, fal_client = | first_rows | all_rows | choose | rule},
= <gr> [, âŚ], instance_name = <sid>,
<serv>, fal_server = <serv>, fast_start_io_target oracle_trace_enable = {true | false}, parallel_
instance_number = <n>, java_max_ses-
= <n> << deprecated, fast_start_mttr_target broadcast_enabled = {true | false}, parallel_in-
sionspace_size = <0>, java_pool_size =
= <0>, fast_start_parallel_rollback = {hi | stance_group = <gr>, parallel_min_percent =
<20k>, java_soft_sessionspace_limit = <0>,
lo | false}, fixed_date = <date>, global_con- <0>, partition_view_enabled = {true | false},
large_pool_size = <n>, local_listener = <serv>,
text_pool_size = <1m>, hs_autoregister = plsql_compiler_flags = {[debug | non_debug],
lock_name_space = <name>, lock_sga =
{true | false}, job_queue_processes = <0>, [interpreted | normal]}, plsql_v2_compat-
{true | false}, log_archive_format = <fmt>,
license_max_sessions = <0>, license_max_us- ibility = {true | false}, query_rewrite_enabled
log_archive_start = {true | false}, log_buffer =
ers = <0>, license_sessions_warning = <0>, = {true | false}, query_rewrite_integrity =
<n>, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions = <1>,
log_archive_dest = <dir>, log_archive_du- {stale_tolerated | trusted | enforced}, remote_
max_commit_propagation_delay = <700>,
plex_dest = <dir>, log_archive_max_processes dependencies_mode = {timestamp | signature},
max_dispatchers = <5>, max_enabled_roles =
= <1>, log_archive_trace = <0>, log_check- session_cached_cursors = <0>, sort_area_re-
<20>, max_shared_servers = <n>, o7_diction-
point_interval = <bl>, log_checkpoint_time- tained_size = <n>, sort_area_size = <65536>,
ary_accessibility = {true | false}, open_cursors
out = <sec>, log_checkpoints_to_alert = {true star_transformation_enabled = {temp_disable
= <50>, open_links = <4>, open_links_per_in-
| false}, parallel_adaptive_multi_user = {true | true | false}, timed_os_statistics = <0>,
stance = <4>, optimizer_features_enable
| false}, parallel_threads_per_cpu = <n>, timed_statistics = {true | false}, tracefile_iden-
= <9.0.0>, oracle_trace_collection_name
pga_aggregate_target = <0>, plsql_native_c_ tifier = â<id>â, undo_suppress_errors = {true |
= <name>, oracle_trace_collection_path =
compiler = <path>, plsql_native_library_dir false}, workarea_size_policy = {auto | manual}
<dir>, oracle_trace_collection_size = <n>,
= <dir>, plsql_native_library_subdir_count =
oracle_trace_facility_name = {oracled, oraclee,
<0>, plsql_native_linker = <path>, plsql_na- Session Parameters Only
oraclesm, oraclec}, oracle_trace_facility_path =
tive_make_file_name = <path>, plsql_native_ constraint[s] = {immediate | deferred | default},
<dir>, os_authent_prefix = <OPS$>, os_roles
make_utility = <path>, resource_limit = {true create_stored_outlines = {true | false | â<cat>â}
= {true, false}, parallel_automatic_tuning =
| false}, resource_manager_plan = <plan>, ser- [nooverride], current_schema = <schema>, er-
{true | false}, parallel_execution_message_size
vice_names = <serv> [, âŚ], shared_pool_size = ror_on_overlap_time = {true | false}, flagger =
= <n>, parallel_max_servers = <n>, paral-
<16/64m>, shared_servers = <0/1>, standby_ {entry | immediate | full | off }, instance = <n>,
lel_min_servers = <0>, pre_page_sga = {true
archive_dest = <path>, standby_file_manage- isolation_level = {serializable | read commit-
| false}, processes = <n>, rdbms_server_dn =
ment = {manual | auto}, trace_enabled = {true ted}, plsql_debug = {true | false}, skip_unus-
<x.500>, read_only_open_delayed = {true |
| false}, transaction_auditing = {true | false}, able_indexes = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true
false}, recovery_parallelism = <n>, remote_ar-
undo_retention = <900>, undo_tablespace = | false}, time_zone = {â<{+|-}hh:mi>â | local |
chive_enable = {true | false}, remote_listener =
<ts>, user_dump_dest = <dir> dbtimezone | â<tz_region>â}, use_{private |
<serv>, remote_login_passwordfile = {none |
shared | exclusive}, remote_os_authent = {true stored}_outlines = {true | false | â<cat>â}
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 5
Instance (cont.)
Deprecated Initialization Parameters oradebug | hanganalyze [level]
mts_dispatchers, mts_servers { help [cmd] | ffbegin
%_area%_size <<for dedicated server cofigurations | setmypid | ffderegister
| setospid <ospid> | ffterminst
| setorapid <orapid> [âforceâ] | ffresumeinst
Obsolete Initialization Parameters
| dump <dump> <lev> [addr] | ffstatus
job_queue_interval, db_block_max_dirty_tar- | dumpsga [bytes] | core
get, hash_multiblock_io_count = <n> | dumplist | ipc
| event <evt> | unlimit
Events | session_event <evt> | procstat
{ alter system set event = | alter session set | dumpvar {p | s | uga} <var> [lev] | call <func> [<arg> , âŚ] }
events [=] } â<dbg_evt> trace name context | setvar {p | s | uga} <var> <val>
{forever, level <n> | off }â | peek <addr> <len> [lev]
alter session set events [=] {âimmediate trace | poke <addr> <len> <val>
name {heapdump | controlf | systemstate} level | wakeup <orapid>
<n>â | â<oerr> trace name errorstack level 3â} | suspend
| resume
| flush
Debug events
| close_trace
10015 (rollback), 10046 (process), 10049,
| tracefile_name
10051, 10053, 10210, 10211, 10212, 10231,
| lkdebug
10232, 10235, 10248 (dispatcher), 10249
| nsdbx
(shared server + dispatcher), 10257 (pmon), 10262,
| -G {<inst> | def | all}
10297 (oid caching), 10325 (control), 10408
| -R {<inst> | def | all}
(block keywords), 10520 (avoid invalidations),
| setinst {â<inst> [, âŚ]â | all}
10619 (compatibility), 19027 (ctxxpath), 29700
| sgatofile <âpathâ>
(v$ges_convert% views), 30441
| dmpcowsga <âpathâ>
| mapcowsga <âpathâ>
Instance Startup/Shutdown Utilities
startup orapwd
[force] [restrict] [pfile=<par>] [ nomount | file=<file> password=<pwd> entries=<n>
[exclusive | parallel [retry] | shared [retry]] oradim
{ mount [<db>] | open â{new | edit | delete | startup | shutdown}
[read {only | write [recover]} | recover] â{sid <SID> | srvc <serv>} ânewsid <SID>
[<db>] } ] âusrpwd <pwd> âintpwd <pwd>
shutdown âmaxusers <n> âstartmode {a | m}
[ normal | transactional [local] âshutmode {a | i | n}
| immediate | abort ] â{starttype | shuttype}
alter database [<db>] {srvc | inst | srvc, inst}
{ mount [ {standby | clone} database] âpfile <par> âtimeout <n>
[exclusive | parallel] << obsolete tkprof <trc> <out>
| dismount [explain=<user>/<pwd>@<netserv>]
| open [read only | [read write] [table=<tab>] [print=<n>] [sys=no]
[resetlogs | noresetlogs] ] [insert=<file>] [record=<file>]
| close [normal | immediate] }; [aggregate=<n>] [sort=<opt>]
otrcfmt
Instance Modification oemctl
alter system {enable | disable} restricted { {start | stop | status | ping}
session; oms [<user>/<pwd>] | {start | stop}
alter system {quiesce restricted | unquiesce}; paging [<host> <name>] | {enable | dis-
able | dump | export | import}
alter system {suspend | resume};
eventhandler [<file>]
alter system kill session â<SID>,<Serial#>â
| {import | export} registry [<file>]
[immediate];
<user>/<pwd>@<repalias>
alter system disconnect session | configure rws }
â<SID>,<Serial#>â
oemapp {console | dataguard}
[post_transaction | immediate];
vppcntl âstart
alter system shutdown [immediate] âD<nnn>â;
vtm
alter system register;
alter system flush shared_pool;
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![6 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Database
Views & Tables Files
v$database, v$controlfile, v$controlfile_re- catalog.sql, catproc.sql, utlrp.sql, utlip.sql,
cord_section, v$deleted_object, utlirp.sql, utlconst.sql, utlincmpt.sql,
v$compatibility, v$compatseg, v$timezone_ utldst.sql, timezone.dat, timezlrg.dat,
names, dictionary, dict_columns, dba_catalog, catlg803.sql, u0703040.sql, r0703040.sql,
dba_objects, dba_object_size, dba_ana- u080<n>0<n>0.sql, r08000<n>0.sql,
lyze_objects, props$, database_properties, d080<n>0<n>.sql
database_compatible_level
Tuning/Contention
Parameters phyrds, phywrts (v$filestat)
db_create_file_dest, db_create_online_log_
dest_<n>, undo_tablespace, cluster_database,
control_files, db_name, db_domain, db_files,
compatible, read_only_open_delayed
DB Creation [national character set create controlfile [â<ctrl>â] [reuse]
create database [<db>] {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] set database <db> [datafileâŚ] [logfileâŚ]
[datafile â<file>â [, âŚ] size <n> [reuse] [set time_zone = ⌠[[no]resetlogs];
[autoextend {on | off } [next <1xBS> { â<{+|-}hh:mi>â create spfile [= â<spfile>â] from
maxsize {<n> | unlimited}] ]] | â<time_zone_region>â } ] pfile [= â<pfile>â];
[logfile [group <n>] [set standby database create pfile [= â<pfile>â] from
(â<log>â [, âŚ] ) size <n> [reuse] {protected | unprotected} ] spfile [= â<spfile>â];
[, [group <n>] [archivelog | noarchivelog] [exclusive]; alter database [<db>] backup controlfile to
(â<log>â [, âŚ] ) size <n> [reuse] ] ⌠] { â<file>â [reuse]
[default temporary tablespace <ts> DB Modification | trace [resetlogs | noresetlogs] };
[tempfile â<file>â] alter database [<db>] rename global_name alter database [<db>] create standby controlfile
[extent management local] to <db>; as â<file>â [reuse];
[uniform [size <1> [k | m]] ]] alter database [<db>] default temporary alter database [<db>] set standby database
[undo tablespace <SYS_UNDOTBS> tablespace <ts>; {protected | unprotected};
[datafile â<file>â alter system set undo_tablespace = <new_ts>; alter database [<db>]
[autoextendâŚ] [, âŚ] ]]
alter database [<db>] convert; commit to switchover to [physical]
[controlfile reuse]
alter database [<db>] reset compatibility; {primary | standby} [wait | nowait];
[maxdatafiles <n>] [maxinstances <n>]
alter database [<db>] [national] character set alter database [<db>] activate [physical]
[maxlogfiles <n>] [maxlogmembers <n>]
<new_char>; standby database [skip [standby logfile]];
[maxloghistory <n>]
[character set {<charset> alter database [<db>] set {dblow = <str> |
| <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] dbhigh = <str> | dbmac {on | off } };
Data Guard CLI alter Other Utilities
dgmgrl [-silent] [-xml] [-debug] [-echo] { configuration set state = dbassist
connect <user>/<pwd>@<service> â[online | offline]â dbca
| site â<site>â set { state = â[online | offline]â
startup [restrict] [force] [pfile=<file>]
| auto pfile = â<pfile>â [off ] }
[nomount | mount [<db>]
| resource â<res>â [on site â<site>â] set
| open [read {only | write} ] ]
{ state = â<state>â
shutdown {normal | immediate | abort} | property â<prop>â = â<val>â };
show { configuration [verbose] [â<prop>â] create
| site [verbose] â<site>â [â<prop>â] { configuration â<conf>â
| resource [verbose] â<res>â [â<prop>â] as primary site is â<prim>â
[on site â<site>â] | site â<site>â }
| dependency tree resource is â<res>â hostname is â<host>â
| log [alert] [latest] on site â<site>â }; instance name is â<inst>â
enable { configuration | site â<site>â | resource service name is â<serv>â
â<res>â [on site â<site>â] }; site is maintained as physical;
disable { configuration | site â<site>â | resource remove { configuration â<conf>â | site â<site>â };
â<res>â [on site â<site>â] };
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 7
Database Utilities
Views & Tables Loads {whitespace | [x]â<str>â | eof }
v$loadcstat, v$loadistat, v$loadpstat, sqlldr [[optionally] enclosedâŚ] }
v$loadtstat, dba_exp_files, dba_exp_objects, userid = <user>/<pwd> data = <data> [trailing [nullcols] ]
dba_exp_version, sys.incexp, sys.incfil, control = <ctrl> parfile = <par> log = [sorted indexes]
sys.incvid <log> bad = <bad> discard = <discard> [singlerow]
discardmax = <n> skip = <n> load = ( { <col> { <sqlfunc> | sysdate | recnum
<n> errors = <n> rows = <n> bindsize | sequence [( { <n>[.<x>]
Files
= <65536> readsize = <65536> silent | max | count } )] }
catexp.sql, catexp7.sql, migrate.bsq | <col> [filler]
= ( {header | feedback | errors | discards
| partitions | all} [, âŚ] ) direct = <n> [ position ( { <x> [ {: | -} <y>]
Export multithreading = <n> streamsize = <n> | * [+<z>] } ) ]
exp columnarrayrows = <n> parallel = <n> { char [(<n>)]
help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile file = <file> skip_unusable_indexes = <n> | varchar [(<n>)]
= <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize skip_index_maintenance = <n> com- | varcharc
= <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buf- mit_discontinued = <n> external_table | date [â<fmt>â]
fer = <n> silent = <n> recordlength = = {not_used | generate_only | execute} | time
<n> direct = <n> rows = <y> indexes resumable = <n> resumable_name = <str> | timestamp
= <y> grants = <y> constraints = <y> resumable_timeout = <7200> datecache | time with time zone
triggers = <y> feedback = <0> statistics = <n> | timestamp with time zone
= {estimate | compute | none} record = bind array size = | interval year to month
(n rows) * ( SUM (fixed field lengths) + SUM(max. | interval day to second
<y> compress = <y> consistent = <n> varying field lengths) + ( (number of varying length
object_consistent = <n> flashback_scn = fields) * (size of length indicator [2 or 3, system | integer [external] [(<n>)]
<scn> flashback_time = <time> resumable dependent]) ) ) | smallint
= <n> resumable_name = <str> resum- | float [external]
able_timeout = <7200> template = <x> Controlfile | double
tablespaces = (<ts> [, âŚ]) transport_ta- [ options ( | byteint
blespace = <n> tts_full_check = <x> [, âŚ] [bindsize = <n>] [columnsarrayrows = | zoned [external] (p [,<s>])
point_in_time_recover = <n> <n>] [direct = {true | false}] [errors = <n>] | decimal [external] (p [,<s>])
recovery_tablespaces = <ts> [, âŚ] [load = <n>] [multithreading = {true | | raw [(<n>)]
{ full = <n> | owner = <schema> false}] [parallel = {true | false}] [readsize | varraw
| tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, âŚ] = <n>] [resumable] [resumable_name] | long varraw
[query = <expr>] ) } [resumable_timeout] [rows = <n>] [silent | varrawc
inctype = {complete | cumulative | incre- = ({feedback | errors | discards | all} [, âŚ])] | graphic [(<n>)]
mental} << deprecated [skip = <n>] [skip_index_maintenance] | graphic external [(<n>)]
Perform full exports as user System. [skip_unusable_indexes] [streamsize = | vargraphic [(<n>)] }
buffer size =
<n>] ) ] [terminated by
(n rows) * SUM(max. field length + size of length
indicator [2 or 3, system dependent]) {â<str>â | whitespace} ]
{load | continue_load} data
[ {nullif | defaultif } ({<col> | <pos>})
[{infile | inddn} [â<load.dat>â | * ]
<op> { [x]â<str>â | blanks } [andâŚ] ]
Import [âstr [x]â<char>ââ]
[enclosed by â<chr>â and â<chr>â]
imp [ârecsize <n> buffers <n>â]
[â<sql_stmt>(:<col>)â]
help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile [badfile â<load.bad>â | baddn]
[, <col> âŚ] )
= <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize = [{discardfile | discarddn} â<load.dsc>â]
[into table <tab> âŚ]
<n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buffer [{discards | discardmax} <n>]
[characterset <char>] [begindataâŚ]
= <n> recordlength = <n> rows = <y>
grants = <y> indexes = <y> indexfile = [byteorder {big | little} [endian] ]
[byteordermark {check | nocheck} ] Migration
<file> constraints = <y> commit = <n>
compile = <y> ignore = <n> inctype = [length [semantics] mig
{system | restore} feedback = <0> show {byte | char | character} ] dbname = <db> new_dbname = <new>
= <n> statistics = {always | none | safe | [concatenate <n>] pfile = <initfile> spool = <logfile> check_
recalculate} analyze = <y> recalculate_sta- [continueif only = <false> no_space_check = <false>
tistics = <n> destroy = <n> skip_unus- { [this | next] [preserve] multiplier = <15> nls_nchar = <char >
able_indexes = <n> toid_novalidate = [(] <pos>
(<type> [, âŚ] ) resumable = <n> resum- | last [preserve] [(] }
able_name = <str> resumable_timeout <op> [x]â<str>â [)] ]
= <7200> streams_configuration = <y> into table <tab>
streams_instatiation = <n> { full = <n> | [ ({partition | subpartition} <part>) ]
tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, âŚ])} fromuser [skip <n>]
= <schema> [, âŚ] touser = <schema> [, {insert | replace | truncate | append}
âŚ] transport_tablespace = <n> datafiles = [options (file = <db_file>) ]
â(<file> [, âŚ] )â tablespaces = (<ts> [, âŚ]) [when ({<col> | <pos>})
tts_owners = <owner> [, âŚ] point_in_ <op> { [x]â<str>â | blanks } [andâŚ] ]
time_recover = <false> [fields
Order: type defs â table defs â table data â indexes { enclosed [by]
â constraints, views, procedures, triggers [[x]â<str>â] [and [x]â<str>â]
â bitmap, functional, domain indexes | terminated [by]
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![8 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments
Views & Tables Parameters tablespace_migrate_{from | to}_local,
v$tablespace, v$datafile, v$datafile_copy, db_block_checking, db_block_checksum, segment_{verify | corrupt | dump |
v$datafile_header, v$dbfile, v$offline_range, recovery_parallelism, fast_start_parallel_roll- moveblocks}, segment_drop_corrupt, seg-
v$tempfile, v$tempstat, v$temp_extent_map, back, db_file_name_convert, log_check- ment_number_{blocks | extents},
v$temp_extent_pool, v$temp_space_header, point_timeout, log_checkpoints_to_alert, DBMS_TTS
v$temp_ping, v$backup, v$recover_file, db_writer_processes, db_file_simultane- transport_set_check, downgrade
v$recovery_file_status, v$recovery_log, ous_waits, standby_file_management,
v$recovery_progress, v$recovery_status, read_only_open_delayed Deprecated Features
v$recovery_transactions, v$instance_recovery, fast_start_io_target, log_checkpoint_interval
v$fast_start_servers, v$fast_start_transac- Packages
tions, v$managed_standby, dba_tablespaces,
DBMS_REPAIR Desupported Features
dba_ts_quotas, dba_data_files, filext$,
check_object, {skip | fix}_corrupt_blocks, db_block_max_dirty_target, db_file_simul-
dba_temp_files, dba_segments, dba_extents,
dump_orphan_keys, rebuild_freelists, taneous_writes, db_block_checkpoint_batch,
dba_free_space, dba_free_space_coalesced,
admin_tables, segment_fix_status parallel_transaction_recovery
dba_free_space_coalesced_tmp[1-3],
DBMS_SPACE
ts_pitr_objects_to_be_dropped, ts_pitr_check,
unused_space, free_blocks, space_usage
transport_set_violations, dba_dmt_free_space,
dba_dmt_used_extents, dba_lmt_free_space, DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN
dba_lmt_used_extents, pluggable_set_check, tablespace_verify, tablespace_{rebuild |
uni_pluggable_set_check, straddling_ts_ob- relocate | fix}_bitmaps, tablespace_rebuild_
jects quotas, tablespace_fix_segment_states,
TS Creation alter tablespace <ts> { online | offline [immediate] [nowait] | disconnect
create tablespace <ts> [ normal | temporary | immediate [from session] [finish [nowait]] ]
[datafile â<file>â] << only optional if | for recover ] }; << deprecated | [standby] tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ]
DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST is set alter tablespace <ts> { read {write | only} [until [consistent with] controlfile]
[size <n>] [reuse] | permanent | temporary }; | [standby] datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ]
[autoextend {off | on [next <n>] alter tablespace <ts> [minimum extent <n>] [until [consistent with] controlfile]
[maxsize {<n> | unlimited} ] } ] default storage (âŚ); | logfile â<log>â }
[,â<file>â⌠[autoextendâŚ] ] alter tablespace <ts> coalesce; [test [allow <x> corruption] ]
[minimum extent <n>] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ]
alter tablespace <ts> {begin | end} backup;
[blocksize <n> [k]] | continue [default] | cancel };
alter database [<db>] datafile <n> [, âŚ]
[default storage ( [initial <5xBS>] recover [automatic] [from â<log_path>â]
end backup;
[next <5xBS>] [pctincrease <50>] { database [until { cancel | change <scn>
[minextents <1>] | time â<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>â }]
Datafiles [using backup controlfile]
[maxextents {<n> | unlimited} ]
[freelists <1>] [freelist groups <1>] alter system checkpoint [global | local]; | [managed] standby database
[buffer_pool {default | keep | recycle} ] )] alter system check datafiles [global | local]; [timeout <n> | cancel [immediate] ]
[logging | nologging] alter database [<db>] datafile â<file>â [, âŚ] | [standby] tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ]
[permanent | temporary] [online | offline] { resize <n> | autoextend⌠| online [until [consistent with] controlfile]
[extent management | offline [drop] | end backup }; | [standby] datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ]
{ dictionary | local alter database [<db>] tempfile â<file>â [, âŚ] [until [consistent with] controlfile]
[autoallocate | uniform [size <1m>]] }] { resize <n> | autoextend⌠| online | logfile <log>
[segment space management | offline | drop [including datafiles] }; | continue [default]
{manual | auto} ]; alter database [<db>] rename file | cancel }
create undo tablespace <ts> â<file>â [, âŚ] to â<new_file>â [, âŚ]; [noparallel | parallel (degree {<n> | default}
[datafile â<file>â⌠[autoextendâŚ] ] << s.a. [instances <1> | default] )]
alter database [<db>] create datafile
[extent management local] â<file>â [, âŚ] [as {new | â<file>â [, âŚ]} ];
[uniform [size <1m>]];
create temporary tablespace <ts> Recovery
[tempfile â<file>â⌠[autoextendâŚ] ] << s.a.
set autorecovery {on | off }
[extent management local]
[uniform [size <1m>]]; set logsource <dir>
drop tablespace <ts> alter database [<db>] recover
[including contents [and datafiles] [automatic] [from â<log_path>â]
[cascade constraints] ]; { { [standby] database
[until { cancel | change <scn>
| time â<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>â }]
TS Modification
[using backup controlfile]
alter tablespace <ts> add {datafile | tempfile} | managed standby database
â<file>â size <n> [reuse] [autoextendâŚ]; [ next <n> | timeout <n> | delay <n>
alter tablespace <ts> rename datafile | nodelay | expire <n> | cancel
â<file>â [, âŚ] to â<new>â [, âŚ];
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 9
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments (cont.)
Utilities RowID Packages
dbv file=<file> Logical: DBMS_ROWID
start=<n> end=<n> logfile=<log> hex string of variable length (rowid_create, rowid_object, rowid_rela-
blocksize=<2048> feedback=<0> Extend(10B): tive_fno, rowid_block_number, ro-
parfile=<fil> segment_id=<ts.fil.blck> DataObj#{32b} - RelFile#{10b} - wid_row_number, rowid_to_absolute_fno,
Block#{22b} - Row#{16b} rowid_to_extended, rowid_to_restricted)
Blocks Base64
v$type_size OOOOOO â FFF â BBBBBB â RRR
Header: Restrict(6B):
static(61B), row directory(2B*rec), transac- Block#{Xb} - Row#{Xb} - File#{Xb}
tion headers (23B*TX)
[Cluster: table directory]
Logfiles
Views & Tables Packages Tuning/Contention
v$log, v$logfile, v$thread, v$loghist, v$log_ DBMS_LOGMNR_D v$system_event, v$sysstat
history, v$database, v$archive, v$archive_dest, build Redo latch:
v$archive_dest_status, v$archive_gap, DBMS_LOGMNR ÂŤredo allocationÂť, ÂŤredo copyÂť (v$latch)
v$standby_log, v$archived_log, v$archive_ add_logfile, start_logmnr, end_logmnr, ÂŤmissesÂť / ÂŤgetsÂť > 1% or
processes, v$logmnr_dictionary, v$logmnr_pa- mine_value, column_present ÂŤimmediate_missesÂť / (ÂŤimmediate_getsÂť +
rameters, v$logmnr_logs, v$logmnr_contents, DBMS_LOGMNR_SESSION ÂŤimmediate_missesÂť) > 1%
dba_source_tables, dba_source_tab_columns, {add | remove}_logfile, {create | attach | -> decrease ÂŤlog_small_entry_max_sizeÂť
dba_subscriptions, dba_subscribed_tables, detach | destroy}_session, column_present, -> increase ÂŤlog_simultaneous_copiesÂť
dba_subscribed_columns, change_sources, include_src_tbl, mine_value, {prepare | (max. CPU * 2)
change_sets, change_tables release}_scn_range, set_dict_attr, set_ses-
sion_params Desupported Features
Parameters DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_PUBLISH v$targetrba, log_archive_buffers, log_archive_
db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5>, thread, {create | alter | drop}_change_table, drop_ buffer_size, log_block_checksum, log_simul-
log_buffer, log_archive_max_processes, {subscription | subscriber_view}, purge taneous_copies, log_small_entry_max_size,
log_archive_start, log_archive_dest, log_ar- DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_SUBSCRIBE lgwr_io_slaves
chive_format, standby_archive_dest, log_ar- get_subcription_handle, subscribe,
chive_duplex_dest, log_archive_dest_ {activate | drop}_subscription, {extend |
<1-10>, log_archive_dest_state_<1-10>, purge}_window, {prepare | drop}_ sub-
remote_archive_enable, fal_client, fal_server, scriber_view
log_archive_trace, archive_lag_target, log_ar-
chive_min_succeed_dest, log_file_name_con- Files
vert, arch_io_slaves, utl_file_dir, logmnr_
dbmslm.sql, dbmslmd.sql, dbmslms.sql,
max_persistent_sessions
dbmscdcp.sql, dbmscdcs.sql catcdc.sql,
(_allow_resetlogs_corruption
<< undocumented & unsupported) initcdc.sql
Archive Mode Logfiles alter database [<db>] drop
archive log { list | stop | {start | next | all | alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile [standby] logfile member â<log>â;
<n>}} [thread <n>] [group <n>] (â<log>â, âŚ) alter database [<db>] clear
[to <dest>] << always applies to current instance size <n>; [unarchived] logfile {group <n> | â<log>â}
alter database [<db>] alter database [<db>] [unrecoverable datafile];
{archivelog | noarchivelog}; {enable [public] | disable} thread <n>; alter database add supplemental log data
alter system archive log [thread <n>] alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile ( {primary key | unique index} [, âŚ] )
{ start [to â<log_path>â] | stop member â<log>â [reuse] to group <n>; columns;
| current << global log switch alter database [<db>] register [or replace] alter database drop supplemental log data;
| next | all | sequence <n> | group <n> [physical] logfile â<log>â [, âŚ]; alter table add supplemental log group <grp>
| change <n> | logfile â<file>â }; alter database [<db>] rename file (<col> [, âŚ] ) [always];
alter system switch logfile; â<log>â [, âŚ] to â<new_log>â [, âŚ]; alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>;
<< applies only to current instance alter database [<db>] drop
[standby] logfile group <n>;
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![10 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tables, Constraints & Triggers
Views & Tables DBMS_STATS ÂŤtable scans%Âť (v$sysstat) -> adjust
dba_tables, dba_all_tables, dba_object_tables, {set | get}_{column | index | system | ÂŤdb_file_multiblock_read_countÂť
dba_external_tables, dba_external_locations, table}_stats, gather_{system | database | row migr.:
dba_tab_comments, dba_tab_columns, col, schema | table | index}_stats, delete_{sys- ÂŤtable_nameÂť, ÂŤhead_rowidÂť (chained_
dba_tab_col_statistics, dba_associations, tem | database | schema | table | index | rows << utlchain.sql, utlchain1.sql) or ÂŤtable
dba_ustats, dba_col_comments, dba_up- column}_stats, {export | import}_ {sys- fetch continued rowÂť (v$sysstat)
datable_columns, dba_unused_col_tabs, tem | database | schema | table | index | -> increase pctfree
dba_tab_modifications, dba_nested_tables, column}_stats, prepare_column_values, -> recreate table (create as, delete from,
dba_part_tables, dba_tab_partitions, convert_raw_value, generate_stats, {create | insert into select, commit, drop)
dba_tab_subpartitions, dba_part_col_sta- drop}_stat_table, alter_{database | sche- freelists:
tistics, dba_part_key_columns, dba_par- ma}_table_monitoring, flush_{database | ÂŤsegment headerÂť (v$waitstat), ÂŤbuffer
tial_drop_tabs, dba_subpart_col_statistics, schema}_monitoring_info busy waitsÂť (v$system_event)
dba_subpart_key_columns, dba_constraints, DBMS_REDEFINITION -> alter pctfree/pctused, inittrans or
dba_cons_columns, dba_triggers, dba_trig- {can | start | finish | abort}_redef_table, -> increase freelist/freelist groups
ger_cols, dba_internal_triggers, dba_tab_his- sync_interim_table (v$session_wait -> dba_extents -> dba_seg-
tograms, dba_part_histograms, dba_sub- ments -> recreate object)
part_histograms, hist_head$ Files full & partial partition-wise joins
utlexcpt.sql, utlexcpt1.sql, dbmsstdx.sql,
Parameters dbmsutil.sql, utlvalid.sql, utlchain.sql, Desupported Features
_system_trig_enabled utlchn1.sql dba_histograms, cache_size_threshold
Packages Tuning/Contention
DBMS_UTILITY pctfree = UPD/AVG
analyze_database, analyze_schema, pctused = 1 â pctfree â AVG/nBLK
analyze_part_object scans:
Table Creation [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [logging | nologging] ]
(max. 1000 col) [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [index <ind> << deprecated in 8i and 9i
create [global temporary] table <tab> [storage (âŚ) ] [tablespace <ts>] ([tablespace <ts>]
[of <object_type> [logging | nologging] [storage (âŚ)]) ]
[[not] substitutable at all levels] [recoverable | unrecoverable] << deprecated [tablespace <ts>⌠] ) ]
[object identifier is [organization [XMLType [<col>] store as clob [<lobseg>]
{primary key | system generated} ] { heap [([tablespace <ts>]âŚ)] ]
[oidindex <ind> ([tablespace <ts>âŚ] | index << see index-organized table below [ partition by range (<col> [, âŚ])
[storage (âŚ)]) ] ] | external ( [type <oracle_loader>] [subpartition by hash (<col> [, âŚ])
( <col> <type> [ {default | := } <value>] default directory <dir> [subpartitions <n>
[with rowid] [scope is <tab>] [access parameters [store in (<ts> [, âŚ])] ]
[constraint <col_constr>] { (<opaque_format>) ( partition [<part>]
[ {[not] null | using clob <subquery> } ] values less than
| primary key [using index location ([<dir>:] â<loc>â [, âŚ]) ) ( {<val> [, âŚ] | maxvalue} )
{ <ind>⌠[reject limit {<0> | unlimited}] } ] [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>]
| (create unique index <ind> [cluster <clust> (<col> [, âŚ])] [ (subpartition <subpart>
on <tab> (<col> [,âŚ]) âŚ) } ] [column <col> [tablespace <ts>]
| unique [using index { [element] is of [type] (only <type>) [, subpartitionâŚ] )
{ <ind>⌠| [not] substitutable at all levels } ] | subpartitions <n>
| (create unique index <ind> [nested table <col> store in (<ts> [, âŚ]) ]
on <tab> (<col> [,âŚ]) âŚ) } ] [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) [, partitionâŚ
| check (<expr>) | [not] substitutable at all levels ] [(subpartitionâŚ)] ] )
| references <tab> [(<col>)] store as <tab> | partition by list (<col>)
[on delete {cascade | set null}] } [( (<prop>) [storage (âŚ)] )] (partition [<part>]
[ [not] deferrable [initially [return as {locator | value}] ] values ({<val> [, âŚ] | null})
{immediate | deferred}] ] [varray <varr> [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>]
[ {enable | disable} [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) [ (subpartition <subpart>
[validate | novalidate] | [not] substitutable at all levels ] [tablespace <ts>]
[exceptions into <tab>] ] store as lob [<lobseg>] [, subpartitionâŚ] )
[,<col>⌠[constraint <col_constr>]âŚ] [([tablespace <ts>]âŚ)] ] | subpartitions <n>
[, âŚ] [, constraint <tab_constr>âŚ] [lob { (<col>) store as <lob_seg> store in (<ts> [, âŚ]) ]
[ref (<col>) with rowid] | (<col> [, âŚ]) store as } [, partitionâŚ
[scope for (<col>) is <tab>] ( [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [(subpartitionâŚ)] ] )
[supplemental log group <grp> [{enable | disable} storage in row] | partition by hash (<col> [, âŚ])
(<col> [, âŚ]) [always] ] ) [pctversion <10>] [chunk <n>] { (partition <part>
[on commit {delete | preserve} rows] [cache | {nocache | cache reads} [tablespace <ts>]
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 11
Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.)
[, partitionâŚ]) [, âŚ] [âŚ]; | { primary key | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) }
| partitions <n> alter table <tab> coalesce partition [âŚ]; [cascade] [{keep | drop} index] };
store in (<ts> [, âŚ]) } ] alter table <tab> truncate set constraint[s] {<constr> [, âŚ] | all}
[{disable | enable} row movement] {partition | subpartition} <part> {immediate | deferred};
[cache | nocache] [{drop | reuse} storage] [âŚ];
[rowdependencies | norowdependencies] alter table <tab> rename Triggers
[monitoring | nomonitoring] {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>; alter table <tab> {enable | disable} all triggers;
[parallel [<n>] | noparallel]
alter table <tab> modify create [or replace] trigger <trigg>
[{enable | disable} [validate | novalidate]
{partition | subpartition} <part> { before | after | instead of }
{ primary key | unique (<col> [, âŚ])
[storage (âŚ) ] [allocate extentâŚ] { {delete | insert | update [of <col> [, âŚ]] }
| constraint <constr> } [using indexâŚ]
[logging | nologging] ⌠[orâŚ] on {<tab> | [nested table <col>
[exceptions into <tab>] [cascade]
[[rebuild] unusable local indexes]; of ] <view>}
[{keep | drop} index] ]
[as <subquery>]; alter table <tab> modify | { { {associate | disassociate} statistics
partition <part> | analyze | audit | noaudit | comment
{add subpartition | create | alter | rename | drop | grant
Table Modification [<subpart> [tablespace <ts>]] | revoke | truncate | ddl } [orâŚ]
alter table <tab> modify (<col> <type>âŚ); | coalesce [subpartition] } [âŚ]; | { shutdown | startup | servererror
alter table <tab> add (<col> <type>âŚ); alter table <tab> modify default attributes | logon | logoff | suspend } [orâŚ] }
alter table <tab> set unused [for partition <comp_part>] on {schema | database} }
{(<col> [, âŚ]) | column <col>} [storage (âŚ)] âŚ; [referencing {old [as] <old> | new [as]
[cascade constraints] [invalidate]; alter table <tab> modify <new> | parent [as] <parent>} [, âŚ] ]
alter table <tab> drop partition <part> [for each row] [when (<expr>)]
{(<col> [, âŚ]) | column <col>} {add | drop} values (<val> [, âŚ]); { begin <stat>; end;
[cascade constraints] [invalidate] alter table <tab> move | call ⌠; }
[checkpoint <512>]; {partition | subpartition} <part> alter trigger <trigg>
alter table <tab> drop tablespace <ts> {enable | disable | compile [debug]};
{unused columns | columns continue} [logging | nologging] [âŚ]; drop trigger <trigg>;
[checkpoint <512>]; alter table <tab> split
drop table <tab> [cascade constraints]; partition <part1> at (<n>) Statistics
rename <tab> to <new_tab>; into (partition <part2>, deprecated (use DBMS_STATS) >>
alter table <tab> move partition <part3> [, âŚ] ) [âŚ];
analyze table <tab>
[tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] alter table <tab> merge partitions <part1>, [partition (<n>) | subpartition (<n>)]
[logging | nologging] <part2> [into partition <part3>] [âŚ]; { compute [system] statistics
[parallel [<n>] | noparallel]; alter table <tab> exchange | estimate [system] statistics
truncate table <tab> {partition | subpartition} <part> [sample <1064> {rows | percent}] }
[[preserve | purge] snapshot log] with table <tab> [including indexes] [for table] [for all [local] indexes]
[{drop | reuse} storage]; [{with | without} validation] [âŚ]; [for all [indexed] columns [size <75>] ]
alter table <tab> [storage (âŚ)] [for columns [size <75>]
[noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] ⌠Constraints <col> [size <75>] [<col>âŚ] ];
[{nominimize | minimize} alter table <tab> add analyze table <tab> delete [system] statistics;
records_per_block]; ( [constraint <tab_constr>] analyze table <tab> list chained rows
alter table <tab> { primary key (<col> [, âŚ]) [into <chained_rows>];
{ allocate extent ( [size <n>] [using indexâŚ] analyze table <tab> validate
[datafile â<file>â] [instance <n>] ) | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) [using indexâŚ] { structure [cascade] [into <invalid_rows>]
| deallocate unused [keep <n>] }; | foreign key (<col> [, âŚ]) {online | offline}
lock table <tab> in {share [row exclusive] references <tab> [(<col> [, âŚ])] | ref update [set dangling to null] };
| exclusive} mode [nowait]; [on delete {cascade | set null} ] associate statistics with
alter table <tab> {enable | disable} table lock; | check (<expr>) } { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, âŚ]
comment on {table <tab> | column [[not] deferrable | functions <func> [, âŚ]
<tab>.<col>} is â<str>â; [initially {immediate | deferred}] ] | packages <pack> [, âŚ]
alter table add supplemental log group <grp> [{disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] | types <type> [, âŚ]
(<col> [, âŚ] ) [always]; [exceptions into <tab>]] ); | indexes <ind> [, âŚ]
alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>; alter table <tab> | indextypes <indtype> [, âŚ] }
{disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] [using <stat_func>]
{ constraint <constr> [default cost (<cpu>, <io>, <network>)]
Partitioning
| primary key [default selectivity <selec>];
alter table <tab> add partition <range_part> | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) } disassociate statistics from
values less than (<value> [, âŚ] ) [using indexâŚ] { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, âŚ]
[tablespace <ts>] [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade] | functions <func> [, âŚ]
[{update | invalidate} global indexes] [{keep | drop} index]; | packages <pack> [, âŚ]
[parallel [<n>] | noparallel]; alter table <tab> modify constraint <constr> | types <type> [, âŚ]
alter table <tab> add partition ⌠[rely | norely]; | indexes <ind> [, âŚ]
[<hash_part> [tablespace <ts>]] [âŚ]; alter table <tab> drop | indextypes <indtype> [, âŚ] }
alter table <tab> drop partition <part> { constraint <constr> [cascade] [force];
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![12 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.)
External Table Opaque Format | terminated by { whitespace | â<str>â} | char <n> [enclosedâŚ] [ltrimâŚ]
record [[optionally] enclosed byâŚ] ] [dateformat
{ {fixed | variable} <n> [ltrim | rtrim | lrtrim | ldtrim | notrim] { { date | {time | timestamp}
| delimited by {newline | â<str>â} } [missing field values are null] [with timezone] }
[characterset â<char>â] [(<field> mask â<fmt>â
[data is {little | big} endian] [ [position] ({ * | <start> | [+|-] | interval { year_to_month
[string sizes are in {bytes | characters} ] <incr>} [:|-] {<end> | <len> }) ] | day_to_second } } ]
[load when <expr>] [ [unsigned] integer [external] <n> | { varchar | varraw | varcharc
[{badfile [<dir>:] â<file>â | nobadfile] | {decimal | zoned} [external] | varrawc } ([<n>,] <max>) ]
[discardfile [<dir>:] â<file>â | nodiscardfile] (<p> [, <s>]) [{defaultif | nullif } <expr>]
[logfile [<dir>:] â<file>â | nologfile] | oracle date [, <field> âŚ] ) ]
[skip <n>] | oracle number [counted]
[fields | {double | float} [external]
[ enclosed by â<str>â [and â<str>â] | raw <n>
Views, Synonyms & Sequences
Views & Tables [with { read only | check option Sequences
dba_views, dba_synonyms, dba_sequences [constraint <constr>] } ]; create sequence <seq>
alter view <view> <constr>âŚ; [start with <1>] [increment by <1>]
View constraints are declarative only. Only unique or [maxvalue <1027> | nomaxvalue]
Views prim./foreign key with mode disable novalidate.
[minvalue <1> | nominvalue]
create [or replace] [force | noforce] alter view <view> compile;
[cycle | nocycle] [nocache | cache <20>]
view <view> rename <view> to <new_view>; [order | noorder];
[ ( { <alias> [<col_constr>] drop view <view>; When an instance shuts down, cached sequence values
| <constr> } [, âŚ] ) that have not been used in committed DML statements
| of <type> can be lost.
Synonyms Ordered sequences may not be cached with RAC.
{ with object identifier
[default | (<attr>, âŚ)] create [public] synonym <syn> for <obj>; alter sequence <seq> âŚ;
| under <superview> } rename <syn> to <new_syn>; << only private! rename <seq> to <new_seq>;
( { <attr> <col_constr> drop [public] synonym <syn>; drop sequence <seq>;
| <constr> } [, âŚ] ) ]
as <query>
Clusters
Views & Tables [size <1xBS>] cluster <clust> (<col> [, âŚ] );
dba_clusters, dba_clu_columns, all_tab_col- [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] alter cluster <clust>âŚ;
umns, dba_cluster_hash_expressions [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] truncate cluster <clust>
[initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>]; [ {drop | reuse} storage];
Creation & Modification create index <ind> drop cluster <clust>
on cluster <clust> [pctfree <n>] [including tables [cascade constraints]];
create cluster <clust> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)]
(<col> <type> [, âŚ] ) analyze cluster <clust> âŚ;
[initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>];
[index | [single table] hashkeys <n>
create table <tab>
[hash is <expr>] ]
(<col> <type>⌠[constraint <constr>âŚ] )
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 13
Index-organized Tables
Views & Tables [overflow [tablespace <ts>] [pctfree <10>] [(partition <part>âŚ) ];
all_tables (iot_type, iot_name), all_indexes [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <255>] alter table <iot> move [online]
[storage (âŚ)] [compress [<n>] | nocompress]
[allocateâŚ] [deallocateâŚ] [tablespace <ts>] [overflowâŚ] âŚ
Creation & Modification
[logging | nologging] ] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ];
create table <iot> [partition by range (<col> [, âŚ]) alter table <iot> modify default attributes
(<col>⌠primary keyâŚ) (partition <partX> [for partition <part>] [storage (âŚ)]
organization index values less than (<value> [, âŚ]) [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]]
[tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>] [compress [<n>] | nocompress]
[pctfree <n>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans [overflow tablespace <ts>âŚ] [overflow tablespace <ts>âŚ];
<n>] [, parti-
[mapping table | nomapping] alter table <iot> coalesce;
tionâŚ] )];
[pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] analyze table <iot> compute statistics;
alter table <iot> ⌠[overflowâŚ];
[compress [<n>] | nocompress]
alter table <iot> add overflow âŚ
Indexes
Views & Tables Parameters Tuning/Contention
v$object_usage, dba_indexes, dba_indextypes, create_bitmap_area_size, bitmap_merge_ index_stats:
dba_indextype_operators, dba_ind_columns, area_size ÂŤdel_lf_rows_lenÂť / ÂŤlf_rows_lenÂť > 20%
dba_ind_expressions, index_stats, dba_part_ -> rebuild index
indexes, dba_ind_partitions, dba_ind_sub- Packages & Files
partitions, dba_part_col_statistics, dba_sub-
DBMS_PCLXUTIL
part_col_statistics, index_histogram
build_part_index
Index Creation values less than Index Modification
create [unique | bitmap] ({<value> [, âŚ] | maxvalue}) alter index <ind> [storage (âŚ)]
index <ind> on <tab> [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>]
{ ([<expr>] <col> [asc | desc] [, âŚ]) [logging | nologging] [compress [<n>] | nocompress];
| ([<tab>] <col> [asc | desc] [, [<tab>]âŚ]) [, partitionâŚ] )] alter index <ind>
from <tab> [, <tab>âŚ] where <expr> } [indextype is <type> { allocate extent ( [size <n>]
[tablespace {<ts> | default }] [parameters (â<str>â)] ]; [datafile â<file>â] [instance <n>] )
[storage (âŚ)] [pctfree <10>] drop index <ind>; | deallocate unused [keep <n>] };
[initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] alter index <ind> {enable | disable}; alter index <ind> rebuild
[logging | nologging] [nosort] [reverse] alter index <ind> unusable; [{partition | subpartition} <part>]
[online] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] alter index <ind> rename to <new>; [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)]
[compress [<n>] | nocompress] [pctfree <10>]
[local Index Partitioning [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>]
[(partition [<partX>] [storage (âŚ)] [logging | nologging]
[tablespace <ts>] alter index <ind> drop partition <part> [, âŚ];
on range parti- [parallel [<n>] | noparallel]
tioned table [logging | nologging] alter index <ind> rename
[compress <n> | nocompress]
[, partitionâŚ] ) {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>;
[compute statistics] [online]
| [store in ({<ts> [, âŚ] | default}) alter index <ind> modify [reverse | noreverse]
| (partition [<partX>] {partition | subpartition} <part> [parameters (â<par>â) ];
on hash parti- [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] âŚ
alter index <ind> coalesce;
tioned table [, partitionâŚ] )] [logging | nologging] [unusable]
| store in ({<ts> [, âŚ] | default}) [rebuild unusable local indexes];
Statistics
[(partition [<partX>] alter index <ind> modify default attributes
[storage (âŚ)] [for partition <part>] analyze index <ind>âŚ;
on composite [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [pctfree <n>] âŚ; analyze index <ind> validate structure
partitioned
table [logging | nologging] alter index <ind> rebuild {online | offline};
[store in ({<ts> [, âŚ] | default}) {partition | subpartition} <part> alter index <ind>
| ( subpartition [<subpartX>] [tablespace <ts>] [parallel [<n>]]; {monitoring | nomonitoring} usage;
[tablespace <ts>] alter index <ind> split partition <p1>
[, subpartitionâŚ] )] at values less than (<n>) into
[, partitionâŚ] )] ]] (partition <p2>, partition <p3> [, âŚ]);
[global partition by range (<col>)
(partition <partX>
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![14 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Undo Management
Views & Tables Packages [storage ([initial <5xBS>] [next <5xBS>]
v$undostat, v$rollname, v$rollstat, DBMS_TRANSACTION [optimal <null>] [minextents <1>]
v$transaction, v$transaction_enqueue, use_rollback_segment [maxextents {<n> | unlimited}] )];
v$global_transaction, dba_undo_extents, drop rollback segment <rbs>;
dba_rollback_segs, dba_pending_transactions Tuning/Contention
RBS Modification
RBS Header:
Parameters ÂŤundo segment tx slotÂť (v$system_event) alter rollback segment <rbs> {online | offline};
undo_management, undo_tablespace, > 0 or (v$rollstat) sum(ÂŤwaitsÂť) / alter rollback segment <rbs> storage (âŚ);
undo_retention sum(ÂŤgetsÂť) > 5% -> add RBS alter rollback segment <rbs> shrink [to <n>];
RBS Segment: set transaction use rollback segment <rbs>;
Deprecated Features ÂŤ%undo%Âť (v$waitstat) / ÂŤconsistent getsÂť
rollback_segments, transactions, transac- (v$sysstat) (count/value) > 1% -> add RBS Undo Management
tions_per_rollback_segment create undo tablespace <ts>âŚ;
(_corrupted_rollback_segments RBS Creation
alter system set undo_tablespace = <ts>;
<< undocumented & unsupported) create [public] rollback segment <rbs>
[tablespace <ts>]
Temporary Segments
Views & Tables Tuning/Contention
v$sort_segment, v$sort_usage, dba_segments Sorts:
ÂŤsorts (disk)Âť, ÂŤsorts (memory)Âť, ÂŤsorts
Parameters (rows)Âť (v$sysstat) disk.value / mem.value
> 5% -> increase ÂŤsort_area_sizeÂť
sort_area_size, sort_area_retained_size
(+ decrease ÂŤsort_area_retained_sizeÂť)
Desupported Features
sort_multiblock_read_count, sort_direct_
writes, sort_write_buffers, sort_write_buf-
fer_size
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 15
Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies
Views & Tables sumer_group_privs, dba_rsrc_manager_sys- | update | delete}_{plan | plan_directive |
v$enabledprivs, v$resource, v$resource_limit, tem_privs consumer_group}, delete_plan_cascade,
v$pwfile_users, v$context, v$rsrc_plan, switch_consumer_group_for_{sess | user}
v$rsrc_plan_cpu_mth, v$rsrc_consumer_ Parameters DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS
group, v$rsrc_consumer_group_cpu_mth, o7_dictionary_accessibility, remote_os_au- {grant | revoke}_system_privilege, {grant |
v$parallel_degree_limit_mth, v$max_ac- thent, os_roles, remote_os_roles, max_en- revoke}_switch_consumer_group
tive_sess_target_mth, v$vpd_policy, abled_roles, resource_limit, resource_man- DBMS_SESSION
dba_users, dba_roles, dba_profiles, dba_us- ager_plan, ent_domain_name switch_current_consumer_group
tats, dba_ts_quotas, dba_sys_privs, DBMS_RLS
dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs, dba_role_privs, Environment {add | drop | enable | refresh}_policy, {add |
role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, role_role_privs, drop | enable | disable | refresh}_grouped_
user_tab_privs_made, user_tab_privs_recd, $ORA_ENCRYPT_LOGIN
policy, {add | drop}_policy_context, {create
user_col_privs_made, user_col_privs_recd, | delete}_policy_group
user_password_limits, user_resource_limits, Packages
session_privs, session_roles, dba_context, DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
dba_policies, proxy_users, resource_cost, set_initial_consumer_group, {create | sub-
dba_rsrc_plans, dba_rsrc_plan_directives, mit | clear | validate}_pending_area, {create
dba_rsrc_consumer_groups, dba_rsrc_con-
Users | none}; Profiles
create user <user> identified set role create profile <prof> limit
{ by <pwd> { <role> [identified by <pwd>] [ { sessions_per_user
| by values â<crypt_pw>â [, <role> [identified by <pwd>] âŚ] | cpu_per_session
| externally | all [except <role> [, âŚ] ] | cpu_per_call
| globally as â<user>â } | none }; | connect_time
[default tablespace <ts>] | idle_time
[temporary tablespace <ts>] Privileges | logical_reads_per_session
[quota {<n> | unlimited} on <ts>] grant {<priv> [, âŚ] | <role> [, âŚ] | all | logical_reads_per_call
[quotaâŚ] [privileges]} to | composite_limit
[password expire] {<user> [, âŚ] | <role> [, âŚ] | public} | private_sga
[account {lock | unlock}] [identified by <pwd>] | failed_login_attempts
[profile {<prof> | default}]; [with admin option]; | password_lock_time
alter user <user>âŚ; revoke {<priv> | <role>} from | password_life_time
drop user <user> [cascade]; {<user> | <role> | public}; | password_grace_time
| password_reuse_time
grant {<priv> [(<col> [, âŚ])] [, âŚ] | all }
| password_reuse_max }
Roles on <object>
{<n> | unlimited | default} [, âŚ] ]
create role <role> to { <user> [, âŚ] | <role> [, âŚ] | public }
[password_verify_function
[ not identified [with grant option]
{<func> | null | default} ];
| identified [with hierachy option];
alter profile <prof> limitâŚ;
{ by <pwd> | using <package> revoke {<priv> [(<col> [, âŚ])] | all [privileges]}
on [directory] <object> drop profile <prof> [cascade];
| externally | globally } ];
from { <user> | <role> | public } alter resource cost
alter role <role>âŚ;
[cascade constraints]; [connect_time <n>] [cpu_per_session <n>]
drop role <role>;
[logical_reads_per_session <n>]
alter user <user> default role [private_sga <n>];
{ <role> [, âŚ]
| all [except <role> [, âŚ]]
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![16 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Auditing
Views & Tables Packages SQL
all_def_audit_opts, dba_stmt_audit_opts, DBMS_FGA [no]audit
stmt_audit_option_map, dba_priv_au- {add | drop | enable | disable}_policy {<stat> [, âŚ] | <priv> [, âŚ] }
dit_opts, dba_obj_audit_opts, user_tab_au- [by <user> [, âŚ]] [by {session | access}]
dit_opts, dba_audit_trail, dba_audit_session, Parameters [whenever [not] successful];
dba_audit_statement, dba_audit_object, [no]audit <stat> [, âŚ] on {<object> | default}
audit_trail, transaction_auditing
dba_audit_exists, dba_audit_policies, [by {session | access} ]
dba_fga_audit_trail, audit_actions, sys.aud$, [whenever [not] successful];
sys.fga_log$ Files shortcuts: user, table, procedure, resource, connect,
cataudit.sql, catnoaud.sql dba, âŚ
Net Services
Stack restart | status | ping <ns> | reorder_ns (sid_list = (sid_desc = (global_dbname =
Application, Server â OCI (UPI), OPI, NPI | start_client_cache | delegate_domain <n>) << disables TAF with RAC (oracle_home
â TTC â TNS (NI,NR,NN,NS,NA) â OPA | domain_hint | flush | flush_name = <path>) (sid_name = <SID>) (sdu =
(NT) [âProtocol] | load_tnsnames | dump_tnsnames <n>) (program = <prog>) (prespawn_max
| dump_ldap | log_stats | reset_stats | help = <n>) (prespawn_list = (prespawn_desc
| password | register | unregister | query = (protocol = <n>) (pool_size = <n>)
Service Name Resolution
| timed_query | repeat | set | show (timeout = <n>))))),
local naming, host naming, external naming, | version } >> Since release 8.1 sid_list_<LISTENER> only
centralized naming required with Enterprise Manager! <<
cmctl
{ start | stop | status | version } service_list_<LISTENER> = <n>
Utilities [cman | cm | adm] passwords_<LISTENER> = <n>
lsnrctl trcasst [-o{c|d}{u[q]|t} -e[0|1|2] -s -p âŚ] <file> connect_timeout_<LISTENER> = <n>
{ start | stop | status | reload | set | show netasst, tnsping, trcroute, adapters use_plug_and_play_<LISTENER> = <n>
| help | version | change_password oerr <tns> <errno> save_config_on_stop_<LISTENER> = <n>
| services | save_config | trace ldapmodify trace_{level | file | directory}_
| dbsnmp_start | dbsnmp_stop <LISTENER>=<n>
| dbsnmp_status } logging_<LISTENER> = <n>
listener.ora
[<LISTENER>] log_{file | directory}_<LISTENER> = <n>
agentctl <LISTENER> =
(description_list = (description = (ad- startup_wait_time_<LISTENER> = <n>
{ { start | stop | status | restart } [<agent>]
dress_list = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) queuesize = <n>
| { start | stop | status} blackout [<target>]
(host = <node>) (port = <1521>) (key = ssl_client_authentication = <n>
[-d[uration] <[d] hh:mi>]
[-s[ubsystem] <subsys>] } <prog>))) (protocol_stack = (presentation ssl_version = undetermined
namesctl = {ttc | giop}) (session = {ns | raw}))))
{ startup | shutdown | start | stop | reload | sid_list_<LISTENER> =
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 17
Net Services (cont.)
tnsnames.ora (Local Naming) namesctl.internal_encrypt_password = <n>, Environment
<net_serv> = namesctl.internal_use = <n>, namesctl.no_ini- $TNS_ADMIN
(description = tial_server = <n>, namesctl.noconfirm =
(address_list = <n>, namesctl.server_password = <n>,
(failover = {on | off }) namesctl.trace_{level | file | directory | unique}
(load_balance = {on | off }) = <n>
desupported: automatic_ipc
(source_route = {on | off })
(address =
(protocol = <n>) (port = <n>) names.ora << deprecated
(host = <node>)) [âŚ]) names.server_name = <n>, names.addresses
(connect_data = = <n>, names.region_checkpoint_file = <n>,
(service_name = <serv>) default_domain = <n>, forwarding_available =
(instance_name = <sid>) <n>, log_file_name = <n>, log_stats_interval =
(handler_name = <n>) (sdu = <n>) <n>, reset_stats_interval = <n>, cache_check-
(server = dedicated) (hs = ok) point_interval = <n>, requests_enabled = <n>,
(rdb_database = <rdbfile>) server = <n>, namesctl_trace_level = <n>,
(type_of_service = <n>) trace_file_name = <n>, trace_level = <n>,
(global_name = <rdb>) names.trace_{file | directory | unique} = <n>,
(failover_mode = names.log_{file | directory} = <n>, queuesize
(type = {select | session | none}) = <n>
(method = {basic | preconnect}) desupported:
names.use_plug_and_play, names.{domain | topol-
(retries = <5>) (delay = <1>) ogy}_checkpoint_file
(backup = <serv>)
(instance_role = protocol.ora << desupported
{primary | secondary | any}) ))
desupported: <prot>.{excluded | invited}_nodes = <node>,
(connect_data = (sid = <n>)) <prot>.validnode_checking = <n>, tcp.nodelay
>> Exception! Use of OEM and OPS on WinNT. = <n>
Create net service names â<SID>_startupâ. <<
sqlnet.ora cman.ora
log_{file | directory}_{client | server} = <n>, cman =
use_cman = <n>, use_dedicated_server = <n>, (address = (protocol = <tcp>)
sqlnet.expire_time = <n>, sqlnet.{encryption (host = <node>) (port = <1630>))
| crypto_checksum}_{client | server} = cman_admin = (address = (protocol = <tcp>)
{accepted | rejected | requested | required}, (host = <node>) (port = <1830>))
sqlnet.{encryption | crypto_checksum}_types_ cman_profile =
{client | server} = <n>, sqlnet.crypto_seed = (maximum_relays = <n>, relay_statistics
<n>, trace_unique_client = <n>, trace_{level = <n>, log_level = <n>, tracing = <n>,
| file | directory}_{client | server} = <n>, trace_directory = <path>, show_tns_info
tnsping.trace_{level | directory} = <n>, = <n>, use_async_call = <n>, authentica-
daemon.trace_{level | directory | mask} tion_level = <n>)
= <n>, sqlnet.authentication_services = cman_rules =
<n>, sqlnet.client_registration = <n>, be- (rule_list = (rule = (src = <src>)
queath_detach = <n>, disable_oob = <n>, (dst = <dst>) (srv = <serv>)
names.directory_path = ( {hostname | (act = accept | reject)))
tnsnames | onames | cds | nds | nis} , ⌠),
names.default_domain = <n>, name.default_ ldap.ora
zone = <n>, names.preferred_servers =
<n>, names.initial_retry_timeout = <n>,
Other Files
names.request_retries = <n>, names.max_
open_connections = <n>, names.message_ ckpcch.ora, sdns.ora, namesini.sql,
pool_start_size = <n>, names.dce.prefix namesupg.sql, snmp_ro.ora, snmp_rw.ora,
= <n>, names.nis.meta_map = <n>, services.ora
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![18 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Recovery Manager
Views & Tables v$backup_corruption, v$copy_corruption, Files
rc_database, rc_database_incarnation, rc_ v$backup_async_io, v$backup_sync_io, catrman.sql, prgrmanc.sql, dbmssbkrs.sql,
backup_set, rc_backup_piece, rc_checkpoint, v$session_longops, v$session_wait prvtbkrs.plb, dbmsrman.sql, prvtrmns.plb
rc_tablespace, rc_datafile, rc_backup_datafile,
rc_datafile_copy, rc_proxy_datafile, rc_of- Parameters Desupported Features
fline_range, rc_backup_controlfile, rc_control- backup_tape_io_slaves, disk_asynch_io, tape_ db_file_direct_io_count, arch_io_slaves,
file_copy, rc_proxy_controlfile, rc_redo_log, asynch_io, control_file_record_keep_time backup_disk_io_slaves, large_pool_min_alloc
rc_redo_thread, rc_backup_redolog, rc_ar-
chived_log , rc_log_history, rc_stored_script, Packages
rc_stored_script_line, rc_backup_cor-
ruption, rc_copy_corruption, rc_resync, DBMS_BACKUP_RESTORE
v$backup, v$backup_set, v$backup_piece, DBMS_RCVCAT
v$backup_datafile, v$datafile_copy, v$proxy_ DBMS_RCVMAN
datafile, v$offline_range, v$backup_redolog,
v$proxy_archivedlog, v$backup_device,
Environment { retention policy {backup | copy} [of
rman | [default] device type { {datafile | tablespace
[target â<user>/<pwd>@<target_db>â] | [auxiliary] channel | database [skip tablespace] } â<name>â
[ catalog â<user>/<pwd>@<repos_db>â [for device type <dev>] | controlfile | archivelog
| nocatalog ] | maxset size { all | like â<name>â | {from | until}
[auxiliary â<user>/<pwd>@<aux_db>â] | {datafile | archivlog} backup copies { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n>
[{cmdfile [=] | @} <file>] | backup optimization | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }]
[log [=] <file> [append]] [msgno] | snapshot controlfile name [ tag = â<tag>â
[trace [=] â<file>â] [debug] | auxname | completed
[send [=] â<cmd>â] | exclude { {after | before} [=] â<date>â
set dbid [=] <target_dbid>; | controlfile autobackup [format] | between â<date>â and â<date>â } ];
| all }; delete [noprompt]
connect {target | catalog | auxiliary}
<user>/<pwd>@<db> set snapshot controlfile name to â<file>â; { [expired]
send [channel <chann> [, âŚ] { {backup | copy} [of
startup [nomount | mount] [force] [dba]
| device type <dev> [, âŚ]] { { datafile | tablespace | database
[pfile [=] <file>];
â<media_man_cmd>â [skip tablespace] } â<name>â
shutdown [normal | transactional | controlfile
[parms [=] â<par>â];
| immediate | abort]; | archivelog { all | like â<name>â |
{create | replace} script <script> {<stat>;âŚ}
{mount | open} database; {from | until} { time [=] â<date>â
delete script <script>;
alter database {mount | open}; | scn [=] <n> | sequence [=] <n>
print script <script>;
host [â<cmd>â]; [thread = <n>]} }]
run {<cmd>; âŚ} [ tag = â<tag>â | completed
debug {on | off };
run {execute script <script>;} { {after | before} [=] â<date>â
set echo {on | off };
sql â<stat> [â â <file> â â] â; | between â<date>â and â<date>â } ]
set command id to â<id>â;
| { {backuppiece | proxy} âŚ
configure
Catalog | backupset âŚ
{ snapshot controlfile name to â<file>â
create catalog [tablespace <ts>]; | {controlfilecopy | datafilecopy} âŚ
| controlfile autobackup
upgrade catalog [tablespace â<ts>â]; | archivelog ⌠}
{ on | off | clear
| obsolete
| format for device type <dev> configure compatible = <n>;
[ redundancy [=] <x>
{to â<fmt>â | clear} } drop catalog; | recovery window of <x> days
| {archivelog | datafile} backup copies register database; | orphan ] };
for device type <dev> {to <x> | clear} reset database [to incarnation <id>];
| default device type to <dev> set maxcorrupt for datafile {â<file>â | <n>}
resync catalog [from controlfilecopy [â<ctrl>â]]; to <n>;
| device type <dev> parallelism <n>
| channel <n> device type <dev> catalog {archivelog | datafilecopy
connect â<user/pwd@serv>â | controlfilecopy} â<file>â [, âŚ] Channels
| retention policy to [tag [=] â<tag>â | level [=] <n>];
allocate [auxiliary] channel <chann>
{ recovery window of <x> days change {archivelog | datafilecopy | backup- [for {delete | maintenance}]
| redundancy <1> | none | clear } piece | backupset | proxy | controlfilecopy} { type [=] {disk | â<dev>â}
| backup optimization {on | off | clear} {â<file>â | <n> | all | tag [=] â<tag>â} | name [=] â<name>â }
| exclude tablespace <ts> [clear] { delete | available | unavailable | uncatalog [parms [=] â<par>â] [format [=] â<fm>â]
| maxsetsize {to {<x>| unlimited} | clear} }; | validate | crosscheck }; [connect [=]
show crosscheck â<user>/<pwd>@<target_ops_inst>â]
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 19
Recovery Manager (cont.)
[debug [=] <n>] [trace [=] <n>]; backup [ full | incremental | scn [=] <n>
set limit channel <chann> [read rate [=] <n>] level [=] { 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 } ] | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }]
[kbytes [=] <n>] [maxopenfiles [=] <n>]; [cumulative] [nochecksum] [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, âŚ] ]
release channel [<chann>]; [check logical] [proxy [only]] [(] | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ]
{ datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] | datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] }
| datafilecopy [delete archivelog] [check readonly]
Reporting
{â<file>â | tag [=] <tag>} [, âŚ] [check logical] [noredo];
report | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] blockrecover
{ { need backup { {incremental | days} | database { datafile <x> block <x> [, âŚ]
| redundancy } [=] <n> | archivelog | tablespace <ts> dba <x> [, âŚ]
| unrecoverable } { all | like â<log>â | {from | until} | corruption list }
{ datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] { time [=] â<date>â [from {backupset | datafilecopy} ]
| tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] | scn [=] <n> [from tag [=] â<tag>â]
| database [skip tablespace â<ts>â | logseq [=] <n> [restore until
[, âŚ]] } [thread = <n>] }} { time [=] â<date>â
| obsolete { redundancy [=] <n> | current controlfile | scn [=] <n>
| recovery window of <x> days | controlfilecopy â<ctrl>â } | sequence [=] <n> thread [=] <n> } ];
| orphan [not backed up [since time [=] â<date>â] ] set auxname for datafile {â<file>â | <n>}
| until [plus archivelog] to {â<new>â | null };
{ time [=] â<date>â [include current controlfile]
| scn [=] <n> duplicate target database
[delete [all] input] to â<db>â [logfile
| logseq [=] <n> [tag [=] <tag>] [format [=] â<fm>â]
[thread [=] <n>] }} {â<log>â [size <n>] [reuse]
[filesperset [=] <n>] [channel <chann>] | group <n> (â<log>â [, âŚ])
| schema [at [skip {offline | readonly | inaccessible}]
{ time [=] â<date>â [size <n>] [reuse] }]
[setsize [=] <n>] [diskratio [=] <n>] [nofilenamecheck] [skip readonly];
| scn [=] <n> [pool [=] <n>] [parms [=] â<par>â] [)];
| logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] }
validate backupset <n> [, âŚ] [check logical];
[device type {disk | â<dev>â} ];
list [expired] {copy | backup} of
Restore & Recovery
{ datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ]
| tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] set autolocate {on | off };
| database [skip tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ]] set archivelog destination to â<path>â;
| controlfile set newname for datafile {â<file>â | <n>}
| archivelog to â<new>â;
{ all | like â<file>â | {from | until} restore [(]
{ time [=] â<date>â { database
| scn [=] <n> [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, âŚ]]
| logseq [=] <n> | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ]
[thread = <n>]} }} | datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ]
[tag [=] <tag>] [like â<string>â] | archivelog
[device type â<dev>â] { all | like â<log>â | {from | until}
[recoverable [until { time [=] â<date>â
{ time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n> | scn [=] <n>
| logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>]} ]] | logseq [=] <n>
[completed { {after | before} [=] â<date>â [thread = <n>] }}
| between â<date>â and â<date>â}] | controlfile [to â<ctrl>â] } [)]
[by backup [verbose] ] [channel <chann>] [from tag [=] â<tag>â]
[by {backup summary | file} ] [parms â<par>â]
[summary]; [from {backupset | datafilecopy} ] [validate]
list incarnation [of database [â<id>â]]; [check readonly] [check logical]
[ until { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n>
Backup | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }];
copy replicate controlfile from â<ctrl>â;
{ datafile {â<file>â | <n>} switch datafile
| datafilecopy {â<file>â | tag [=] <tag>} { {â<file>â | <n>} [to datafilecopy
| archivelog â<log>â {â<file>â | tag [=] <tag>} ]
| controlfilecopy {â<ctrl>â | tag [=] <tag>} | all };
| current controlfile } set until { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n> |
to â<dest>â [, âŚ] logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] };
[tag [=] â<tag>â] [level [=] <n>] recover
[nochecksum] [check logical]; { database
set duplex = { off | on | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 }; [ until { time [=] â<date>â
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 21
Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services,
Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing (cont.)
Distributed DB [noparallel | parallel [<n>]]
create [shared] [public] [cluster <clust> (<col> [, âŚ])]
database link <link[@qual]> [lobâŚ] [partitionâŚ]
[connect to [build {immediate | deferred}]
{<user> identified by <pwd> [on prebuilt table
| current_user} ] [{with | without} reduced precision]]
[authenticated by <user> [using indexâŚ]
identified by <pwd>] [ refresh [fast | complete | force]
[using â<netserv>â]; [on commit | on demand]
alter session close database link <link>; [start with â<date>â] [next â<date>â]
[with {primary key | rowid}]
drop [public] database link <link>;
[using [default] [master | local]
alter session advise rollback segment [<rbs>]] ]
{commit | rollback | nothing}; | never refresh ]
alter system {enable | disable} distributed [for update]
recovery; [{enable | disable} query rewrite]
commit comment âORA-2PC-CRASH-TEST- as <query>;
<1-10>â; alter {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>
⌠[compile];
Materialized Views drop {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>;
create {materialized view | snapshot} log
on <tab> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] Dimensions
[pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] create [force | noforce]
[initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] dimension <dim> level <lev> is [(]
[logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] <tab>.<col> [, âŚ)] [levelâŚ]
[noparallel | parallel [<n>]] hierachy <hier>
[partitionâŚ] [lobâŚ] [using indexâŚ] ( <child_lev> child of <parent_lev>
[with [primary key] [, rowid] [child of <parent_lev>âŚ]
[(<col> [, âŚ])] ] [join key (<child_col> [, âŚ] )
[{including | excluding} new values]; references <parent_lev>]
alter {materialized view | snapshot} log [joinâŚ] )
on <tab> [attribute <lev> determines
[add [primary key] [, rowid] [(] <dep_col> [, âŚ)] ] [attributeâŚ];
[(<col> [, âŚ])] ] [âŚ]; alter dimension <dim>
drop {materialized view | snapshot} log { add { level⌠| hierachy⌠| attribute⌠}
on <tab>; | drop
create {materialized view | snapshot} <mview> { level <lev> [restrict | cascade]
[tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] | hierachy <hier>
[pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] | attribute <lev> }
[initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] | compile };
[logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] drop dimension <dim>;
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![22 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Real Application Clusters
Processes thread, instance_name, instance_number, parallel_server, parallel_server_instances,
IDLM, PCM, OPQ, OPSM, OPSD instance_groups, parallel_instance_group, ops_interconnects, gc_defer_time, gc_releas-
vendor OSDs: service_names, dml_locks, gc_files_to_locks, able_locks, gc_rollback_locks, lm_locks,
CM, Start, IO, IPC gc_latches, max_commit_propagation_delay, lm_ress, gc_latches, gc_lck_procs, de-
(RegKeys: OSD, CMDLL, IODLL, IPCDLL, parallel_default_max_scans, lock_name_space, layed_logging_block_cleanouts, freeze_db_
STARTDLL) cpu_count, trace_enabled, sessions_per_ for_fast_instance_recovery, ogms_home,
user???? ops_admin_group, lm_procs
Views & Tables
gv$<dyn_perf_view>, v$active_instances, Package SQL
v$resource, v$resource_limit, v$ges_sta- DBMS_LIBCACHE alter session instance_number...??
tistics, v$ges_latch, v$ges_convert_local, compile_from_remote alter {table | cluster | index} <segm>
v$ges_convert_remote, v$ges_enqueue, allocate extent ( [size <n>]
v$ges_blocking_enqueue, v$ges_resource, Files [datafile â<file>â] [instance <n>] );
v$ges_traffic_controller, v$gc_element, create {table | cluster | index} <segm>
init<db_name>.ora, <db_name>.conf,
v$cr_block_server, v$gc_elements_with_colli- ⌠storage ( âŚ
utlclust.sql, catclust.sql, clustdb.sql, catlibc.sql,
sions, v$cache_transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, [freelists <1>]
dbmslibc.sql
v$temp_cache_transfer, v$class_cache_trans- [freelist groups <1>] ⌠) âŚ;
fer, v$false_ping, v$lock_activity, v$lock_ac-
tivity, v$lock_class_ping, v$cache_lock, Desupported Features
v$latch_misses, v$hvmaster_info, v$dlm_misc, v$dlm_latch, v$dlm_convert_lo-
v$gcshvmaster_info, v$gcspfmaster_info, cal, v$dlm_covert_remote, v$dlm_locks,
file_lock, ext_to_obj, oraping_config v$dlm_ress, v$dlm_all_locks, v$dlm_traffic_
controller, v$lock_element, v$bsp, v$locks_
Parameters with_collisions, v$file_ping, v$temp_ping,
v$ping, v$class_ping
cluster_database, cluster_database_instances,
cluster_interconnects, active_instance_count, init_com.ora
Utilities âc <user>/<pwd> ân <db> [âi <sid> [, âŚ]] | report [-f <file>]
srvctl [âf ] [ât] [âu] [âm] [ây | e] [âv] [âh] [-d yyyy/mm/ss-hh:mi:ss] [-s] }
{ <cmd> âh GUIOracleOBJManager, setlinks /f:<file> /d $ORACLE_SERVICE, pfssetup
| config [âp <db>] crtsrv.bat createpacks, deletepacks
| {start | stop} âp <db>
[âi <inst> | âs {<inst> | <lsnr>}] Fail Safe & RAC Guard
| status âp <db> [âs {<inst> | <lsnr>}] fscmd
| add { dumpcluster | movegroup
{ db âp <db> âo <oracle_home> | onlinegroup | offlinegroup
| instance âp <db> âi <inst> | onlineresource | offlineresource
ân <node> } | verifygroup | verifyallgroups }
| delete <resource> /cluster = <clust>
{ db âp <db> [/logfile = <log>] [/node = <node>]
| instance âp <db> âi <inst> } [/offline =
| rename instance âp <db> { abort | immediate
âi <old> âe <new> | transactional | normal } ]
| move instance âp <db> [/domain = <OSdomain>
âi <inst> ân <new_node> /user = <OSuser> /pwd = <pwd>]
| get env âp <db> [âi <inst>]
pfsctl
| set env âp <db> ât <var> = <val>
{ help | pfsboot | pfshalt
[âi <inst>]
| status | restore
| unset env âp <db> ât <var> [âi <inst>] }
| move_primary [<sec>]
srvconfig | stop_secondary [<sec>]
{ âinit | bootone <pack> [-f ]
| {âexp | âimp} <file> | haltone <pack>
| âconv <db.conf> } | switchover [<sec>]
gsd, gsdservice { âstart | âinstall | âremove } | call_home
opsctl [start | stop]
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 23
Real Application Clusters (cont.)
Tuning/Contention (RAC) ÂŤglobal cache convertsÂť statistics:
ÂŤbuffer busy %Âť, ÂŤcr request entryÂť, ÂŤdb
Global Cache Service (GCS) other statistics: file %Âť, ÂŤenqueueÂť, ÂŤglobal cache %Âť,
v$cache (forced_writes = 0, forced_reads), ÂŤKJC: wait %Âť, ÂŤlibrary cache pinÂť, ÂŤlog
ÂŤglobal cache %Âť (v$sysstat, class 40) file syncÂť, ÂŤrow cache lockÂť
v$cache_transfer, v$bh, v$class_cache_
contention: contention:
transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, v$rowcache
ÂŤglobal cache cr timeoutsÂť = 0
(dc_sequences, dc_used_extents) ÂŤglobal cache busyÂť, ÂŤbuffer busy due to
ÂŤglobal cache convert timeoutsÂť = 0
global cacheÂť
cache fusion latency:
Global Enqueue Service (GES)
ÂŤglobal cache cr block receive timeÂť /
ÂŤglobal lock %Âť (v$sysstat, class 32) Latches
ÂŤglobal cache cr blocks receivedÂť: ~ 15
ms (1 ms with user mode IPC, OPS8i: average global enqueue get time: ~ 20-30 ms v$latch:
~ 1-40 ms) ÂŤglobal lock get timeÂť / (ÂŤglobal lock sync gets / misses ~ 0.9-0.95
ÂŤglobal cache current block receive timeÂť / getsÂť + ÂŤglobal lock async getsÂť) v$latch_misses:
ÂŤglobal cache current blocks receivedÂť average global lock convert time: ~ 20 ms sleeps / misses
LMS service time (sum & individual): ÂŤglobal lock convert timeÂť / (ÂŤglobal
ÂŤglobal cache cr (queue + build + flush lock sync convertsÂť + ÂŤglobal lock async Sequences
+ send) timeÂť / ÂŤglobal cache cr blocks convertsÂť) use sequence number multipliers
servedÂť cache sequence numbers
ÂŤglobal cache current (pin + flush + send) other statistics:
timeÂť / ÂŤglobal cache current blocks v$lock_activity, v$ges_statistics, v$ges_
servedÂť convert_local, v$ges_convert_remote,
average get time: ~ 20-30 ms v$rowcache, v$librarycache
ÂŤglobal cache get timeÂť /
ÂŤglobal cache getsÂť Wait Events
average convert time: ~ 10-20 ms v$system_event
ÂŤglobal cache convert timeÂť /
Tuning/Contention (OPS 8i) Locking PCM Locks
ÂŤreleasable freelist waitsÂť (v$sysstat) ÂŤlm_locksÂť = ÂŤlm_ressÂť =
Global cache 2 * (gc_files_to_locks + gc_rollback_locks
consistent-read requests: Lock conversion [fixed] + gc_releasable_locks),
ÂŤglobal cache cr block receivedÂť + v$resource_limit,
lock hit ratio: (v$sysstat)
ÂŤglobal cache cr blocks read from diskÂť consistent getsÂť â ÂŤglobal lock converts
(async)Âť / ÂŤconsistent getsÂť > 95%, Enqu. Locks
Global locks ÂŤlock element cleanupÂť 20 + (10*sess) + db_files + 1 + (2*proc) +
IDLM non-PCM resources: (v$system_event, v$session_wait), (db_block_buffers/64)
v$librarycache, v$rowcache v$lock_activity, v$class_ping, v$ping
DML Locks
IDLM Pinging set ÂŤdml_locksÂť = 0 for all instances, or disable
lock statistics: ping write ratio: (v$sysstat) specific table locks
v$dlm_convert_local, v$dlm_convert_re- ÂŤDBWR cross instance writesÂť / ÂŤphysical
mote writesÂť, v$lock_activity Recovery
message statistics: (v$dlm_misc) ÂŤinstance recovery database freeze countÂť
average receive queue length: < 10 Block contention (v$sysstat)
ÂŤdlm total incoming msg queue lengthÂť / v$bh, v$cache, v$ping
ÂŤdlm messages receivedÂť mult. copies of 2nd block of file -> freelist Inst. groups
contention (check v$waitstat)
ÂŤalter session set parallel_instance_group =
OPS I/O <grp>;Âť
ÂŤDBWR forced writesÂť / ÂŤphysical writesÂť Partitioning
(v$sysstat) partition tables and indexes OR
(ÂŤremote instance undo header writesÂť + ÂŤre- configure process free lists and free list groups
mote instance undo block writesÂť) / ÂŤDBWR + allocate extents for instances (free list group
forced writesÂť (v$sysstat) choice: ÂŤalter session set instance = <n>;Âť)
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![24 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Globalization Support
Views & Tables ⢠nls_list_separator Utilities
v$nls_parameters, v$nls_valid_values, ⢠nls_display csscan
v$timezone_names, nls_database_parameters, ⢠nls_monetary help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile
nls_instance_parameters, nls_session_parame- = <par> log = <scan.log> user = <schema>
ters, props$, csmv$columns, csmv$constraints, Session: table = (<tab> [, âŚ) exclude = (<tab> [,
csmv$errors, csmv$indexes, csmv$tables alter session set nls_language = <lang> âŚ) tochar = <new> fromchar = <old>
nls_territory = <territ>; tonchar = <new> fromnchar = <old> ar-
Packages alter session set time_zone = <x>; ray = <10240> process = <1> maxblocks
= <x> capture = <n> suppress = <x>
DBMS_SESSION
feedback = <x> boundaries = <x> lastrpt =
set_nls(<name>,<value>) NLS-Affected SQL-Functions
<n> preserve = <n>
to_char lbuilder
Files ⢠nls_date_language
lxegen
<prod><lang>.msb, timezone.dat, ⢠nls_numeric_characters
lxinst [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>]
timezlrg.dat, csminst.sql ⢠nls_currency
[sysdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>]
⢠nls_iso_currency
[help=<no>] [warning={0 | 1 | 2 | 3}]
Server: Init. Parameters ⢠nls_calendar
lxbcnf [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>]
to_date
nls_language [userbootdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>]
⢠nls_date_language
⢠nls_date_language [help=<no>]
⢠nls_calendar
⢠nls_sort
to_number
nls_territory Desupported Features
⢠nls_numeric_characters
⢠nls_date_format nls_monetary_characters, nls_list_separator,
⢠nls_currency
⢠nls_currency (fm L), ⢠nls_iso_currency nls_credit, nls_debit, nls_union_currency
nls_iso_currency (fm C),
nls_upper
nls_dual_currency
⢠nls_sort
⢠nls_numeric_characters (fm DG)
nls_lower
⢠nls_calendar
⢠nls_sort
⢠nls_comp
⢠nls_length_semantics nls_initcap
⢠nls_sort
⢠nls_nchar_conv_excp
⢠nls_time_format nlssort
⢠nls_timestamp_format ⢠nls_sort
⢠nls_timestamp_tz_format
⢠nls_time_tz_format Datetime Functions
$ORA_TZFILE
Character Set & Timezone
Client: Environment Variables create database âŚ
nls_lang, nls_nchar [character set {<charset> << OS dependent
⢠nls_date_language | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ]
⢠nls_sort [national character set << 9i: Unicode only
⢠nls_date_format {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ]
⢠nls_currency, [set time_zone =
nls_iso_currency, { â<{+|-}hh:mi>â
nls_dual_currency | â<time_zone_region>â } ] âŚ
⢠nls_numeric_characters alter database [<db>] [national] character set
⢠nls_comp <new_char>; << must be strict superset
⢠nls_calendar << AL24UTFFSS is desupported in 9i
⢠nls_credit, nls_debit
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 25
SQL*Plus
sqlplus SQL Buffer Manipulation | view | trigger | type | type body
[ -h[elp] ed[it], a[ppend], c[hange] /<old> [/<new>], | dimension | java class } <name>]
| -v[ersion] cl[ear] buff[er], del [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], l[ist] | lno | pno | user | tti[tle] | bti[tile]
| [-m[arkup] [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], i[nput] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] | spoo[l]
html [on | off ] [head â<txt>â] | sqlcode | sga | parameters | release }
[body â<txt>â] [table â<txt>â] timi[ng]
Data Types SQL*Plus
[entmap {on | off }] [spool {on | off }] [start <string> | show | stop]
[pre[format] {on | off }] var[iable] [<var>
exec[ute]
[-r[estrict] <1 | 2 | 3>] [ number | char | char (<n>) | nchar
{ <:var> := <func> (<par> [, âŚ])
[-s[ilent]] ] | nchar (<n>) | varchar2 (<n>)
| <proc> (<par> [, âŚ]) }
[ <user>[/<pwd>][@<serv>] | / ] | nvarchar2 (<n>) | clob | nclob
| refcursor] ] whenever {sqlerror | oserror}
[ as {sysoper | sysdba} | /nolog ] { exitâŚ
char: max. 2.000B, varchar: max. 4000B
[ @<URI | file>[.<ext>] [<arg>, âŚ]] | continue [commit | rollback | none] }
Commands {exit | quit}
Environment [success | failure | warning | <n>
/, r[un]
appi[nfo] {on|off|<text>}, array[size] [<15>], | <var> | <:var>] [commit | rollback]
auto[commit] {on|off|imm[ediate]|<n>}, @<file>, @@<file>, start <file>
copy [from <user>@<db>] [to <user>@<db>]
autop[rint] {on|off }, autorecovery [on|off ], sav[e] <file> [cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ] {create | replace | insert | append}
autot[race] {on|off|trace[only]} [exp[lain]] get <file> [ lis[t] | nol[ist] ] <tab> [(<col>, âŚ)] using <query>;
[stat[istics]], blo[ckterminator] <.>, cmds[ep] spo[ol] {<file> | off | out}
{<;>|on|off }, colsep <_>, com[patibility] pri[nt] [<var>], help, rem[ark], set, show Formatting
{native|v8|v7}, con[cat] {<c>|on|off }, {ho[st] | ! | $} <cmd>
copyc[ommit] <0>, copytypecheck { tti[tle] | bti[tle] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] }
store [set] <file> [ [page] [ le[ft] | ce[nter] | r[ight] ]
{on|off }, def[ine] {<&>|on|off }, describe [ cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ]
[depth {<1>|all} | indent {on|off } | line- [col <n>] [tab <n>] [bold] [s[kip] <n>]
def[ine] <var> = <value> [format <fm>] [â<string>â] [<var>] [âŚ]
num {on|off }], echo {on|off }, editf[ile]
<file>[.<ext>], emb[edded] {on|off }, esc[ape] undef[ine] <var> | {on | off } ]
{<>|on|off }, feed[back] {<6>|on|off }, flag- pro[mpt] [<string>] col[umn] [ <col>
ger {off|entry|intermed[iate]|full}, flu[sh] pau[se] [<string>] { [for[mat] <fm>]
{on|off }, hea[ding] {on|off }, heads[ep] conn[ect] [ wra[pped] | wor[d_wrapped]
{||on|off }, instance {<serv>|local}, lin[esize] { / | <user/pwd> | internal [<pwd>] } | tru[ncated] ]
<80>, lobof[fset] <1>, logsource [<path>], [as {sysdba | sysoper}] [hea[ding] <string>]
long <80>, longc[hunksize] <80>, m[arkup] << desupported [ali[as] <alias>] [nul[l] <string>]
html [on | off ] [head â<txt>â] [body disc[onnect] [ fold_a[fter] | fold_b[efore]]
â<txt>â] [table â<txt>â] [entmap {on | [like <alias>] [newl[ine]]
passw[ord] [<user>]
off }] [spool {on | off }] [pre[format] {on | [ {new_v[alue] | old_v[alue]} <var>]
startup, shutdown, recover [ jus[tify] { l[eft] | c[enter] | c[entre]
off }], newp[age] {<1>|none}, null <txt>,
numf[ormat] <fmt>, num[width] <10>, | r[ight] }]
Data Access | {on | off } | {print | noprint} | cle[ar] }]
pages[ize] <24>, pau[se] {on|off|<txt>}, recsep
{wr[apped]|ea[ch]|off }, recsepchar <_>, attribute <object_type>.<attr> bre[ak]
serverout[put] {on|off } [size <n>] [for[mat] [ali[as] <name>] [for[mat] <fm>] [on {<bcol> | row | report | <expr>}
{wra[pped]|wor[d_wrapped|tru[ncated]}], [like <attr>] [cle[ar] ] [on |off ] [ski[p] <n> | page] [onâŚ]
shift[inout] {vis[ible]|inv[isible]}, show[mode] acc[ept] <var> [nodup[licates] | dup[licates]] ]
{on|off }, sqlbl[anklines] {on|off }, sqlc[ase] [num[ber] | char | date] comp[ute]
{mix[ed]|lo[wer]|up[per]}, sqlc[ontinue] <>>, [for[mat] <fm>] [def[ault] <def>] [{ sum | min[imum] | max[imum] | avg
sqln[umber] {on|off }, sqlpluscompat[ibility] [prompt <string> | nopr[ompt] ] [hide] | std | var[iance] | cou[nt] | num[ber] }
<x.y[.z]>, sqlpre[fix] <#>, sqlp[rompt] desc[ribe] [âŚ] [la[bel] <lab>]
<SQL>>, sqlt[erminator] {<;>|on|off>}, suf[fix] { <tab> | <view> | <pack> of <col> [<col>âŚ]
<SQL>, tab {on|off }, term[out] {on|off }, | <func> | <proc> | <syn> | <type> } on {<bcol> | row | report} ]
ti[me] {on|off }, timi[ng] {on|off }, trim[out] sho[w] clear
{on|off }, trims[pool] {on|off }, und[erline] {<- { <var> | all { scr[een] | col[umns] | bre[aks]
>|on|off }, ver[ify] {on|off }, wra[p] {on|off } | err[ors] | comp[utes] | sql | timi[ng] | buff[er] }
sql.pno, sql.lno, sql.release, sql.sqlcode, sql.user [{ package | package body
| function | procedure
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![26 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database)
Views & Tables ⢠long type 8 << deprecated <coll> {<varr_type> | <tab_type>};
v$type_size, v$temporary_lobs, {col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B} <coll>(<subscript>)[.<item>] := <expr>;
v$timezone_names, dba_types, dba_type_at- ⢠long raw type 24 << deprecated <coll>.<method>
trs, dba_type_methods, dba_coll_types, {col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B} count, delete [ (<i> [,<j>] ) ], exists(<i>),
dba_lobs, dba_part_lobs, dba_lob_partitions, ⢠internal: extend [(<n> [,<i>] )], limit, first, last,
dba_lob_subpartitions, dba_varrays, dba_refs, CLOB, NCLOB type 112 next(<i>), prior(<i>), trim [ (<i>) ]
dba_operators, dba_oparguments, dba_op- BLOB type 113
bindings, dba_opancillary, dba_method_ {col: 232-1B=4G, User-defined Types
params, dba_method_results, dba_directories, inline ~4000b, else out of line}
abstract types
dba_rulesets ⢠external: initialized by constructor <type>(âŚ)
BFILE {pointer} type 114
create [or replace] type <type>;
SQL-Functions {ext. LOB: 232-1B=4G}
create [or replace] directory <dir> as â<path>â; forward type definition / incomplete type
drop directory <dir>; create [or replace] type <type>
Parameters rowid [authid {current_user | definer}] {is | as}
⢠rowid type 69 { object ( <attr> <type> [, âŚ]
{extented: 10B, [, {static | [map | order] member}
Scalar Types (Built-in Types)
restricted: 6B (block.row.file), {function | procedure} <func>
character physical rowid} [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out]
⢠char (<1> [byte | char]) type 96 ⢠urowid [(<4000B>)] type 208 <type> [, âŚ] )] [return <type>]
{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B} col: 4.000B (IOT logical urowid or [ {is | as} language
(Subtype: character) foreign table foreign urowid) { java name â<func>â
⢠varchar2 (<n> [byte | char]) type 1 boolean | C [name <func>] library <lib>
{col: 4.000B, ⢠{pl: true | false | null} [with context]
pl: 32.767B (preallocated < 2000B)} [parameters (<par>) }]
(Subtypes: string, varchar) << deprec. [, pragma restrict_references
subtype <subtype> is <base_type> [not null];
⢠nchar (<1>) type 96 ( {<method> | default},
{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only} {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )]
national character literal: ANSI Supported Types
[, âŚ] ])
Nâ<string>â character [varying] (<n>) | {varray | varying array} (<n>) of <type>
⢠nvarchar2 (<n>) type 1 {char | nchar} varying (<n>) | table of <type> };
{col: 4.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only} varchar (<n>) create [or replace] type body <type>
binary_integer national {character | char} [varying] (<n>) {is | as} {static | [map | order] member}
⢠{pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} {numeric | decimal | dec} [(<prec>[, <scal>])] {function | procedure} <func>
library arithmetic {integer | int | smallint} [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out]
(Subtypes: natural {non-neg.}, naturaln <type> [, âŚ] )] [return <type>]
float [(<n>)]
{not null} positive{pos.}, positiven {not [ {is | as}
null}, signtype{-1,0,1} ) double precision
{ begin <stat>; end [<func>];
pls_integer real | language
⢠{pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} { java name â<func>â
machine arithmetic Relationship Types | C [name <func>]
number [(<prec>[, <scal>])] type 2 ref library <lib> [with context]
⢠{precision: 38 digits, scale: -84 to 127, ⢠ref cursor, ref <otype> [parameters (<par>)] }}
21B (20B Mantisse, 1B Exponent)} {pointer} [, âŚ] end;
(Subtypes: dec, decimal, double preci- alter type <type>
sion, float, int, integer, numeric, real, Record Types { compile [debug] [specification | body]
smallint) logical unit of dissimilar types | replace as object (<attr> <type> [, âŚ]
datetime and interval record may not be DB col [, {static | [map | order] member}
⢠date type 12/13 type <rec_type> is record {function | procedure} <func>
{7B = CentYearMonDayHourMinSec, (<field> {<type> | <tab>.<col>%type} [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out]
8B, -4.712 to 9.999} [[not null] {:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ]); <type> [, âŚ] )] [return <type>]
ANSI date literal: [, pragma restrict_references
<record> {<rec_type> | <tab>%rowtype};
date â<yyyy-mm-dd>â ( {<method> | default},
<rec_var>.<field> := <expr>; {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )]
⢠timestamp [(<6>)] type 180
[ with time zone type 181/187/188 [, âŚ]] )};
Collection drop type [body] <type> [force];
| with local time zone ] type 231
elements of same type [ref ] obj_type, type, varchar2(x), number[(p,s)], date,
{20B}
initialized by constructor <collect>(âŚ) raw(x), char[acter](x), char varying(x), varchar(x),
timestamp literal:
varray may be DB col numeric[(p,s)], dec[imal] [(p,s)], int[eger], smallint,
timestamp â<yyyy-mm-dd ...>â float[(x)], double precision, real, blob, clob, bfile
⢠interval year [(<2>)] to month type 182 nested table may be DB col
⢠interval day [(<2>)] to second [(<6>)] index-by table may not be DB col
Maximum Row Size
type 183 type <varr_type> is
{varray | varying array} (<size>) of <type> row header (min. 3B) + SUM(max. field
raw (<n>) type 23
[not null]; length + length indicator (<=250: 1B, >250:
⢠{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B}
type <tab_type> is table of <type> [not null] 3B))
large objects
[index by binary_integer];
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![28 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
SQL, PL/SQL & Java
Views & Tables {open | close}_cursor, parse, last_er- UTL_HTTP
v$reserved_words, v$resumable, dba_source, ror_position, bind_{variable | array}, UTL_URL
dba_errors, dba_dependencies, deptree, define_{column | column_long | array}, UTL_TCP
ideptree, dba_libraries, dba_outlines, execute, describe_columns, fetch_rows, UTL_SMTP
dba_outline_hints, dba_resumable, execute_and_fetch, last_row_{count | id},
UTL_ENCODE
outln.ol$, outln.ol$hints, java$options, {column | variable}_value, column_value_
long, is_open, last_sql_function_code UTL_INADDR
java$class$md5$table, create$java$lob$table,
DBMS_LDAP UTL_RAW
dba_workspace_sessions, all_workspaces, all_
cast_{to | from}_{number | binary_integer}
workspace_privs, all_workspace_savepoints, DBMS_TRANSACTION
advise_{commit | nothing | rollback}, OUTLN_PKG
all_version_hview, all_wm_locked_tables,
commit, commit_{comment | force}, drop_unused, {drop | update}_by_cat,
all_wm_modified_tables, all_wm_ric_info,
local_transaction_id, purge_lost_db_entry, drop_{collision | extras | unrefd_hints}[_
all_wm_tab_triggers, all_wm_versioned_
purge_mixed, read_{only | write}, rollback, expact], deptree_fill
tables, role_wm_privs, user_wm_privs,
<tab>_conf, <tab>_diff, <tab>_lock, <tab>_lt, rollback_{force | savepoint}, savepoint, SQLJUTL
<tab>_hist, <tab>_wm step_id, use_rollback_segment, begin_dis- has_default
crete_transaction
>> Discrete transactions do not generate undo Files
Parameters information! <<
optimizer_mode, db_file_multiblock_ DBMS_WM utldtree.sql, initjvm.sql, utljavarm.sql,
read_count, optimizer_features_enable, {alter | goto}savepoint, {create | sqljutl.sql, owminst.plb
optimizer_index_caching, optimizer_in- alter | merge | compress | freeze
dex_cost_adj, optimizer_max_permutations, | get | goto | refresh | remove | Desupported Features
complex_view_merging, partition_view_en- rollback | unfreeze}workspace, hash_multiblock_io_count, opti-
abled, hash_join_enabled, hash_area_size, {begin | commit}resolve, {get | mizer_percent_parallel, always_anti_join,
star_transformation_enabled, row_locking, set}conflictworkspace, {remove | always_semi_join, fast_full_scan_enabled,
sql_trace, timed_statistics, create_stored_out- compress}workspacetree, {enable | push_join_predicate
lines, use_stored_outlines, utl_file_dir, disable}versioning, {get | set}diffversions,
plsql_v2_compatibility, remote_dependen- getlockmode, {get | set}multiworkspaces,
cies_mode, undo_retention, plsql_compiler_ getopcontext, {grant | revoke}{system
flags, cursor_sharing | workspace}priv, getprivs, gotodate,
copyforupdate, {create | delete}savepoint,
Packages isworkspaceoccupied, {lock | unlock}rows,
{merge | refresh | rollback}table,
DBMS_STANDARD,
resolveconflicts, rollback{resolve |
DBMS_TRACE
tosp}, set{locking | wooverwrite |
DBMS_LOCK workspacelockmode}{on | off }
DBMS_DESCRIBE DBMS_JAVA
DBMS_METADATA server_{startup | shutdown}, longname,
get_{ddl | xml | dependent_ddl | depen- shortname, {get | set | reset}_compiler_op-
dent_xml | granted_ddl | granted_xml | tion, set_{output | streams}, {start | end}_
query}, open, fetch_{ddl | ddl_text | xml | {import | export}, {start | stop}_debugging,
clob}, close, set_{filter | count | parse_item register_endpoint, notifiy_at_{startup
| debug}, add_transform, set_transform_ | shutdown}, remove_from_{startup |
param, free_context_entry shutdown}
DBMS_FLASHBACK DBMS_LOB
enable_at_{time | system_change_num- append, close, compare, converttoclob,
ber}, disable, get_system_change_number copy, {create | free}temporary, erase,
DBMS_RESUMABLE fileclose, filecloseall, fileexists, filegetname,
abort, {get | set}_timeout, {get | set}_ses- fileisopen, fileopen, getchunksize, get-
sion_timeout, space_error_info length, instr, isopen, istemporary, load-
DBMS_DDL fromfile, open, read, substr, trim, write,
DBMS_DEBUG writeappend
DBMS_PROFILER DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT
DBMS_ALERT desencrypt, desdecrypt, des3encrypt,
DBMS_OUTPUT des3decrypt, md5, desgetkey, des3getkey
put, {new | put | get}_line, get_lines, UTL_FILE
enable, disable fopen, fopen_nchar, is_open, fclose,
DBMS_PIPE fclose_all, fflush, new_line, get_line,
{pack | unpack}_message[_{raw | rowid} ], get_line_nchar, put_line, put_line_nchar,
next_item_type, {send | receive}_message, put, put_nchar, putf, putf_nchar, fcopy,
unique_name_session, purge fgetattr, fgetpos, fremove, frename, fseek,
get_raw, put_raw
DBMS_SQL
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 29
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
Number Functions nls_charset_name, nullif, nvl, nvl2, sys_con- order by <col> [, âŚ] {rows | range}
abs, acos, asin, atan, atan2, bitand, ceil, nect_by_path, sys_context, sys_dburigen, [ { between <n> | unbounded
cos, cosh, exp, floor, ln, log, mod, power, sys_extract_utc, sys_guid, sys_typeid, sys_xm- | interval â<n>â day } preceding]
round, sign, sin, sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh, trunc, lagg, sys_xmlgen, uid, user, userenv, vsize [ { [and] <n> | unbounded
width_bucket | interval â<n>â day } following]
Aggregate Functions [current row]
[first_value()] [last_value()]
Character Functions avg, corr, count, covar_pop, covar_samp,
[asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
chr, concat, initcap, lower, lpad, ltrim, cume_dist, dense_rank, first, group_id, group-
ing, grouping_id, last, max, min, percen- Reporting Aggregate:
nls_initcap, nls_lower, nlssort, nls_upper, {<WA-Func> | ratio_to_report}
replace, rpad, rtrim, soundex, substr[b|c|2|4], tile_cont, percentile_disc, percent_rank, rank,
regr, stddev, stddev_pop, stddev_samp, sum, (<col>) over (
translate, treat, trim, upper [partition by <col> [, âŚ]]
ascii, instr[b|c|2|4], length[b|c|2|4] var_pop, var_samp, variance
[asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
Object Reference Functions LAG/LEAD:
Datetime Functions {lag | lead} (<col>, <default>) over (
add_months, current_date, current_time- deref, make_ref, ref, reftohex, value order by <col> [, âŚ] [asc | desc]
stamp, dbtimezone, extract, from_tz, last_day, [nulls {first | last}] )
localtimestamp, month_between, new_time, Format Models
next_day, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, <fm> = 9 0 $ B MI S PR D G C L , . V SQL Statement Types
round, sessiontimezone, sys_extract_utc, EEEE RN DATE A<n> DDL
systimestamp, sysdate, to_dsinterval, to_time- create, alter, drop, truncate, rename,
stamp, to_timestamp_tz, to_yminterval, Analytic Functions comment, grant, revoke, audit, noaudit,
trunc, tz_offset analyze, {associate | disassociate} statistics
Ranking:
{ rank() | dense_rank() | cume_dist() DML
Conversion Functions | percent_rank() | ntile(<n>) select, insert, update, delete, merge, lock
asciistr, bin_to_num, castâŚ[multiset], | row_number() } table, explain plan, call
chartorowid, compose, convert, decompose, over ([partition by <col> [, âŚ]] order by TxCtl
hextoraw, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, <col> [, âŚ] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}]) commit, rollback, savepoint, set transac-
rawtohex, rawtonhex, rowidtochar, rowidton- Window Aggregate: tion
char, to_char, to_clob, to_date, to_dsinterval, { count | sum | avg | min | max | stddev SessCtl
to_lob, to_multi_byte, to_nchar, to_nclob, | variance | var_samp | var_pop alter session, set role
to_number, to_single_byte, to_yminterval, | stddev_samp | stddev_pop | covar_samp SysCtl
translateâŚusing, unistr | covar_pop | regr_slope | regr_intercept alter system
| regr_r2 | regr_avgx | regr_avgy
Micellaneous Functions | regr_count | regr_sxx | regr_sxy
bfilename, coalesce, decode, dump, empty_ | regr_syy }
blob, empty_clob, existsnode, extract, greatest, (<col>) over (
least, nls_charset_decl_len, nls_charset_id, [partition by <col> [, âŚ]]
Optimizer -- index join (<tab> [âŚ] ), USE_HASH (<tab> [âŚ] ),
Access Paths -- bitmap index scan DRIVING_SITE (<tab> [âŚ] ), PARALLEL
1 single row by rowid (<tab> [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | default} ] ]
Hints ), NOPARALLEL (<tab> [âŚ] ), PQ_DIS-
2 single row by cluster join
TRIBUTE (<tab> [,] <out>, <in>), APPEND,
3 single row by hash cluster key with unique {select | update | delete}
NOAPPEND, PARALLEL_INDEX (<tab>
or primary key { /*+ <HINT> [text] */
[<ind> [, âŚ] ] [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> |
4 single row by unique or primary key | --+ <HINT> [text] }
default} ] ] ), NOPARALLEL_INDEX (<tab>
5 cluster join [<ind> [, âŚ] ] ), CACHE (<tab> [âŚ] ),
6 hash cluster key RULE, CHOOSE, ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ NOCACHE (<tab> [âŚ] ), MERGE (<tab>),
7 indexed cluster key ROWS [(<n>)], FULL (<tab>), ROWID NOMERGE (<tab>), PUSH_JOIN_PRED
(<tab>), CLUSTER (<tab>), HASH (<tab>), (<tab>), NO_PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>),
8 composite key
HASH_AJ, HASH_SJ, INDEX (<tab> PUSH_SUBQ, STAR_TRANSFORMA-
9 single-column indexes
[<ind> [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_ASC (<tab> [<ind> TION, ORDERED_PREDICATES
10 bounded range search on indexed columns [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_DESC (<tab> [<ind>
11 unbounded range search on indexed [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_COMBINE (<tab>
columns Serial direct-load insert:
[<ind> [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_JOIN (<tab>
insert /*+APPEND */ into <tab> <query>;
12 sort-merge join [<ind> [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_FFS (<tab> [<ind>
13 max or min of indexed column [âŚ] ] ), NO_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> [âŚ] ] ),
MERGE_AJ, MERGE_SJ, AND_EQUAL Parallel direct-load insert:
14 order by on indexed columns
(<tab> <ind> <ind> [âŚ] ), USE_CONCAT, alter session {enable | force} parallel dml;
15 full table scan insert /*+PARALLEL(<tab>,<n>) */ into
-- sample table scan NO_EXPAND, NOREWRITE, REWRITE
[ (<mview> [, âŚ] ) ], ORDERED, STAR, tab> <query>;
-- fast full index scan
USE_NL (<tab> [âŚ] ), USE_MERGE
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![30 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
Queries update <tab> [returning <expr> [, âŚ]
select set <col> = {<val> | â<string>â} [, âŚ]; [bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]];
{ [aggr_func (] merge into <tab1> update
[ {distinct | unique} | all ] using <tab2> on (<join_expr>) {<tab> | table (<subquery>)}
{ [<alias>.]<col> | * } [)] when matched then update set⌠set <col> = <expr> [, âŚ]
[ { + | - | * | / } <expr>] when not matched then insert [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}]
[as] [â<alias>â] [, âŚ] (<col>âŚ) values (âŚ); [returning <expr> [, âŚ]
| <seq>.{nextval | currval} delete [from] <tab> [bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]];
| cursor (<subquery>) } [partition (<part>)] [alias] delete from
from [where <expr>]; {<tab> | table (<subquery>)}
{ [(] [<schema>.] [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}]
<tab/view/snapshot>[@<dblink>] [returning <expr> [, âŚ]
Control
[partition (<part>)] [bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]];
commit [work] execute immediate <âdyn_sql_statâ>
[subpartition (<subpart>)] [ comment â<string>â
[<alias>] [, âŚ] [sample [block] (<n>)] [[bulk collect] into
| force â<id>â [,<scn>] ]; {<var> [, âŚ] | <rec>}]
[ [inner | {left | right | full} [outer] ] savepoint <sp>;
join <tab> { on <expr> [using [in | out | in out] <arg> [, âŚ]]
rollback [work] [{returning | return} [bulk collect]
| using (<col> [, âŚ]) }
[to [savepoint] <sp> | force â<id>â]; into <arg> [, âŚ]];
| cross join <tab>
| natural [inner | {left | right | full} set transaction open <refcurs>
[outer] ] join <tab> ] [)] {read only | read write for <âdyn_multi_row_queryâ>
| ( <subquery> [with {read only | check | isolation level [using <var> [, âŚ] ];
option [constraint <constr>]} ]) {serializable | read committed} open <curs> [ (<par>, âŚ) ];
| use rollback segment <rbs>} <curs>%{ found | isopen | notfound | rowcount }
| table (<coll_expr>) [(+)] }
[name â<tx>â]; fetch <curs> [bulk collect] into
where {<var> [, âŚ] | <rec>} [limit <n>];
[(] [(] [<alias>.]<col/expr> [(+)] alter session {enable | disable}
commit in procedure; close <curs>;
[,<expr>âŚ)]
alter session {enable | disable | force} if <expr> then <stat>;
{ { = | != | ~= | <> | <= | >= | < | > }
parallel {dml | ddl} [parallel <n>]; [elsif <expr> then <stat>;]
[any | some | all]
[else <stat>;]
(<expr> [, âŚ] | <subquery>) alter session {enable | disable}
end if;
| like â[ _%]<string>â resumable [timeout <7200>]
[ << <label> >> ]
| [not] in (<expr> [, âŚ] | <subquery>) [name â<str>â];
[ while <expr>
| [not] between <expr> and <expr>
| for <i> in [reverse] <a>..<b>
| = [<alias>.]<col> PL/SQL | for <rec> in {<curs> [(<par>, âŚ)]
| [not] exists (<subquery>) declare | (<query>) } ]
| is [not] null { -- <comment> loop <stat>;
| is dangling } | /* <comment> */ } [if <expr> then exit;]
[{and [not] | or} <expr>] [, âŚ] [)] pragma autonomous_transaction; [exit [<label>] when <expr>;]
[[start with <expr>] pragma serially_reusable; end loop [<label>];
connect by [prior] <expr>] pragma restrict_references forall <i> in <a>..<b> [save exceptions]
[group by [{rollup | cube} (] (<name>, rnds, wnds, rnps, { <stat> [returning <col>
<expr> [, âŚ] [)] wnps, trust); bulk collect into <collect>];
[having {<expr> | (<subquery>)}] ] read, write, no, database, package, state
| execute immediate
[ {union [all] | intersect | minus} pragma exception_init (<exc>, <err_no>); <upd | ins | del> ⌠}
(<subquery>) ] <var> [constant] SQL%{bulk_rowcount(i)
[order by {<col> | <n>} [asc | desc] [, âŚ]] { <type> | <tab>.<col>%TYPE | bulk_exceptions(i).error_{index | code}
| bulk_exceptions.count }
[for update [of <tab>.<col>] | <var>%TYPE | <tab>%ROWTYPE }
lock table <tab>
[nowait | wait <n>] ]; [[not null] { := | default } <n>];
in {share [row exclusive] | exclusive}
with <query_name> as (<subquery>) [, âŚ] cursor <curs>
mode [nowait];
select ⌠from <query_name> ⌠; [(<par> <type> [, âŚ])] is
<< subquery factoring set transaction
<query> [for update of <col> [, âŚ]];
{read only | read write
type <refcurs_type> is
| isolation level
DML ref cursor return <type>;
{serializable | read committed}
insert into <refcurs> <refcurs_type>;
| use rollback segment <rbs>};
{ <tab> [partition (<part>)] type <rec_type> ist record (<col> [, âŚ] );
commit [work] [comment â<str>â];
| [the] <subquery1> } <rec> <rec_type>;
savepoint <sp>;
[(<col> [, âŚ] )] <exc> exception;
rollback [work] [to [savepoint] <sp>];
{ values (<expr>, âŚ) begin [ << <blocklabel> >> ] null;
| <subquery2> } [ref into <item>]; select ⌠[ << <label> >> ]
insert [[bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]] goto <label>;
{ all into <tab>⌠[, <tab>âŚ] from âŚ; {<var> := <func> | <proc>}
| [all | first] insert into ([<form_par> => ] <act_par> [, âŚ]);
when <expr> then into <tab>⌠{<tab> | table (<subquery>)} return [ [(] <expr> [)] ];
[else into <tab>âŚ] } [(<col> [, âŚ])] raise <exc>;
<subquery>; {values (<expr>, âŚ) | <subquery>}
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 31
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
exception { is <var> <type>; | {clob | blob | bfile} <subquery>
when {<exc> | others} [or <exc2> âŚ] begin <stat>; | â<key_for_BLOB>â} };
then <stat>; [sqlcode; sqlerrm(<n>);] end [<func>]; alter java {source | class} â<java>â
raise; | as external library <lib> [resolverâŚ]
>> Predefined Server Exceptions: [name â<func>â] [language <lang>]
no_data_found, too_many_rows, invalid_cursor, { {compile | resolve}
zero_divide, dup_val_on_index << [calling standard {C | pascal}] | authid {current_user | definer} };
end; parameters ( drop java {source | class | resource} â<java>â;
{ <par> [ indicator | length | maxlen
Packages | charsetid | charsetform ]
Miscellaneous
[by ref ] <type> [, âŚ]
create [or replace] package <pack> return [indicator | âŚ] create [or replace] library <lib> {is | as} â<file>â;
[authid {current_user | definer}] [by ref ] <type> drop library <lib>;
{is | as} {procedure | function} | context } [, âŚ]) [with context] create [or replace] operator <oper>
<name> (<par> <type> [, âŚ]) | as [language <lang>] name binding (<type> [, âŚ]) return <type>
[return <type>]; â<func> (<par>, âŚ) return <type>â }; [ancillary to <prim> (<type> [, âŚ] )]
[type <refcurs> is ref cursor [with index context] [scan context]
drop function <func>;
return <type>;] [compute ancillary data] using <func>;
create [or replace] procedure <proc>
end [<pack>]; create [or replace] indextype <itype>
[(<par> [ in | out [nocopy]
create [or replace] package body for <oper> (<par> [, âŚ]) using <package>;
| in out [nocopy] ] <type>
<pack> {is | as} create [or replace] context <namespace>
[{:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ] )]
{procedure | function} <name> using <pack|type>;
[authid {current_user | definer}]
[(<par> [ in | out [nocopy]
{ is <var> <type>; drop context <namespace>;
| in out [nocopy] ] <type>
begin <stat>; create schema authorization <schema>
[{:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ] )]
end [<proc>]; {create table⌠| create view⌠| grantâŚ};
[return <type>]
| as [language <lang>] name explain plan [set statement_id = â<string>â]
[authid {current_user | definer}]
â<func>(<par>, âŚ)â }; [into <tab>] for <stat>;
{ is begin <stat>; end; end [<pack>];
drop procedure <proc>; create [or replace] outline <outln>
| is external library <lib>
[name â<func>â] [language <lang>] alter {function | procedure} <name> [for category <cat>] on <stat>;
[calling standard {C | pascal}] compile [debug]; alter outline <outln>
[with context] call {<proc> | <func> | <method>}[@<dblink>] { rebuild | rename to <new>
| as [language <lang>] name (<expr> [, âŚ]) | change category to <newcat> };
â<func> (<par>, âŚ) return <type>â }; [into <:var> [indicator <:ind>]]; drop outline <outln>;
drop package [body] <pack>;
alter package <pack> compile Java
[debug] [package | specification | body]; create [or replace]
[and {resolve | compile} [noforce] java
Procedures & Functions { {source | resource} named â<java>â
| class [schema <schema>] }
create [or replace] function <func>
[authid {current_user | definer}]
[(<par> [ in | out [nocopy]
[resolver (
| in out [nocopy] ] <type>
(â<pack/class | * >â [,] {<schema> | - } )
[{:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ] )]
[âŚ] )]
return <type>
{ as <src_text>
[authid {current_user | definer}]
| using { bfile (<dir>, â<file>â)
[deterministic] [parallel_enable]
Boolean Conditions
AND true false null OR true false null NOT
true true false null true true true true true false
false false false false false true false null false true
null null false null null true null null null not null
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![32 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Embedded SQL
exec oracle define <symbol>; set <col> = <expr> into <bind_descr>;
exec oracle {ifdef | ifndef } <symbol>; [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] exec sql [for <n>] open <curs>
exec oracle {else | endif }; [{return | returning} <expr> [, âŚ] [using descriptor <bind_descr>];
exec oracle option (<name> = <value>); into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; exec sql describe [select list for] <stat>
exec sql include {oraca | sqlca}; exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] delete [from] into <sel_descr>;
sqlca.sqlcode, sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc {(<subquery>) | <tab>} [alias] exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs>
exec sql enable threads; [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] using descriptor <sel_descr>;
exec sql declare <db> database; [{return | returning} <expr> [, âŚ] exec sql close <curs>;
into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]];
exec sql connect
{<:user> identified by <:pw> | <:user_pw>} exec sql [at <db>] execute
ANSI dyn. SQL method 4
[ [at <db>] using <:db>] begin <stat>; [, âŚ] end;
end-exec; exec sql [for <n>] allocate descriptor
{ [in {sysdba | sysoper} mode] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}
| [alter authorization <:new_pw>] }; exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs>
[with max <100>];
exec sql whenever for <static_stat>;
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | â<str>â};
{not found | sqlerror | sqlwarning} exec sql open <curs> [using <:var>];
exec sql describe input <stat>
{ continue | goto <label> | stop exec sql fetch <curs> into <:var> [, âŚ];
using [sql] descriptor
| do {<routine> | break | continue} }; exec sql close <curs>;
[global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â};
exec sql declare <tab> table exec sql [for <n>] set descriptor
(<col> <type> [not null] [, âŚ]); Oracle dyn. SQL method 1 [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}
exec sql declare <tab> table of <obj_type>; non-query, no bind vars
{ count = <n> | value <item_no>
exec sql declare <type> type as exec sql [at <db>] execute immediate { type | length | [ref ] indicator
{ object ( <col> <type> [, âŚ]) {<:str> | â<str>â}; | [ref ] data | character_set_name
| varray (<size>) of <elem_type> <str> may be PL/SQL block
| [ref ] returned_length
| table of <obj_type> }; | national_character
exec sql type <typ> is <datatype> [reference]; Oracle dyn. SQL method 2 | host_stride_length
non-query, known number and types of bind vars | indicator_stride_length
exec sql call <proc>(<par> [, âŚ] )
[into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] ]; [exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;] | returned_length_stride
exec sql register connect using <:ext_proc> exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | <str>}; | user_defined_type_{name | name_
[{return | returning} <:cont>]; exec sql execute <stat> [using <:var> [, âŚ] ]; length | schema | schema_length }}
exec sql var <:var> is <type> = <:var> [, âŚ] };
{ [(<len> | <prec>,<scal>)] Oracle dyn. SQL method 3 exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat>
[convbufsz [is] (<n>)] query, known number of columns and known number [using [sql] descriptor
and types of bind vars [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}]
| [convbufsz [is] (<n>)] };
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;] [into [sql] descriptor
exec sql [at <db>] allocate <:curs_var>
[[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] prepare <stat> [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}];
from {<:str> | â<str>â}; exec sql execute immediate {<:str> | â<str>â};
exec sql [at <db>] commit [work]
exec sql declare <curs> cursor for <stat>; str> may be PL/SQL block
[ [comment â<str>â] [release]
| force â<id>â [,<n>] ]; exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> exec sql [at <db>] declare
[using <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql [at <db>] savepoint <sp>;
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> into <:var> exec sql [for <n>] open <curs>
exec sql [at <db>] rollback [work]
[[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; [using [sql] descriptor
[ to [savepoint] <sp>
exec sql close <curs>; [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}]
| force â<id>â | release ];
[into [sql] descriptor
[global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}];
Static SQL Oracle dyn. SQL method 4
query, unknown number of columns or unknown exec sql describe output <stat>
exec sql [at <db>] select <val> into <:var>⌠number or types of bind vars using [sql] descriptor
from <tab> where <expr>âŚ; [exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â};
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | â<str>â}; exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs>
insert into {<tab> | (<subquery1>)} into [sql] descriptor
exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat>
[(<col> [, âŚ] ] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â} };
[using descriptor <bind_descr>];
{values (<expr> [, âŚ]) | <subquery2>} exec sql [for <n>] get descriptor
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> cursor
[{return | returning} <expr> [, âŚ] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}
for <stat>;
into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; { <:var> = count
exec sql describe bind variables for <stat>
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] update <tab>
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![Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 33
Embedded SQL (cont.)
| value <item_no> <:var> = <:obj> [[indicator] <:ind>] to <:var> Utilities
{ type | length | octet_length [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; proc
| returned_octet_length | precision exec sql [at <db>] object auto_connect={yes | no} char_
| scale | nullable | name get [ { * | <attrib> [, âŚ] } from ] map={varchar2 | charz | string | charf }
| character_set_name | indicator | data <:obj> [ [indicator] <:ind>] into <:var> close_on_commit={yes | no} code={ansi_c
| returned_length | national_character [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; | kr_c | cpp} comp_charset={multi_byte
| internal_length | host_stride_length exec sql [for <n>] [object] free <:point> | single_byte} config=<file> cpp_
| indicator_stride_length [[indicator] <:ind>]; suffix=<ext> dbms={native | v7 | v8}
| returned_length_stride exec sql [at <db>] [object] cache free all; def_sqlcode={yes | no} define=<name>
| user_defined_type_{version | name duration={transaction | session}
| name_length | schema dynamic={oracle | ansi} errors={yes | no}
LOBs
| schema_length} errtype=<file> fips={sql89 | sql2 | yes
} [, âŚ] }; exec sql [at <db>] lob append <:src> to <:dst>;
| no} header=<ext> hold_cursor={yes
exec sql close <curs>; exec sql [at <db>] lob trim <:src> to <:x>; | no} iname=<ifile> include=<path>
exec sql deallocate descriptor exec sql [at <db>] lob assign <:src> to <:dst>; intype=(<file, âŚ>) lines={yes | no}
[global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}; exec sql [at <db>] lob copy <:x> lname=<lisfile> ltype={none | short | long}
from <:src> [at <:y>] to <:dst> [at <:z>]; maxliteral=<1024> maxopencursors=<10>
Collections exec sql [at <db>] lob mode={ansi | iso | oracle} nls_char=<var>
exec sql [at <db>] collection describe erase <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>]; nls_local={yes | no} objects={yes |
<:coll> [ [indicator] <:ind>] exec sql [at <db>] lob create temporary <:src>; no} oname=<ofile> oraca={yes | no}
get <attrib> [, âŚ] into <:var> exec sql [at <db>] lob free temporary <:src>; pagelen=<80> parse={full | partial | none}
[[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; exec sql [at <db>] lob describe <:src> get prefetch=<1> release_cursor={yes | no}
{ chunksize | directory | fileexists | filename select_error={yes | no} sqlcheck={semantics
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection append
| isopen | istemporary | length } [, âŚ] | full | syntax} sys_include=<path>
<:var> [ [indicator] <:ind>] to <:coll>
into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; threads={yes | no} type_code={oracle |
[[indicator] <:ind>];
ansi} unsafe_null={yes | no} userid=<user>/
exec sql [at <db>] collection trim <:x> exec sql [at <db>] lob enable buffering <:src>;
<pwd>[@<serv>] utf16_charset={nchar_
from <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] lob disable buffering <:src>;
charset | db_charset} varchar={yes | no}
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection exec sql [at <db>] lob flush buffer <:src> [free]; version={recent | latest | any}
set <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>] exec sql [at <db>] lob open <:src>
to <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>]; [read only | read write];
lnproc
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection exec sql [at <db>] lob close <:src>;
get <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>] exec sql [at <db>] lob file close all;
into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] lob file set <:file>
exec sql [at <db>] collection reset <:coll> directory = <:dir>, filename = <:name>;
[[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] lob load <:x> from file
<:file> [at <:y>] into <:dst> [at <:z>];
Objects exec sql [at <db>] lob read <:x> from <:src>
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object [at <:y>] into <:buff> [with length <:z>];
create <:obj> [indicator] <:ind> exec sql [at <db>] lob write [append]
[table <tab>] [returning ref into <:ret>]; [first | next | last | one] <:x>
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object from <:buff> [with length <:y>]
release <:obj>; into <:dst> [at <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object
update <:obj>; Context
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object exec sql context allocate <:cont>;
delete <:obj>; exec sql context use {<:cont> | default};
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object exec sql context object get <option> [, âŚ]
deref <:ref> into <:obj> into <:var> [, âŚ];
[[indicator] <:ind>] [for update [nowait]];
exec sql context object set <option> [, âŚ]
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object to <:var> [, âŚ];
flush <:obj>;
exec sql context free <:cont>;
exec sql [at <db>] object
set [ { * | <attrib> [, âŚ] } of ]
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![34 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
SQLJ
#sql <mod> iterator <iter> Utilities âuser <user> âpassword <pwd> âservice
[implements <intfc> [, âŚ] ] sqlj <url> â{ssl | iiop}
[with ( [sensitivity = {sensitive âd[ir]=<dir> âencoding=<enc> âurl=<url> deployejb
| asensitive | insensitive}] âstatus âcompile=false âuser=<user>/ âgenerated <clientjar> âdescriptor <file>
[holdability = {true | false}] <pwd>@jdbc:oracle:thin@<host>:<port>: âverbose ârepublish âbeanonly âaddclass-
[returnability = {true | false}] <sid> âlinemap âprofile=false âser2class path <path> âresolver <res> âh[elp] âkeep
[updatecolumns = â<col> [, âŚ] âPâ<opt> âCâ<opt> âPâhelp âCâhelp âversion âdescribe âp[roperties] <file>
[<var> = <val>] [, âŚ] )] âJâ<opt> âversion âhelpâalias âhelpâlog âuser <user> âpassword <pwd> ârole
(<type> [<col>] [, âŚ]); â<key>=<value> <role> âservice <url> â{ssl | iiop}
named or positional iterator âcredsfile <file> âuseservicename âtemp
{ <in>.sqlj [<out>.java] âŚ
#sql <mod> context <cont> | <in>.ser [<out>.jar] ⌠} <dir> <EJBjarfile>
[implements <intfc> [, âŚ]] ejbdescriptor
loadjava
[with ( ⌠<var>=<val> [, âŚ] )]; â{parse | dump} <infile> <outfile>
âd[efiner] âe[ncoding] <latin1> âf[orce]
#sql [ [<conn_cont_inst>, <exec_cont_inst>] ] âg[rant] <user / role>, ⌠âh[elp] java2rmi_iiop
[<var / iter> =] { <SQL stat> }; ânoverify âorder âr[esolve] âa[ndresolve] âno_bind âno_comments âno_examples
>> Curly braces are part of syntax! <<
âs[ynonym] âoracleresolver âno_tie âwide âroot_dir <dir> âverbose
#sql { select /*+ <HINT> */ <expr> [, âŚ] âversion âW <n>
âR[esolver] â((<name> <schema>) âŚ)â
into <:[out] var> [, âŚ]
âo[ci8] ât[hin] âv[erbose] <true> java2idl
from <tab> [where <expr> âŚ] };
âS[chema] <schema> modifyprops
#sql <iter> = { select <expr> [, âŚ] âu[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> â{o[ci8] | t[hin]}
from <tab> [where <expr>âŚ] }; <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties> âu[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv>
#sql { fetch <:iter> into <:var> [, âŚ] }; dropjava {<key> <val> | <key> âdelete}
<iter>.next(), <iter>.endFetch(), <iter>.close()
âencoding <latin1> âh[elp]âs[ynonym]
#sql { insert into⌠}; â{o[ci8] | t[hin]} âv[erbose] âS[chema]
#sql { update⌠}; <schema> âuser user>/<pwd>@<netserv>
#sql { delete from⌠}; <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties>
#sql { commit }; publish
#sql { rollback }; ârepublish âh[elp] âversion âdescribe
#sql { set transaction <mode> âg[rant] <user / role>, ⌠ârole <role>
[, isolation level <level>] }; âuser <user> âpassword <pwd> âservice
#sql { call <proc> (<par> [, âŚ] ) }; <url> âschema <schema> â{ssl | iiop}
#sql <var / iter> = <name> <class> [<helper>]
{ values ( <func> (<par> [, âŚ] ) ) }; remove
#sql { set <:var> = <expr> }; âr[ecurse] âh[elp] âversion âd[escribe]
ârole <role> âuser <user> âpassword
#sql <iter> = { cast <:result_set> };
<pwd> âservice <url> â{ssl | iiop} <name>
#sql { [declare <var> <type>;]
sess_sh
begin <stat>; [âŚ] end; };
âh[elp] âversion âd[escribe] ârole <role>
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orical
- 1. Copyright Š 2000-2002 Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Disclaimer 2 Instance 3 Database 6 Database Utilities 7 Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments 8 Logfiles 9 Tables, Constraints & Triggers 10 Views, Synonyms & Sequences 12 Clusters 12 Index-organized Tables 13 Indexes 13 Temporary Segments 14 Undo Management 14 Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies 15 Auditing 16 Net Services 16 Recovery Manager 18 Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing 20 Real Application Clusters 22 Globalization Support 24 SQL*Plus 25 Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) 26 SQL, PL/SQL & Java 28 Embedded SQL 32 SQLJ 34 Label Security 35 Performance 35 Architecture 36 www.larsditzel.de
- 2. 2 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Disclaimer This document is nothing official by Oracle ers for input data are enclosed in brackets <> Corporation. Oracle holds all rights on its with corresponding default values underlined. documentation. Certain terms are registered A comma followed by an ellipsis inclosed in trademarks. The major goal of this quick ref- square brackets [, âŚ] indicates that the pre- erence guide is compaction, not clarity. Some ceding syntactic element may be repeated. An syntax options only work under certain circum- ellipsis without preceding comma ⌠indicates stances, some options exclude each other. This that the corresponding syntactic elements have behaviour is intentionally not reflected to avoid been specified beforehand. proliferation of similar statements. Be aware of Each section commonly starts with dynamic your actions! The author disclaims liability for performance views and static data dictionary errors within this document and subsequent views (only DBA variants listed) and â oc- mistakes that might harm your database. In casionally â tables. Initialization parameters case of uncertainties please refer to Oracleâs follow as well as database packages and im- original documentation, which comprises sev- portant files or processes. Then comes a list eral hundred megabytes meanwhile, or contact of performance tuning measures and desup- Oracle Customer Support. Suggestions and ported or deprecated features. The main part corrections to improve this guide are welcome. of each section is comprised of SQL statements This reference uses a modified Backus-Naur grouped by functionality. The final section may Form syntax which is adapted from the Oracle state utilities if any exist. online documentation. Optional parts are Changes from Release 8i to 9i are colored enclosed in square brackets [], a list of items is blue for new features or red for obsolete fea- enclosed in curly braces {}, alternatives within tures. Outdated syntax has not been removed brackets or braces are separated by a vertical most of the time as one eventually comes bar |. Keywords appear in regular style and across databases running older releases of are not case-sensitive in most OS. Placehold- Oracle Server. Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management ⢠RingstraĂe 23a ⢠65824 Schwalbach ⢠Germany Phone/Fax +49 (6196) 889739-0/5 ⢠Mobile +49 (173) 6530050 ⢠[email protected] www.larsditzel.de Copyright Š 2000-2002 Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management
- 3. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 3 Instance Background Processes (v$bgprocess) cess, v$px_process_sysstat, v$pq_sesstat, Tuning/Contention ARC<n>, CJQ0, J<nnn>, CKPT, DBW<n>, v$pq_slave, v$pq_sysstat, v$pq_tqstat, Buffer cache: ÂŤCache Hit RatioÂť (v$sysstat) DIAG, DMON, EMN0, LCK<n>*, LGWR, v$execution, v$mls_parameters, deptree, or per pool (v$buffer_pool_statistics) LMD0*, LMON*, LMS<n>*, LNSV, LSP0, session_context 1 â (ÂŤphysical readsÂť / (ÂŤdb block getsÂť + MRP0, NSV0, PMON, QMN<n>, RECO, ÂŤconsistent getsÂť)) < 90â95% -> increase RLAP, RSM0, SMON, RFS<n> Parameters (init<sid>.ora) ÂŤdb_block_buffersÂť or ÂŤbuffer_pool_keepÂť, BSP<n>*, SNP<n> << obsolete spfile, ifile, instance_name, service_names, ÂŤbuffer_pool_recycleÂť * RAC processes Shared pool: ÂŤShar. CursorsÂť db_block_size, sga_max_size, db_cache_size, Failure of LGWR (Err 470), CKPT (470), DBW<n> (471), ARC<n> (473), SMON (474) or RECO (476) db_keep_cache_size, db_recycle_cache_size, (v$librarycache) gethitratio for SQL AREA lead to termination of instance by PMON. Failure of db_<n>k_cache_size, db_cache_advice, < 99% PMON leads to termination of instance by DBW<n> shared_pool_size, log_buffer, large_pool_size, (Err 472). Library cache: sum(reloads) / sum(pins) > 1% Failed SNP<n> processes are restarted by PMON. java_pool_size, shared_pool_reserved_size, (v$librarycache) pre_page_sga, sessions, processes, user_dump_ Dict. cache: sum(getmisses) / sum(gets) > dest, background_dump_dest, max_dump_ 15% (v$rowcache) -> increase ÂŤshared_ Foreground Processes file_size, local_listener, remote_listener, pool_sizeÂť D<nnn>, S<nnn>, P<nnn> mts_service, circuits, dispatchers, max_dis- LRU latch: ÂŤcache buffers lru chainÂť patchers, shared_servers, max_shared_servers, (v$latch) sleeps / gets > 1% -> increase Views & Tables shared_server_sessions, dbwr_io_slaves, ÂŤdb_block_lru_latchesÂť (max. CPU * 6 or v$fixed_table, v$fixed_view_definition, remote_os_authent, os_authent_prefix, BUFFERS / 50) v$indexed_fixed_column, v$instance, v$sga, dml_locks, enqueue_resources, parallel_auto- Redo buffer: ÂŤredo%retriesÂť (v$sysstat) v$sgastat, v$pgastat, v$session, v$process, matic_tuning, parallel_min_servers, paral- PGA: ÂŤ%ga memory%Âť (v$sysstat), ÂŤsorts%Âť v$bgprocess, v$version, product_compo- lel_max_servers, parallel_min_percent, paral- (v$sysstat), sorts (v$sqlarea), ÂŤwork- nent_version, v$license, v$option, v$access, lel_adaptive_multi_user, parallel_threads_ area%Âť (v$sysstat, v$sesstat), v$pgastat, v$timer, v$parameter, v$parameter2, per_cpu, parallel_execution_message_size, par- v$sql_workarea, v$sql_workarea_active, v$spparameter, v$system_parameter, allel_broadcast_enabled, oracle_trace_enable, pga_%_mem (v$process) v$system_parameter2, v$obsolete_parameter, oracle_trace_collection_{name | path | size}, v$sql, v$sqlarea, v$sqltext, v$sqltext_with_ oracle_trace_facility_{name | path}, java_ soft_sessionspace_limit, java_max_sessions- Deprecated Features newlines, v$sql_cursor, v$sql_bind_data, v$sql_bind_metadata, v$sql_shared_memory, pace_size, lock_sga, shared_memory_address, v$mts v$sql_plan, v$sql_workarea, v$sql_work- hi_shared_memory_address, object_cache_op- db_block_buffers, buffer_pool_keep, buf- area_active, v$librarycache, v$rowcache, timal_size, object_cache_max_size_percent, fer_pool_recycle, mts_circuits, mts_dispatch- v$rowcache_parent, v$rowcache_subordi- serial_reuse, session_max_open_files, timed_ ers, mts_max_dispatchers, mts_servers, nate, v$open_cursor, v$object_dependency, os_statistics, cursor_sharing, drs_start mts_sessions v$db_object_cache, v$shared_pool_reserved, utlbstat.sql, utlestat.sql v$bh, v$cache, v$subcache, v$buffer_pool, Packages v$buffer_pool_statistics, v$db_cache_advice, DBMS_SYSTEM Desupported Features v$filestat, v$sysstat, v$sesstat, v$mystat, set_sql_trace_in_session v$recent_bucket, v$current_bucket, db_ v$statname, v$waitstat, v$latch, v$latchname, DBMS_SESSION block_lru_latches, use_indirect_data_buffers, v$latchholder, v$latch_parent, v$latch_chil- set_sql_trace db_block_lru_extended_statistics, db_block_ dren, v$event_name, v$system_event, DBMS_SHARED_POOL lru_statistics, lock_sga_areas, shared_pool_re- v$session_event, v$session_wait, v$circuit, keep, unkeep, sizes served_min_alloc, parallel_server_idle_time, v$queue, v$shared_server, v$shared_serv- DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO parallel_transaction_resource_timeout, paral- er_monitor, v$dispatcher, v$dispatcher_rate, set_module, set_action, set_client_info, lel_min_message_pool, mts_rate_log_size, v$reqdist, v$queue, v$lock, v$enqueue_lock, read_module, read_client_info mts_rate_scale, mts_max_servers v$locked_object, v$global_blocked_locks, v$session_connect_info, v$session_longops, v$system_cursor_cache, v$session_cur- Files sor_cache, v$session_object_cache, v$sess_io, dbmspool.sql, prvtpool.plb, catparr.sql, v$bsp, v$px_session, v$px_sesstat, v$px_pro- utldtree.sql Database locks (v$lock) CU cursor bind, DF data file, DL direct cache, RT redo thread, SC system commit modes loader parallel index creation, DM data- number, SM smon, SN sequence number, 0 - none, 1 - null (NULL), 2 - row share base mount, DR distributed recovery, DX SQ sequence number enqueue, SS sort seg- (SS), 3 - row exclusive (SX), 4 - share (S), distributed transaction, FS file set, HW ment, ST space transaction, SV sequence 5 - share row exclusive (SSX), 6 - exclu- space management operation, IN instance number value, TA generic enqueue, TS sive (X) number, IR instance recovery, IS instance temporary segment (ID2=0) or new block user types and names state, IV library cache invalidation, JQ allocation (ID2=1), TT temporary table, TM dml enqueue, TX transaction job queue, KK redo thread kick, L[A-P] UN user name, US undo segment ddl, enqueue, UL user-defined lock library cache lock, MM mount defini- WL being-written redo log, XA instance tion, MR media recovery, N[A-Z] library registration attribute lock, XI instance system types and names cache pin, PF password file, PI/PS parallel registration lock BL buffer hash table, CF control file trans- operation, PR process startup, Q[A-Z] row action, CI cross-instance call invocation, www.larsditzel.de
- 4. 4 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Instance (cont.) Parameters | false}, remote_os_roles = {true | false}, repli- Session Scope Dynamic Init. Parameters show parameter[s] <string> cation_dependency_tracking = {true | false}, alter session set <param> [=] <value>; alter system set <param> [=] <value> rollback_segments = (<rbs> [, âŚ]), row_lock- cursor_sharing = {similar | exact | force}, [comment â<text>â] [deferred] ing = {always | default | intent}, serial_reuse = db_block_checking, db_create_file_dest = [scope = {memory | spfile | both} ] {disable | select | sml | plsql | all}, session_max_ â<dir>â, db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5> = [sid = { â<sid>â | â*â } ]; open_files = <10>, sessions = <(1.1*proc)+5>, â<dir>â, db_file_multiblock_read_count = <8>, sga_max_size = <n>, shadow_core_dump global_names = {true | false}, hash_area_size alter system reset <param> = {partial | full}, shared_memory_address = = <n>, hash_join_enabled = {true | false}, [scope = {memory | spfile | both} ] <0>, shared_pool_reserved_size = <5%SP>, log_archive_dest_<1-10> = {location = <path> [sid = { â<sid>â | â*â } ]; shared_server_sessions = <n>, spfile = <file>, | service = <serv>} [optional | mandatory] sql92_security = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true [[no]reopen [=<300>]] [arch | lgwr] [synch | Static Initialization Parameters | false}, tape_asynch_io = {true | false}, thread async = <n>] [[no]affirm] [[no]delay [= <30>]] active_instance_count = <n>, audit_file_dest = <n>, transactions_per_rollback_segment = [[no]dependency] [[no]alternate [= <dest>]] = <dir>, audit_trail = {none | false | db | true | <5>, undo_management = {manual | auto}, [[no]max_failure [= <n>] [[no]quota_size os}, background_core_dump = {full | partial}, util_file_dir = <dir> [= <n>] [[no]quota_used] [[no]register [= bitmap_merge_area_size = <1m>, blank_trim- <loc>]], log_archive_dest_state_<1-10> = {en- ming = {true | false}, buffer_pool_{keep | Dynamic Initialization Parameters able | defer | alternate}, log_archive_min_suc- recycle} = {<n> | (buffers: <n>, lru_latches: aq_tm_processes = <n>, archive_lag_target = ceed_dest = <1>, max_dump_file_size = {<n> <n>} << deprecated, circuits = <n>, cluster_data- <n>, background_dump_dest = â<dir>â, back- | unlimited}, nls_calendar = â<cal>â, nls_comp base = {true | false}, cluster_database_instances up_tape_io_slaves = {true | false}, control_file_ = {binary | ansi}, nls_currency = <curr>, = <n>, cluster_interconnects = <ip>[:<ip>âŚ], record_keep_time = <7>, core_dump_dest = nls_date_format = â<fmt>â, nls_date_lan- commit_point_strength = <n>, compatible â<dir>â, db_{2|4|8|16|32}k_cache_size = <0>, guage = <lang>, nls_dual_currency = <curr>, = <x.x.x>, control_files = (â<file>â [, âŚ]), db_block_checking = {true | false}, db_block_ nls_iso_currency = <terr>, nls_language = cpu_count = <n>, create_bitmap_area_size checksum = {true | false}, db_cache_advice <lang>, nls_length_semantics = {byte | char}, = <8m>, cursor_space_for_time = {true | = {on | ready | off }, db_cache_size = <48m>, nls_nchar_conv_excp = {true | false}, nls_nu- false}, db_block_buffers = <n> << deprecated, db_{keep | recycle}_cache_size = <0m>, meric_characters = <sep>, nls_sort = {binary | db_block_size = <2048>, db_domain = dispatchers = â{ (protocol = <prot>) | (descrip- <ling>}, nls_territory = <terr>, nls_time_for- <str>, {db | log}_file_name_convert = (âprimâ, tion = (address =âŚ) ) | (address = (protocol mat = â<fmt>â, nls_timestamp_format = âstdbyâ [, âŚ]), db_files = <200>, db_name = = <prot>) (host = <node>) (port = <port>) â<fmt>â, nls_timestamp_tz_format = â<fmt>â, <str>, db_writer_processes = <1>, dblink_en- )} (connections = <n>) (dispatchers = <1>) nls_time_tz_format = â<fmt>â, object_cache_ crypt_login = {true | false}, dbwr_io_slaves = (index = <n>) (listener = <list>) ( {pool | max_size_percent = <10>, object_cache_op- <0>, disk_asynch_io = {true | false}, distrib- multiplex} = {1 | on | yes | true | both | ({in | timal_size = <n>, optimizer_index_caching uted_transactions = <n>, gc_files_to_locks out} = <n>) | 0 | off | no | false | <n>}) (ticks = = <0>, optimizer_index_cost_adj = <100>, = â<f#>[-<f#>]=<n>[!<B>][r][each][: âŚ]â << <15>) (service = <serv>) (presentation = {ttc | optimizer_max_permutations = <80000>, op- disables Cache Fusion, hi_shared_memory_ad- oracle.aurora.server.{SGiopServer | GiopServ- timizer_mode = {first_rows_{1|10|100|1000} dress = <0>, ifile = <file>, instance_groups er} })â, drs_start = {true | false}, fal_client = | first_rows | all_rows | choose | rule}, = <gr> [, âŚ], instance_name = <sid>, <serv>, fal_server = <serv>, fast_start_io_target oracle_trace_enable = {true | false}, parallel_ instance_number = <n>, java_max_ses- = <n> << deprecated, fast_start_mttr_target broadcast_enabled = {true | false}, parallel_in- sionspace_size = <0>, java_pool_size = = <0>, fast_start_parallel_rollback = {hi | stance_group = <gr>, parallel_min_percent = <20k>, java_soft_sessionspace_limit = <0>, lo | false}, fixed_date = <date>, global_con- <0>, partition_view_enabled = {true | false}, large_pool_size = <n>, local_listener = <serv>, text_pool_size = <1m>, hs_autoregister = plsql_compiler_flags = {[debug | non_debug], lock_name_space = <name>, lock_sga = {true | false}, job_queue_processes = <0>, [interpreted | normal]}, plsql_v2_compat- {true | false}, log_archive_format = <fmt>, license_max_sessions = <0>, license_max_us- ibility = {true | false}, query_rewrite_enabled log_archive_start = {true | false}, log_buffer = ers = <0>, license_sessions_warning = <0>, = {true | false}, query_rewrite_integrity = <n>, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions = <1>, log_archive_dest = <dir>, log_archive_du- {stale_tolerated | trusted | enforced}, remote_ max_commit_propagation_delay = <700>, plex_dest = <dir>, log_archive_max_processes dependencies_mode = {timestamp | signature}, max_dispatchers = <5>, max_enabled_roles = = <1>, log_archive_trace = <0>, log_check- session_cached_cursors = <0>, sort_area_re- <20>, max_shared_servers = <n>, o7_diction- point_interval = <bl>, log_checkpoint_time- tained_size = <n>, sort_area_size = <65536>, ary_accessibility = {true | false}, open_cursors out = <sec>, log_checkpoints_to_alert = {true star_transformation_enabled = {temp_disable = <50>, open_links = <4>, open_links_per_in- | false}, parallel_adaptive_multi_user = {true | true | false}, timed_os_statistics = <0>, stance = <4>, optimizer_features_enable | false}, parallel_threads_per_cpu = <n>, timed_statistics = {true | false}, tracefile_iden- = <9.0.0>, oracle_trace_collection_name pga_aggregate_target = <0>, plsql_native_c_ tifier = â<id>â, undo_suppress_errors = {true | = <name>, oracle_trace_collection_path = compiler = <path>, plsql_native_library_dir false}, workarea_size_policy = {auto | manual} <dir>, oracle_trace_collection_size = <n>, = <dir>, plsql_native_library_subdir_count = oracle_trace_facility_name = {oracled, oraclee, <0>, plsql_native_linker = <path>, plsql_na- Session Parameters Only oraclesm, oraclec}, oracle_trace_facility_path = tive_make_file_name = <path>, plsql_native_ constraint[s] = {immediate | deferred | default}, <dir>, os_authent_prefix = <OPS$>, os_roles make_utility = <path>, resource_limit = {true create_stored_outlines = {true | false | â<cat>â} = {true, false}, parallel_automatic_tuning = | false}, resource_manager_plan = <plan>, ser- [nooverride], current_schema = <schema>, er- {true | false}, parallel_execution_message_size vice_names = <serv> [, âŚ], shared_pool_size = ror_on_overlap_time = {true | false}, flagger = = <n>, parallel_max_servers = <n>, paral- <16/64m>, shared_servers = <0/1>, standby_ {entry | immediate | full | off }, instance = <n>, lel_min_servers = <0>, pre_page_sga = {true archive_dest = <path>, standby_file_manage- isolation_level = {serializable | read commit- | false}, processes = <n>, rdbms_server_dn = ment = {manual | auto}, trace_enabled = {true ted}, plsql_debug = {true | false}, skip_unus- <x.500>, read_only_open_delayed = {true | | false}, transaction_auditing = {true | false}, able_indexes = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true false}, recovery_parallelism = <n>, remote_ar- undo_retention = <900>, undo_tablespace = | false}, time_zone = {â<{+|-}hh:mi>â | local | chive_enable = {true | false}, remote_listener = <ts>, user_dump_dest = <dir> dbtimezone | â<tz_region>â}, use_{private | <serv>, remote_login_passwordfile = {none | shared | exclusive}, remote_os_authent = {true stored}_outlines = {true | false | â<cat>â} www.larsditzel.de
- 5. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 5 Instance (cont.) Deprecated Initialization Parameters oradebug | hanganalyze [level] mts_dispatchers, mts_servers { help [cmd] | ffbegin %_area%_size <<for dedicated server cofigurations | setmypid | ffderegister | setospid <ospid> | ffterminst | setorapid <orapid> [âforceâ] | ffresumeinst Obsolete Initialization Parameters | dump <dump> <lev> [addr] | ffstatus job_queue_interval, db_block_max_dirty_tar- | dumpsga [bytes] | core get, hash_multiblock_io_count = <n> | dumplist | ipc | event <evt> | unlimit Events | session_event <evt> | procstat { alter system set event = | alter session set | dumpvar {p | s | uga} <var> [lev] | call <func> [<arg> , âŚ] } events [=] } â<dbg_evt> trace name context | setvar {p | s | uga} <var> <val> {forever, level <n> | off }â | peek <addr> <len> [lev] alter session set events [=] {âimmediate trace | poke <addr> <len> <val> name {heapdump | controlf | systemstate} level | wakeup <orapid> <n>â | â<oerr> trace name errorstack level 3â} | suspend | resume | flush Debug events | close_trace 10015 (rollback), 10046 (process), 10049, | tracefile_name 10051, 10053, 10210, 10211, 10212, 10231, | lkdebug 10232, 10235, 10248 (dispatcher), 10249 | nsdbx (shared server + dispatcher), 10257 (pmon), 10262, | -G {<inst> | def | all} 10297 (oid caching), 10325 (control), 10408 | -R {<inst> | def | all} (block keywords), 10520 (avoid invalidations), | setinst {â<inst> [, âŚ]â | all} 10619 (compatibility), 19027 (ctxxpath), 29700 | sgatofile <âpathâ> (v$ges_convert% views), 30441 | dmpcowsga <âpathâ> | mapcowsga <âpathâ> Instance Startup/Shutdown Utilities startup orapwd [force] [restrict] [pfile=<par>] [ nomount | file=<file> password=<pwd> entries=<n> [exclusive | parallel [retry] | shared [retry]] oradim { mount [<db>] | open â{new | edit | delete | startup | shutdown} [read {only | write [recover]} | recover] â{sid <SID> | srvc <serv>} ânewsid <SID> [<db>] } ] âusrpwd <pwd> âintpwd <pwd> shutdown âmaxusers <n> âstartmode {a | m} [ normal | transactional [local] âshutmode {a | i | n} | immediate | abort ] â{starttype | shuttype} alter database [<db>] {srvc | inst | srvc, inst} { mount [ {standby | clone} database] âpfile <par> âtimeout <n> [exclusive | parallel] << obsolete tkprof <trc> <out> | dismount [explain=<user>/<pwd>@<netserv>] | open [read only | [read write] [table=<tab>] [print=<n>] [sys=no] [resetlogs | noresetlogs] ] [insert=<file>] [record=<file>] | close [normal | immediate] }; [aggregate=<n>] [sort=<opt>] otrcfmt Instance Modification oemctl alter system {enable | disable} restricted { {start | stop | status | ping} session; oms [<user>/<pwd>] | {start | stop} alter system {quiesce restricted | unquiesce}; paging [<host> <name>] | {enable | dis- able | dump | export | import} alter system {suspend | resume}; eventhandler [<file>] alter system kill session â<SID>,<Serial#>â | {import | export} registry [<file>] [immediate]; <user>/<pwd>@<repalias> alter system disconnect session | configure rws } â<SID>,<Serial#>â oemapp {console | dataguard} [post_transaction | immediate]; vppcntl âstart alter system shutdown [immediate] âD<nnn>â; vtm alter system register; alter system flush shared_pool; www.larsditzel.de
- 6. 6 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Database Views & Tables Files v$database, v$controlfile, v$controlfile_re- catalog.sql, catproc.sql, utlrp.sql, utlip.sql, cord_section, v$deleted_object, utlirp.sql, utlconst.sql, utlincmpt.sql, v$compatibility, v$compatseg, v$timezone_ utldst.sql, timezone.dat, timezlrg.dat, names, dictionary, dict_columns, dba_catalog, catlg803.sql, u0703040.sql, r0703040.sql, dba_objects, dba_object_size, dba_ana- u080<n>0<n>0.sql, r08000<n>0.sql, lyze_objects, props$, database_properties, d080<n>0<n>.sql database_compatible_level Tuning/Contention Parameters phyrds, phywrts (v$filestat) db_create_file_dest, db_create_online_log_ dest_<n>, undo_tablespace, cluster_database, control_files, db_name, db_domain, db_files, compatible, read_only_open_delayed DB Creation [national character set create controlfile [â<ctrl>â] [reuse] create database [<db>] {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] set database <db> [datafileâŚ] [logfileâŚ] [datafile â<file>â [, âŚ] size <n> [reuse] [set time_zone = ⌠[[no]resetlogs]; [autoextend {on | off } [next <1xBS> { â<{+|-}hh:mi>â create spfile [= â<spfile>â] from maxsize {<n> | unlimited}] ]] | â<time_zone_region>â } ] pfile [= â<pfile>â]; [logfile [group <n>] [set standby database create pfile [= â<pfile>â] from (â<log>â [, âŚ] ) size <n> [reuse] {protected | unprotected} ] spfile [= â<spfile>â]; [, [group <n>] [archivelog | noarchivelog] [exclusive]; alter database [<db>] backup controlfile to (â<log>â [, âŚ] ) size <n> [reuse] ] ⌠] { â<file>â [reuse] [default temporary tablespace <ts> DB Modification | trace [resetlogs | noresetlogs] }; [tempfile â<file>â] alter database [<db>] rename global_name alter database [<db>] create standby controlfile [extent management local] to <db>; as â<file>â [reuse]; [uniform [size <1> [k | m]] ]] alter database [<db>] default temporary alter database [<db>] set standby database [undo tablespace <SYS_UNDOTBS> tablespace <ts>; {protected | unprotected}; [datafile â<file>â alter system set undo_tablespace = <new_ts>; alter database [<db>] [autoextendâŚ] [, âŚ] ]] alter database [<db>] convert; commit to switchover to [physical] [controlfile reuse] alter database [<db>] reset compatibility; {primary | standby} [wait | nowait]; [maxdatafiles <n>] [maxinstances <n>] alter database [<db>] [national] character set alter database [<db>] activate [physical] [maxlogfiles <n>] [maxlogmembers <n>] <new_char>; standby database [skip [standby logfile]]; [maxloghistory <n>] [character set {<charset> alter database [<db>] set {dblow = <str> | | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] dbhigh = <str> | dbmac {on | off } }; Data Guard CLI alter Other Utilities dgmgrl [-silent] [-xml] [-debug] [-echo] { configuration set state = dbassist connect <user>/<pwd>@<service> â[online | offline]â dbca | site â<site>â set { state = â[online | offline]â startup [restrict] [force] [pfile=<file>] | auto pfile = â<pfile>â [off ] } [nomount | mount [<db>] | resource â<res>â [on site â<site>â] set | open [read {only | write} ] ] { state = â<state>â shutdown {normal | immediate | abort} | property â<prop>â = â<val>â }; show { configuration [verbose] [â<prop>â] create | site [verbose] â<site>â [â<prop>â] { configuration â<conf>â | resource [verbose] â<res>â [â<prop>â] as primary site is â<prim>â [on site â<site>â] | site â<site>â } | dependency tree resource is â<res>â hostname is â<host>â | log [alert] [latest] on site â<site>â }; instance name is â<inst>â enable { configuration | site â<site>â | resource service name is â<serv>â â<res>â [on site â<site>â] }; site is maintained as physical; disable { configuration | site â<site>â | resource remove { configuration â<conf>â | site â<site>â }; â<res>â [on site â<site>â] }; www.larsditzel.de
- 7. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 7 Database Utilities Views & Tables Loads {whitespace | [x]â<str>â | eof } v$loadcstat, v$loadistat, v$loadpstat, sqlldr [[optionally] enclosedâŚ] } v$loadtstat, dba_exp_files, dba_exp_objects, userid = <user>/<pwd> data = <data> [trailing [nullcols] ] dba_exp_version, sys.incexp, sys.incfil, control = <ctrl> parfile = <par> log = [sorted indexes] sys.incvid <log> bad = <bad> discard = <discard> [singlerow] discardmax = <n> skip = <n> load = ( { <col> { <sqlfunc> | sysdate | recnum <n> errors = <n> rows = <n> bindsize | sequence [( { <n>[.<x>] Files = <65536> readsize = <65536> silent | max | count } )] } catexp.sql, catexp7.sql, migrate.bsq | <col> [filler] = ( {header | feedback | errors | discards | partitions | all} [, âŚ] ) direct = <n> [ position ( { <x> [ {: | -} <y>] Export multithreading = <n> streamsize = <n> | * [+<z>] } ) ] exp columnarrayrows = <n> parallel = <n> { char [(<n>)] help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile file = <file> skip_unusable_indexes = <n> | varchar [(<n>)] = <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize skip_index_maintenance = <n> com- | varcharc = <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buf- mit_discontinued = <n> external_table | date [â<fmt>â] fer = <n> silent = <n> recordlength = = {not_used | generate_only | execute} | time <n> direct = <n> rows = <y> indexes resumable = <n> resumable_name = <str> | timestamp = <y> grants = <y> constraints = <y> resumable_timeout = <7200> datecache | time with time zone triggers = <y> feedback = <0> statistics = <n> | timestamp with time zone = {estimate | compute | none} record = bind array size = | interval year to month (n rows) * ( SUM (fixed field lengths) + SUM(max. | interval day to second <y> compress = <y> consistent = <n> varying field lengths) + ( (number of varying length object_consistent = <n> flashback_scn = fields) * (size of length indicator [2 or 3, system | integer [external] [(<n>)] <scn> flashback_time = <time> resumable dependent]) ) ) | smallint = <n> resumable_name = <str> resum- | float [external] able_timeout = <7200> template = <x> Controlfile | double tablespaces = (<ts> [, âŚ]) transport_ta- [ options ( | byteint blespace = <n> tts_full_check = <x> [, âŚ] [bindsize = <n>] [columnsarrayrows = | zoned [external] (p [,<s>]) point_in_time_recover = <n> <n>] [direct = {true | false}] [errors = <n>] | decimal [external] (p [,<s>]) recovery_tablespaces = <ts> [, âŚ] [load = <n>] [multithreading = {true | | raw [(<n>)] { full = <n> | owner = <schema> false}] [parallel = {true | false}] [readsize | varraw | tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, âŚ] = <n>] [resumable] [resumable_name] | long varraw [query = <expr>] ) } [resumable_timeout] [rows = <n>] [silent | varrawc inctype = {complete | cumulative | incre- = ({feedback | errors | discards | all} [, âŚ])] | graphic [(<n>)] mental} << deprecated [skip = <n>] [skip_index_maintenance] | graphic external [(<n>)] Perform full exports as user System. [skip_unusable_indexes] [streamsize = | vargraphic [(<n>)] } buffer size = <n>] ) ] [terminated by (n rows) * SUM(max. field length + size of length indicator [2 or 3, system dependent]) {â<str>â | whitespace} ] {load | continue_load} data [ {nullif | defaultif } ({<col> | <pos>}) [{infile | inddn} [â<load.dat>â | * ] <op> { [x]â<str>â | blanks } [andâŚ] ] Import [âstr [x]â<char>ââ] [enclosed by â<chr>â and â<chr>â] imp [ârecsize <n> buffers <n>â] [â<sql_stmt>(:<col>)â] help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile [badfile â<load.bad>â | baddn] [, <col> âŚ] ) = <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize = [{discardfile | discarddn} â<load.dsc>â] [into table <tab> âŚ] <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buffer [{discards | discardmax} <n>] [characterset <char>] [begindataâŚ] = <n> recordlength = <n> rows = <y> grants = <y> indexes = <y> indexfile = [byteorder {big | little} [endian] ] [byteordermark {check | nocheck} ] Migration <file> constraints = <y> commit = <n> compile = <y> ignore = <n> inctype = [length [semantics] mig {system | restore} feedback = <0> show {byte | char | character} ] dbname = <db> new_dbname = <new> = <n> statistics = {always | none | safe | [concatenate <n>] pfile = <initfile> spool = <logfile> check_ recalculate} analyze = <y> recalculate_sta- [continueif only = <false> no_space_check = <false> tistics = <n> destroy = <n> skip_unus- { [this | next] [preserve] multiplier = <15> nls_nchar = <char > able_indexes = <n> toid_novalidate = [(] <pos> (<type> [, âŚ] ) resumable = <n> resum- | last [preserve] [(] } able_name = <str> resumable_timeout <op> [x]â<str>â [)] ] = <7200> streams_configuration = <y> into table <tab> streams_instatiation = <n> { full = <n> | [ ({partition | subpartition} <part>) ] tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, âŚ])} fromuser [skip <n>] = <schema> [, âŚ] touser = <schema> [, {insert | replace | truncate | append} âŚ] transport_tablespace = <n> datafiles = [options (file = <db_file>) ] â(<file> [, âŚ] )â tablespaces = (<ts> [, âŚ]) [when ({<col> | <pos>}) tts_owners = <owner> [, âŚ] point_in_ <op> { [x]â<str>â | blanks } [andâŚ] ] time_recover = <false> [fields Order: type defs â table defs â table data â indexes { enclosed [by] â constraints, views, procedures, triggers [[x]â<str>â] [and [x]â<str>â] â bitmap, functional, domain indexes | terminated [by] www.larsditzel.de
- 8. 8 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments Views & Tables Parameters tablespace_migrate_{from | to}_local, v$tablespace, v$datafile, v$datafile_copy, db_block_checking, db_block_checksum, segment_{verify | corrupt | dump | v$datafile_header, v$dbfile, v$offline_range, recovery_parallelism, fast_start_parallel_roll- moveblocks}, segment_drop_corrupt, seg- v$tempfile, v$tempstat, v$temp_extent_map, back, db_file_name_convert, log_check- ment_number_{blocks | extents}, v$temp_extent_pool, v$temp_space_header, point_timeout, log_checkpoints_to_alert, DBMS_TTS v$temp_ping, v$backup, v$recover_file, db_writer_processes, db_file_simultane- transport_set_check, downgrade v$recovery_file_status, v$recovery_log, ous_waits, standby_file_management, v$recovery_progress, v$recovery_status, read_only_open_delayed Deprecated Features v$recovery_transactions, v$instance_recovery, fast_start_io_target, log_checkpoint_interval v$fast_start_servers, v$fast_start_transac- Packages tions, v$managed_standby, dba_tablespaces, DBMS_REPAIR Desupported Features dba_ts_quotas, dba_data_files, filext$, check_object, {skip | fix}_corrupt_blocks, db_block_max_dirty_target, db_file_simul- dba_temp_files, dba_segments, dba_extents, dump_orphan_keys, rebuild_freelists, taneous_writes, db_block_checkpoint_batch, dba_free_space, dba_free_space_coalesced, admin_tables, segment_fix_status parallel_transaction_recovery dba_free_space_coalesced_tmp[1-3], DBMS_SPACE ts_pitr_objects_to_be_dropped, ts_pitr_check, unused_space, free_blocks, space_usage transport_set_violations, dba_dmt_free_space, dba_dmt_used_extents, dba_lmt_free_space, DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN dba_lmt_used_extents, pluggable_set_check, tablespace_verify, tablespace_{rebuild | uni_pluggable_set_check, straddling_ts_ob- relocate | fix}_bitmaps, tablespace_rebuild_ jects quotas, tablespace_fix_segment_states, TS Creation alter tablespace <ts> { online | offline [immediate] [nowait] | disconnect create tablespace <ts> [ normal | temporary | immediate [from session] [finish [nowait]] ] [datafile â<file>â] << only optional if | for recover ] }; << deprecated | [standby] tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST is set alter tablespace <ts> { read {write | only} [until [consistent with] controlfile] [size <n>] [reuse] | permanent | temporary }; | [standby] datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] [autoextend {off | on [next <n>] alter tablespace <ts> [minimum extent <n>] [until [consistent with] controlfile] [maxsize {<n> | unlimited} ] } ] default storage (âŚ); | logfile â<log>â } [,â<file>â⌠[autoextendâŚ] ] alter tablespace <ts> coalesce; [test [allow <x> corruption] ] [minimum extent <n>] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] alter tablespace <ts> {begin | end} backup; [blocksize <n> [k]] | continue [default] | cancel }; alter database [<db>] datafile <n> [, âŚ] [default storage ( [initial <5xBS>] recover [automatic] [from â<log_path>â] end backup; [next <5xBS>] [pctincrease <50>] { database [until { cancel | change <scn> [minextents <1>] | time â<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>â }] Datafiles [using backup controlfile] [maxextents {<n> | unlimited} ] [freelists <1>] [freelist groups <1>] alter system checkpoint [global | local]; | [managed] standby database [buffer_pool {default | keep | recycle} ] )] alter system check datafiles [global | local]; [timeout <n> | cancel [immediate] ] [logging | nologging] alter database [<db>] datafile â<file>â [, âŚ] | [standby] tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] [permanent | temporary] [online | offline] { resize <n> | autoextend⌠| online [until [consistent with] controlfile] [extent management | offline [drop] | end backup }; | [standby] datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] { dictionary | local alter database [<db>] tempfile â<file>â [, âŚ] [until [consistent with] controlfile] [autoallocate | uniform [size <1m>]] }] { resize <n> | autoextend⌠| online | logfile <log> [segment space management | offline | drop [including datafiles] }; | continue [default] {manual | auto} ]; alter database [<db>] rename file | cancel } create undo tablespace <ts> â<file>â [, âŚ] to â<new_file>â [, âŚ]; [noparallel | parallel (degree {<n> | default} [datafile â<file>â⌠[autoextendâŚ] ] << s.a. [instances <1> | default] )] alter database [<db>] create datafile [extent management local] â<file>â [, âŚ] [as {new | â<file>â [, âŚ]} ]; [uniform [size <1m>]]; create temporary tablespace <ts> Recovery [tempfile â<file>â⌠[autoextendâŚ] ] << s.a. set autorecovery {on | off } [extent management local] [uniform [size <1m>]]; set logsource <dir> drop tablespace <ts> alter database [<db>] recover [including contents [and datafiles] [automatic] [from â<log_path>â] [cascade constraints] ]; { { [standby] database [until { cancel | change <scn> | time â<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>â }] TS Modification [using backup controlfile] alter tablespace <ts> add {datafile | tempfile} | managed standby database â<file>â size <n> [reuse] [autoextendâŚ]; [ next <n> | timeout <n> | delay <n> alter tablespace <ts> rename datafile | nodelay | expire <n> | cancel â<file>â [, âŚ] to â<new>â [, âŚ]; www.larsditzel.de
- 9. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 9 Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments (cont.) Utilities RowID Packages dbv file=<file> Logical: DBMS_ROWID start=<n> end=<n> logfile=<log> hex string of variable length (rowid_create, rowid_object, rowid_rela- blocksize=<2048> feedback=<0> Extend(10B): tive_fno, rowid_block_number, ro- parfile=<fil> segment_id=<ts.fil.blck> DataObj#{32b} - RelFile#{10b} - wid_row_number, rowid_to_absolute_fno, Block#{22b} - Row#{16b} rowid_to_extended, rowid_to_restricted) Blocks Base64 v$type_size OOOOOO â FFF â BBBBBB â RRR Header: Restrict(6B): static(61B), row directory(2B*rec), transac- Block#{Xb} - Row#{Xb} - File#{Xb} tion headers (23B*TX) [Cluster: table directory] Logfiles Views & Tables Packages Tuning/Contention v$log, v$logfile, v$thread, v$loghist, v$log_ DBMS_LOGMNR_D v$system_event, v$sysstat history, v$database, v$archive, v$archive_dest, build Redo latch: v$archive_dest_status, v$archive_gap, DBMS_LOGMNR ÂŤredo allocationÂť, ÂŤredo copyÂť (v$latch) v$standby_log, v$archived_log, v$archive_ add_logfile, start_logmnr, end_logmnr, ÂŤmissesÂť / ÂŤgetsÂť > 1% or processes, v$logmnr_dictionary, v$logmnr_pa- mine_value, column_present ÂŤimmediate_missesÂť / (ÂŤimmediate_getsÂť + rameters, v$logmnr_logs, v$logmnr_contents, DBMS_LOGMNR_SESSION ÂŤimmediate_missesÂť) > 1% dba_source_tables, dba_source_tab_columns, {add | remove}_logfile, {create | attach | -> decrease ÂŤlog_small_entry_max_sizeÂť dba_subscriptions, dba_subscribed_tables, detach | destroy}_session, column_present, -> increase ÂŤlog_simultaneous_copiesÂť dba_subscribed_columns, change_sources, include_src_tbl, mine_value, {prepare | (max. CPU * 2) change_sets, change_tables release}_scn_range, set_dict_attr, set_ses- sion_params Desupported Features Parameters DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_PUBLISH v$targetrba, log_archive_buffers, log_archive_ db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5>, thread, {create | alter | drop}_change_table, drop_ buffer_size, log_block_checksum, log_simul- log_buffer, log_archive_max_processes, {subscription | subscriber_view}, purge taneous_copies, log_small_entry_max_size, log_archive_start, log_archive_dest, log_ar- DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_SUBSCRIBE lgwr_io_slaves chive_format, standby_archive_dest, log_ar- get_subcription_handle, subscribe, chive_duplex_dest, log_archive_dest_ {activate | drop}_subscription, {extend | <1-10>, log_archive_dest_state_<1-10>, purge}_window, {prepare | drop}_ sub- remote_archive_enable, fal_client, fal_server, scriber_view log_archive_trace, archive_lag_target, log_ar- chive_min_succeed_dest, log_file_name_con- Files vert, arch_io_slaves, utl_file_dir, logmnr_ dbmslm.sql, dbmslmd.sql, dbmslms.sql, max_persistent_sessions dbmscdcp.sql, dbmscdcs.sql catcdc.sql, (_allow_resetlogs_corruption << undocumented & unsupported) initcdc.sql Archive Mode Logfiles alter database [<db>] drop archive log { list | stop | {start | next | all | alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile [standby] logfile member â<log>â; <n>}} [thread <n>] [group <n>] (â<log>â, âŚ) alter database [<db>] clear [to <dest>] << always applies to current instance size <n>; [unarchived] logfile {group <n> | â<log>â} alter database [<db>] alter database [<db>] [unrecoverable datafile]; {archivelog | noarchivelog}; {enable [public] | disable} thread <n>; alter database add supplemental log data alter system archive log [thread <n>] alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile ( {primary key | unique index} [, âŚ] ) { start [to â<log_path>â] | stop member â<log>â [reuse] to group <n>; columns; | current << global log switch alter database [<db>] register [or replace] alter database drop supplemental log data; | next | all | sequence <n> | group <n> [physical] logfile â<log>â [, âŚ]; alter table add supplemental log group <grp> | change <n> | logfile â<file>â }; alter database [<db>] rename file (<col> [, âŚ] ) [always]; alter system switch logfile; â<log>â [, âŚ] to â<new_log>â [, âŚ]; alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>; << applies only to current instance alter database [<db>] drop [standby] logfile group <n>; www.larsditzel.de
- 10. 10 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Tables, Constraints & Triggers Views & Tables DBMS_STATS ÂŤtable scans%Âť (v$sysstat) -> adjust dba_tables, dba_all_tables, dba_object_tables, {set | get}_{column | index | system | ÂŤdb_file_multiblock_read_countÂť dba_external_tables, dba_external_locations, table}_stats, gather_{system | database | row migr.: dba_tab_comments, dba_tab_columns, col, schema | table | index}_stats, delete_{sys- ÂŤtable_nameÂť, ÂŤhead_rowidÂť (chained_ dba_tab_col_statistics, dba_associations, tem | database | schema | table | index | rows << utlchain.sql, utlchain1.sql) or ÂŤtable dba_ustats, dba_col_comments, dba_up- column}_stats, {export | import}_ {sys- fetch continued rowÂť (v$sysstat) datable_columns, dba_unused_col_tabs, tem | database | schema | table | index | -> increase pctfree dba_tab_modifications, dba_nested_tables, column}_stats, prepare_column_values, -> recreate table (create as, delete from, dba_part_tables, dba_tab_partitions, convert_raw_value, generate_stats, {create | insert into select, commit, drop) dba_tab_subpartitions, dba_part_col_sta- drop}_stat_table, alter_{database | sche- freelists: tistics, dba_part_key_columns, dba_par- ma}_table_monitoring, flush_{database | ÂŤsegment headerÂť (v$waitstat), ÂŤbuffer tial_drop_tabs, dba_subpart_col_statistics, schema}_monitoring_info busy waitsÂť (v$system_event) dba_subpart_key_columns, dba_constraints, DBMS_REDEFINITION -> alter pctfree/pctused, inittrans or dba_cons_columns, dba_triggers, dba_trig- {can | start | finish | abort}_redef_table, -> increase freelist/freelist groups ger_cols, dba_internal_triggers, dba_tab_his- sync_interim_table (v$session_wait -> dba_extents -> dba_seg- tograms, dba_part_histograms, dba_sub- ments -> recreate object) part_histograms, hist_head$ Files full & partial partition-wise joins utlexcpt.sql, utlexcpt1.sql, dbmsstdx.sql, Parameters dbmsutil.sql, utlvalid.sql, utlchain.sql, Desupported Features _system_trig_enabled utlchn1.sql dba_histograms, cache_size_threshold Packages Tuning/Contention DBMS_UTILITY pctfree = UPD/AVG analyze_database, analyze_schema, pctused = 1 â pctfree â AVG/nBLK analyze_part_object scans: Table Creation [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [logging | nologging] ] (max. 1000 col) [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [index <ind> << deprecated in 8i and 9i create [global temporary] table <tab> [storage (âŚ) ] [tablespace <ts>] ([tablespace <ts>] [of <object_type> [logging | nologging] [storage (âŚ)]) ] [[not] substitutable at all levels] [recoverable | unrecoverable] << deprecated [tablespace <ts>⌠] ) ] [object identifier is [organization [XMLType [<col>] store as clob [<lobseg>] {primary key | system generated} ] { heap [([tablespace <ts>]âŚ)] ] [oidindex <ind> ([tablespace <ts>âŚ] | index << see index-organized table below [ partition by range (<col> [, âŚ]) [storage (âŚ)]) ] ] | external ( [type <oracle_loader>] [subpartition by hash (<col> [, âŚ]) ( <col> <type> [ {default | := } <value>] default directory <dir> [subpartitions <n> [with rowid] [scope is <tab>] [access parameters [store in (<ts> [, âŚ])] ] [constraint <col_constr>] { (<opaque_format>) ( partition [<part>] [ {[not] null | using clob <subquery> } ] values less than | primary key [using index location ([<dir>:] â<loc>â [, âŚ]) ) ( {<val> [, âŚ] | maxvalue} ) { <ind>⌠[reject limit {<0> | unlimited}] } ] [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>] | (create unique index <ind> [cluster <clust> (<col> [, âŚ])] [ (subpartition <subpart> on <tab> (<col> [,âŚ]) âŚ) } ] [column <col> [tablespace <ts>] | unique [using index { [element] is of [type] (only <type>) [, subpartitionâŚ] ) { <ind>⌠| [not] substitutable at all levels } ] | subpartitions <n> | (create unique index <ind> [nested table <col> store in (<ts> [, âŚ]) ] on <tab> (<col> [,âŚ]) âŚ) } ] [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) [, partition⌠| check (<expr>) | [not] substitutable at all levels ] [(subpartitionâŚ)] ] ) | references <tab> [(<col>)] store as <tab> | partition by list (<col>) [on delete {cascade | set null}] } [( (<prop>) [storage (âŚ)] )] (partition [<part>] [ [not] deferrable [initially [return as {locator | value}] ] values ({<val> [, âŚ] | null}) {immediate | deferred}] ] [varray <varr> [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>] [ {enable | disable} [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) [ (subpartition <subpart> [validate | novalidate] | [not] substitutable at all levels ] [tablespace <ts>] [exceptions into <tab>] ] store as lob [<lobseg>] [, subpartitionâŚ] ) [,<col>⌠[constraint <col_constr>]âŚ] [([tablespace <ts>]âŚ)] ] | subpartitions <n> [, âŚ] [, constraint <tab_constr>âŚ] [lob { (<col>) store as <lob_seg> store in (<ts> [, âŚ]) ] [ref (<col>) with rowid] | (<col> [, âŚ]) store as } [, partition⌠[scope for (<col>) is <tab>] ( [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [(subpartitionâŚ)] ] ) [supplemental log group <grp> [{enable | disable} storage in row] | partition by hash (<col> [, âŚ]) (<col> [, âŚ]) [always] ] ) [pctversion <10>] [chunk <n>] { (partition <part> [on commit {delete | preserve} rows] [cache | {nocache | cache reads} [tablespace <ts>] www.larsditzel.de
- 11. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 11 Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.) [, partitionâŚ]) [, âŚ] [âŚ]; | { primary key | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) } | partitions <n> alter table <tab> coalesce partition [âŚ]; [cascade] [{keep | drop} index] }; store in (<ts> [, âŚ]) } ] alter table <tab> truncate set constraint[s] {<constr> [, âŚ] | all} [{disable | enable} row movement] {partition | subpartition} <part> {immediate | deferred}; [cache | nocache] [{drop | reuse} storage] [âŚ]; [rowdependencies | norowdependencies] alter table <tab> rename Triggers [monitoring | nomonitoring] {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>; alter table <tab> {enable | disable} all triggers; [parallel [<n>] | noparallel] alter table <tab> modify create [or replace] trigger <trigg> [{enable | disable} [validate | novalidate] {partition | subpartition} <part> { before | after | instead of } { primary key | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) [storage (âŚ) ] [allocate extentâŚ] { {delete | insert | update [of <col> [, âŚ]] } | constraint <constr> } [using indexâŚ] [logging | nologging] ⌠[orâŚ] on {<tab> | [nested table <col> [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade] [[rebuild] unusable local indexes]; of ] <view>} [{keep | drop} index] ] [as <subquery>]; alter table <tab> modify | { { {associate | disassociate} statistics partition <part> | analyze | audit | noaudit | comment {add subpartition | create | alter | rename | drop | grant Table Modification [<subpart> [tablespace <ts>]] | revoke | truncate | ddl } [orâŚ] alter table <tab> modify (<col> <type>âŚ); | coalesce [subpartition] } [âŚ]; | { shutdown | startup | servererror alter table <tab> add (<col> <type>âŚ); alter table <tab> modify default attributes | logon | logoff | suspend } [orâŚ] } alter table <tab> set unused [for partition <comp_part>] on {schema | database} } {(<col> [, âŚ]) | column <col>} [storage (âŚ)] âŚ; [referencing {old [as] <old> | new [as] [cascade constraints] [invalidate]; alter table <tab> modify <new> | parent [as] <parent>} [, âŚ] ] alter table <tab> drop partition <part> [for each row] [when (<expr>)] {(<col> [, âŚ]) | column <col>} {add | drop} values (<val> [, âŚ]); { begin <stat>; end; [cascade constraints] [invalidate] alter table <tab> move | call ⌠; } [checkpoint <512>]; {partition | subpartition} <part> alter trigger <trigg> alter table <tab> drop tablespace <ts> {enable | disable | compile [debug]}; {unused columns | columns continue} [logging | nologging] [âŚ]; drop trigger <trigg>; [checkpoint <512>]; alter table <tab> split drop table <tab> [cascade constraints]; partition <part1> at (<n>) Statistics rename <tab> to <new_tab>; into (partition <part2>, deprecated (use DBMS_STATS) >> alter table <tab> move partition <part3> [, âŚ] ) [âŚ]; analyze table <tab> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] alter table <tab> merge partitions <part1>, [partition (<n>) | subpartition (<n>)] [logging | nologging] <part2> [into partition <part3>] [âŚ]; { compute [system] statistics [parallel [<n>] | noparallel]; alter table <tab> exchange | estimate [system] statistics truncate table <tab> {partition | subpartition} <part> [sample <1064> {rows | percent}] } [[preserve | purge] snapshot log] with table <tab> [including indexes] [for table] [for all [local] indexes] [{drop | reuse} storage]; [{with | without} validation] [âŚ]; [for all [indexed] columns [size <75>] ] alter table <tab> [storage (âŚ)] [for columns [size <75>] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] ⌠Constraints <col> [size <75>] [<col>âŚ] ]; [{nominimize | minimize} alter table <tab> add analyze table <tab> delete [system] statistics; records_per_block]; ( [constraint <tab_constr>] analyze table <tab> list chained rows alter table <tab> { primary key (<col> [, âŚ]) [into <chained_rows>]; { allocate extent ( [size <n>] [using indexâŚ] analyze table <tab> validate [datafile â<file>â] [instance <n>] ) | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) [using indexâŚ] { structure [cascade] [into <invalid_rows>] | deallocate unused [keep <n>] }; | foreign key (<col> [, âŚ]) {online | offline} lock table <tab> in {share [row exclusive] references <tab> [(<col> [, âŚ])] | ref update [set dangling to null] }; | exclusive} mode [nowait]; [on delete {cascade | set null} ] associate statistics with alter table <tab> {enable | disable} table lock; | check (<expr>) } { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, âŚ] comment on {table <tab> | column [[not] deferrable | functions <func> [, âŚ] <tab>.<col>} is â<str>â; [initially {immediate | deferred}] ] | packages <pack> [, âŚ] alter table add supplemental log group <grp> [{disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] | types <type> [, âŚ] (<col> [, âŚ] ) [always]; [exceptions into <tab>]] ); | indexes <ind> [, âŚ] alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>; alter table <tab> | indextypes <indtype> [, âŚ] } {disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] [using <stat_func>] { constraint <constr> [default cost (<cpu>, <io>, <network>)] Partitioning | primary key [default selectivity <selec>]; alter table <tab> add partition <range_part> | unique (<col> [, âŚ]) } disassociate statistics from values less than (<value> [, âŚ] ) [using indexâŚ] { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, âŚ] [tablespace <ts>] [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade] | functions <func> [, âŚ] [{update | invalidate} global indexes] [{keep | drop} index]; | packages <pack> [, âŚ] [parallel [<n>] | noparallel]; alter table <tab> modify constraint <constr> | types <type> [, âŚ] alter table <tab> add partition ⌠[rely | norely]; | indexes <ind> [, âŚ] [<hash_part> [tablespace <ts>]] [âŚ]; alter table <tab> drop | indextypes <indtype> [, âŚ] } alter table <tab> drop partition <part> { constraint <constr> [cascade] [force]; www.larsditzel.de
- 12. 12 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.) External Table Opaque Format | terminated by { whitespace | â<str>â} | char <n> [enclosedâŚ] [ltrimâŚ] record [[optionally] enclosed byâŚ] ] [dateformat { {fixed | variable} <n> [ltrim | rtrim | lrtrim | ldtrim | notrim] { { date | {time | timestamp} | delimited by {newline | â<str>â} } [missing field values are null] [with timezone] } [characterset â<char>â] [(<field> mask â<fmt>â [data is {little | big} endian] [ [position] ({ * | <start> | [+|-] | interval { year_to_month [string sizes are in {bytes | characters} ] <incr>} [:|-] {<end> | <len> }) ] | day_to_second } } ] [load when <expr>] [ [unsigned] integer [external] <n> | { varchar | varraw | varcharc [{badfile [<dir>:] â<file>â | nobadfile] | {decimal | zoned} [external] | varrawc } ([<n>,] <max>) ] [discardfile [<dir>:] â<file>â | nodiscardfile] (<p> [, <s>]) [{defaultif | nullif } <expr>] [logfile [<dir>:] â<file>â | nologfile] | oracle date [, <field> âŚ] ) ] [skip <n>] | oracle number [counted] [fields | {double | float} [external] [ enclosed by â<str>â [and â<str>â] | raw <n> Views, Synonyms & Sequences Views & Tables [with { read only | check option Sequences dba_views, dba_synonyms, dba_sequences [constraint <constr>] } ]; create sequence <seq> alter view <view> <constr>âŚ; [start with <1>] [increment by <1>] View constraints are declarative only. Only unique or [maxvalue <1027> | nomaxvalue] Views prim./foreign key with mode disable novalidate. [minvalue <1> | nominvalue] create [or replace] [force | noforce] alter view <view> compile; [cycle | nocycle] [nocache | cache <20>] view <view> rename <view> to <new_view>; [order | noorder]; [ ( { <alias> [<col_constr>] drop view <view>; When an instance shuts down, cached sequence values | <constr> } [, âŚ] ) that have not been used in committed DML statements | of <type> can be lost. Synonyms Ordered sequences may not be cached with RAC. { with object identifier [default | (<attr>, âŚ)] create [public] synonym <syn> for <obj>; alter sequence <seq> âŚ; | under <superview> } rename <syn> to <new_syn>; << only private! rename <seq> to <new_seq>; ( { <attr> <col_constr> drop [public] synonym <syn>; drop sequence <seq>; | <constr> } [, âŚ] ) ] as <query> Clusters Views & Tables [size <1xBS>] cluster <clust> (<col> [, âŚ] ); dba_clusters, dba_clu_columns, all_tab_col- [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] alter cluster <clust>âŚ; umns, dba_cluster_hash_expressions [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] truncate cluster <clust> [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>]; [ {drop | reuse} storage]; Creation & Modification create index <ind> drop cluster <clust> on cluster <clust> [pctfree <n>] [including tables [cascade constraints]]; create cluster <clust> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] (<col> <type> [, âŚ] ) analyze cluster <clust> âŚ; [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>]; [index | [single table] hashkeys <n> create table <tab> [hash is <expr>] ] (<col> <type>⌠[constraint <constr>âŚ] ) www.larsditzel.de
- 13. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 13 Index-organized Tables Views & Tables [overflow [tablespace <ts>] [pctfree <10>] [(partition <part>âŚ) ]; all_tables (iot_type, iot_name), all_indexes [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <255>] alter table <iot> move [online] [storage (âŚ)] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [allocateâŚ] [deallocateâŚ] [tablespace <ts>] [overflowâŚ] ⌠Creation & Modification [logging | nologging] ] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ]; create table <iot> [partition by range (<col> [, âŚ]) alter table <iot> modify default attributes (<col>⌠primary keyâŚ) (partition <partX> [for partition <part>] [storage (âŚ)] organization index values less than (<value> [, âŚ]) [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [pctfree <n>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans [overflow tablespace <ts>âŚ] [overflow tablespace <ts>âŚ]; <n>] [, parti- [mapping table | nomapping] alter table <iot> coalesce; tionâŚ] )]; [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] analyze table <iot> compute statistics; alter table <iot> ⌠[overflowâŚ]; [compress [<n>] | nocompress] alter table <iot> add overflow ⌠Indexes Views & Tables Parameters Tuning/Contention v$object_usage, dba_indexes, dba_indextypes, create_bitmap_area_size, bitmap_merge_ index_stats: dba_indextype_operators, dba_ind_columns, area_size ÂŤdel_lf_rows_lenÂť / ÂŤlf_rows_lenÂť > 20% dba_ind_expressions, index_stats, dba_part_ -> rebuild index indexes, dba_ind_partitions, dba_ind_sub- Packages & Files partitions, dba_part_col_statistics, dba_sub- DBMS_PCLXUTIL part_col_statistics, index_histogram build_part_index Index Creation values less than Index Modification create [unique | bitmap] ({<value> [, âŚ] | maxvalue}) alter index <ind> [storage (âŚ)] index <ind> on <tab> [storage (âŚ)] [tablespace <ts>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>] { ([<expr>] <col> [asc | desc] [, âŚ]) [logging | nologging] [compress [<n>] | nocompress]; | ([<tab>] <col> [asc | desc] [, [<tab>]âŚ]) [, partitionâŚ] )] alter index <ind> from <tab> [, <tab>âŚ] where <expr> } [indextype is <type> { allocate extent ( [size <n>] [tablespace {<ts> | default }] [parameters (â<str>â)] ]; [datafile â<file>â] [instance <n>] ) [storage (âŚ)] [pctfree <10>] drop index <ind>; | deallocate unused [keep <n>] }; [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] alter index <ind> {enable | disable}; alter index <ind> rebuild [logging | nologging] [nosort] [reverse] alter index <ind> unusable; [{partition | subpartition} <part>] [online] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] alter index <ind> rename to <new>; [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [pctfree <10>] [local Index Partitioning [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] [(partition [<partX>] [storage (âŚ)] [logging | nologging] [tablespace <ts>] alter index <ind> drop partition <part> [, âŚ]; on range parti- [parallel [<n>] | noparallel] tioned table [logging | nologging] alter index <ind> rename [compress <n> | nocompress] [, partitionâŚ] ) {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>; [compute statistics] [online] | [store in ({<ts> [, âŚ] | default}) alter index <ind> modify [reverse | noreverse] | (partition [<partX>] {partition | subpartition} <part> [parameters (â<par>â) ]; on hash parti- [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] ⌠alter index <ind> coalesce; tioned table [, partitionâŚ] )] [logging | nologging] [unusable] | store in ({<ts> [, âŚ] | default}) [rebuild unusable local indexes]; Statistics [(partition [<partX>] alter index <ind> modify default attributes [storage (âŚ)] [for partition <part>] analyze index <ind>âŚ; on composite [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] [pctfree <n>] âŚ; analyze index <ind> validate structure partitioned table [logging | nologging] alter index <ind> rebuild {online | offline}; [store in ({<ts> [, âŚ] | default}) {partition | subpartition} <part> alter index <ind> | ( subpartition [<subpartX>] [tablespace <ts>] [parallel [<n>]]; {monitoring | nomonitoring} usage; [tablespace <ts>] alter index <ind> split partition <p1> [, subpartitionâŚ] )] at values less than (<n>) into [, partitionâŚ] )] ]] (partition <p2>, partition <p3> [, âŚ]); [global partition by range (<col>) (partition <partX> www.larsditzel.de
- 14. 14 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Undo Management Views & Tables Packages [storage ([initial <5xBS>] [next <5xBS>] v$undostat, v$rollname, v$rollstat, DBMS_TRANSACTION [optimal <null>] [minextents <1>] v$transaction, v$transaction_enqueue, use_rollback_segment [maxextents {<n> | unlimited}] )]; v$global_transaction, dba_undo_extents, drop rollback segment <rbs>; dba_rollback_segs, dba_pending_transactions Tuning/Contention RBS Modification RBS Header: Parameters ÂŤundo segment tx slotÂť (v$system_event) alter rollback segment <rbs> {online | offline}; undo_management, undo_tablespace, > 0 or (v$rollstat) sum(ÂŤwaitsÂť) / alter rollback segment <rbs> storage (âŚ); undo_retention sum(ÂŤgetsÂť) > 5% -> add RBS alter rollback segment <rbs> shrink [to <n>]; RBS Segment: set transaction use rollback segment <rbs>; Deprecated Features ÂŤ%undo%Âť (v$waitstat) / ÂŤconsistent getsÂť rollback_segments, transactions, transac- (v$sysstat) (count/value) > 1% -> add RBS Undo Management tions_per_rollback_segment create undo tablespace <ts>âŚ; (_corrupted_rollback_segments RBS Creation alter system set undo_tablespace = <ts>; << undocumented & unsupported) create [public] rollback segment <rbs> [tablespace <ts>] Temporary Segments Views & Tables Tuning/Contention v$sort_segment, v$sort_usage, dba_segments Sorts: ÂŤsorts (disk)Âť, ÂŤsorts (memory)Âť, ÂŤsorts Parameters (rows)Âť (v$sysstat) disk.value / mem.value > 5% -> increase ÂŤsort_area_sizeÂť sort_area_size, sort_area_retained_size (+ decrease ÂŤsort_area_retained_sizeÂť) Desupported Features sort_multiblock_read_count, sort_direct_ writes, sort_write_buffers, sort_write_buf- fer_size www.larsditzel.de
- 15. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 15 Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies Views & Tables sumer_group_privs, dba_rsrc_manager_sys- | update | delete}_{plan | plan_directive | v$enabledprivs, v$resource, v$resource_limit, tem_privs consumer_group}, delete_plan_cascade, v$pwfile_users, v$context, v$rsrc_plan, switch_consumer_group_for_{sess | user} v$rsrc_plan_cpu_mth, v$rsrc_consumer_ Parameters DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS group, v$rsrc_consumer_group_cpu_mth, o7_dictionary_accessibility, remote_os_au- {grant | revoke}_system_privilege, {grant | v$parallel_degree_limit_mth, v$max_ac- thent, os_roles, remote_os_roles, max_en- revoke}_switch_consumer_group tive_sess_target_mth, v$vpd_policy, abled_roles, resource_limit, resource_man- DBMS_SESSION dba_users, dba_roles, dba_profiles, dba_us- ager_plan, ent_domain_name switch_current_consumer_group tats, dba_ts_quotas, dba_sys_privs, DBMS_RLS dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs, dba_role_privs, Environment {add | drop | enable | refresh}_policy, {add | role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, role_role_privs, drop | enable | disable | refresh}_grouped_ user_tab_privs_made, user_tab_privs_recd, $ORA_ENCRYPT_LOGIN policy, {add | drop}_policy_context, {create user_col_privs_made, user_col_privs_recd, | delete}_policy_group user_password_limits, user_resource_limits, Packages session_privs, session_roles, dba_context, DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER dba_policies, proxy_users, resource_cost, set_initial_consumer_group, {create | sub- dba_rsrc_plans, dba_rsrc_plan_directives, mit | clear | validate}_pending_area, {create dba_rsrc_consumer_groups, dba_rsrc_con- Users | none}; Profiles create user <user> identified set role create profile <prof> limit { by <pwd> { <role> [identified by <pwd>] [ { sessions_per_user | by values â<crypt_pw>â [, <role> [identified by <pwd>] âŚ] | cpu_per_session | externally | all [except <role> [, âŚ] ] | cpu_per_call | globally as â<user>â } | none }; | connect_time [default tablespace <ts>] | idle_time [temporary tablespace <ts>] Privileges | logical_reads_per_session [quota {<n> | unlimited} on <ts>] grant {<priv> [, âŚ] | <role> [, âŚ] | all | logical_reads_per_call [quotaâŚ] [privileges]} to | composite_limit [password expire] {<user> [, âŚ] | <role> [, âŚ] | public} | private_sga [account {lock | unlock}] [identified by <pwd>] | failed_login_attempts [profile {<prof> | default}]; [with admin option]; | password_lock_time alter user <user>âŚ; revoke {<priv> | <role>} from | password_life_time drop user <user> [cascade]; {<user> | <role> | public}; | password_grace_time | password_reuse_time grant {<priv> [(<col> [, âŚ])] [, âŚ] | all } | password_reuse_max } Roles on <object> {<n> | unlimited | default} [, âŚ] ] create role <role> to { <user> [, âŚ] | <role> [, âŚ] | public } [password_verify_function [ not identified [with grant option] {<func> | null | default} ]; | identified [with hierachy option]; alter profile <prof> limitâŚ; { by <pwd> | using <package> revoke {<priv> [(<col> [, âŚ])] | all [privileges]} on [directory] <object> drop profile <prof> [cascade]; | externally | globally } ]; from { <user> | <role> | public } alter resource cost alter role <role>âŚ; [cascade constraints]; [connect_time <n>] [cpu_per_session <n>] drop role <role>; [logical_reads_per_session <n>] alter user <user> default role [private_sga <n>]; { <role> [, âŚ] | all [except <role> [, âŚ]] www.larsditzel.de
- 16. 16 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Auditing Views & Tables Packages SQL all_def_audit_opts, dba_stmt_audit_opts, DBMS_FGA [no]audit stmt_audit_option_map, dba_priv_au- {add | drop | enable | disable}_policy {<stat> [, âŚ] | <priv> [, âŚ] } dit_opts, dba_obj_audit_opts, user_tab_au- [by <user> [, âŚ]] [by {session | access}] dit_opts, dba_audit_trail, dba_audit_session, Parameters [whenever [not] successful]; dba_audit_statement, dba_audit_object, [no]audit <stat> [, âŚ] on {<object> | default} audit_trail, transaction_auditing dba_audit_exists, dba_audit_policies, [by {session | access} ] dba_fga_audit_trail, audit_actions, sys.aud$, [whenever [not] successful]; sys.fga_log$ Files shortcuts: user, table, procedure, resource, connect, cataudit.sql, catnoaud.sql dba, ⌠Net Services Stack restart | status | ping <ns> | reorder_ns (sid_list = (sid_desc = (global_dbname = Application, Server â OCI (UPI), OPI, NPI | start_client_cache | delegate_domain <n>) << disables TAF with RAC (oracle_home â TTC â TNS (NI,NR,NN,NS,NA) â OPA | domain_hint | flush | flush_name = <path>) (sid_name = <SID>) (sdu = (NT) [âProtocol] | load_tnsnames | dump_tnsnames <n>) (program = <prog>) (prespawn_max | dump_ldap | log_stats | reset_stats | help = <n>) (prespawn_list = (prespawn_desc | password | register | unregister | query = (protocol = <n>) (pool_size = <n>) Service Name Resolution | timed_query | repeat | set | show (timeout = <n>))))), local naming, host naming, external naming, | version } >> Since release 8.1 sid_list_<LISTENER> only centralized naming required with Enterprise Manager! << cmctl { start | stop | status | version } service_list_<LISTENER> = <n> Utilities [cman | cm | adm] passwords_<LISTENER> = <n> lsnrctl trcasst [-o{c|d}{u[q]|t} -e[0|1|2] -s -p âŚ] <file> connect_timeout_<LISTENER> = <n> { start | stop | status | reload | set | show netasst, tnsping, trcroute, adapters use_plug_and_play_<LISTENER> = <n> | help | version | change_password oerr <tns> <errno> save_config_on_stop_<LISTENER> = <n> | services | save_config | trace ldapmodify trace_{level | file | directory}_ | dbsnmp_start | dbsnmp_stop <LISTENER>=<n> | dbsnmp_status } logging_<LISTENER> = <n> listener.ora [<LISTENER>] log_{file | directory}_<LISTENER> = <n> agentctl <LISTENER> = (description_list = (description = (ad- startup_wait_time_<LISTENER> = <n> { { start | stop | status | restart } [<agent>] dress_list = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) queuesize = <n> | { start | stop | status} blackout [<target>] (host = <node>) (port = <1521>) (key = ssl_client_authentication = <n> [-d[uration] <[d] hh:mi>] [-s[ubsystem] <subsys>] } <prog>))) (protocol_stack = (presentation ssl_version = undetermined namesctl = {ttc | giop}) (session = {ns | raw})))) { startup | shutdown | start | stop | reload | sid_list_<LISTENER> = www.larsditzel.de
- 17. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 17 Net Services (cont.) tnsnames.ora (Local Naming) namesctl.internal_encrypt_password = <n>, Environment <net_serv> = namesctl.internal_use = <n>, namesctl.no_ini- $TNS_ADMIN (description = tial_server = <n>, namesctl.noconfirm = (address_list = <n>, namesctl.server_password = <n>, (failover = {on | off }) namesctl.trace_{level | file | directory | unique} (load_balance = {on | off }) = <n> desupported: automatic_ipc (source_route = {on | off }) (address = (protocol = <n>) (port = <n>) names.ora << deprecated (host = <node>)) [âŚ]) names.server_name = <n>, names.addresses (connect_data = = <n>, names.region_checkpoint_file = <n>, (service_name = <serv>) default_domain = <n>, forwarding_available = (instance_name = <sid>) <n>, log_file_name = <n>, log_stats_interval = (handler_name = <n>) (sdu = <n>) <n>, reset_stats_interval = <n>, cache_check- (server = dedicated) (hs = ok) point_interval = <n>, requests_enabled = <n>, (rdb_database = <rdbfile>) server = <n>, namesctl_trace_level = <n>, (type_of_service = <n>) trace_file_name = <n>, trace_level = <n>, (global_name = <rdb>) names.trace_{file | directory | unique} = <n>, (failover_mode = names.log_{file | directory} = <n>, queuesize (type = {select | session | none}) = <n> (method = {basic | preconnect}) desupported: names.use_plug_and_play, names.{domain | topol- (retries = <5>) (delay = <1>) ogy}_checkpoint_file (backup = <serv>) (instance_role = protocol.ora << desupported {primary | secondary | any}) )) desupported: <prot>.{excluded | invited}_nodes = <node>, (connect_data = (sid = <n>)) <prot>.validnode_checking = <n>, tcp.nodelay >> Exception! Use of OEM and OPS on WinNT. = <n> Create net service names â<SID>_startupâ. << sqlnet.ora cman.ora log_{file | directory}_{client | server} = <n>, cman = use_cman = <n>, use_dedicated_server = <n>, (address = (protocol = <tcp>) sqlnet.expire_time = <n>, sqlnet.{encryption (host = <node>) (port = <1630>)) | crypto_checksum}_{client | server} = cman_admin = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) {accepted | rejected | requested | required}, (host = <node>) (port = <1830>)) sqlnet.{encryption | crypto_checksum}_types_ cman_profile = {client | server} = <n>, sqlnet.crypto_seed = (maximum_relays = <n>, relay_statistics <n>, trace_unique_client = <n>, trace_{level = <n>, log_level = <n>, tracing = <n>, | file | directory}_{client | server} = <n>, trace_directory = <path>, show_tns_info tnsping.trace_{level | directory} = <n>, = <n>, use_async_call = <n>, authentica- daemon.trace_{level | directory | mask} tion_level = <n>) = <n>, sqlnet.authentication_services = cman_rules = <n>, sqlnet.client_registration = <n>, be- (rule_list = (rule = (src = <src>) queath_detach = <n>, disable_oob = <n>, (dst = <dst>) (srv = <serv>) names.directory_path = ( {hostname | (act = accept | reject))) tnsnames | onames | cds | nds | nis} , ⌠), names.default_domain = <n>, name.default_ ldap.ora zone = <n>, names.preferred_servers = <n>, names.initial_retry_timeout = <n>, Other Files names.request_retries = <n>, names.max_ open_connections = <n>, names.message_ ckpcch.ora, sdns.ora, namesini.sql, pool_start_size = <n>, names.dce.prefix namesupg.sql, snmp_ro.ora, snmp_rw.ora, = <n>, names.nis.meta_map = <n>, services.ora www.larsditzel.de
- 18. 18 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Recovery Manager Views & Tables v$backup_corruption, v$copy_corruption, Files rc_database, rc_database_incarnation, rc_ v$backup_async_io, v$backup_sync_io, catrman.sql, prgrmanc.sql, dbmssbkrs.sql, backup_set, rc_backup_piece, rc_checkpoint, v$session_longops, v$session_wait prvtbkrs.plb, dbmsrman.sql, prvtrmns.plb rc_tablespace, rc_datafile, rc_backup_datafile, rc_datafile_copy, rc_proxy_datafile, rc_of- Parameters Desupported Features fline_range, rc_backup_controlfile, rc_control- backup_tape_io_slaves, disk_asynch_io, tape_ db_file_direct_io_count, arch_io_slaves, file_copy, rc_proxy_controlfile, rc_redo_log, asynch_io, control_file_record_keep_time backup_disk_io_slaves, large_pool_min_alloc rc_redo_thread, rc_backup_redolog, rc_ar- chived_log , rc_log_history, rc_stored_script, Packages rc_stored_script_line, rc_backup_cor- ruption, rc_copy_corruption, rc_resync, DBMS_BACKUP_RESTORE v$backup, v$backup_set, v$backup_piece, DBMS_RCVCAT v$backup_datafile, v$datafile_copy, v$proxy_ DBMS_RCVMAN datafile, v$offline_range, v$backup_redolog, v$proxy_archivedlog, v$backup_device, Environment { retention policy {backup | copy} [of rman | [default] device type { {datafile | tablespace [target â<user>/<pwd>@<target_db>â] | [auxiliary] channel | database [skip tablespace] } â<name>â [ catalog â<user>/<pwd>@<repos_db>â [for device type <dev>] | controlfile | archivelog | nocatalog ] | maxset size { all | like â<name>â | {from | until} [auxiliary â<user>/<pwd>@<aux_db>â] | {datafile | archivlog} backup copies { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n> [{cmdfile [=] | @} <file>] | backup optimization | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }] [log [=] <file> [append]] [msgno] | snapshot controlfile name [ tag = â<tag>â [trace [=] â<file>â] [debug] | auxname | completed [send [=] â<cmd>â] | exclude { {after | before} [=] â<date>â set dbid [=] <target_dbid>; | controlfile autobackup [format] | between â<date>â and â<date>â } ]; | all }; delete [noprompt] connect {target | catalog | auxiliary} <user>/<pwd>@<db> set snapshot controlfile name to â<file>â; { [expired] send [channel <chann> [, âŚ] { {backup | copy} [of startup [nomount | mount] [force] [dba] | device type <dev> [, âŚ]] { { datafile | tablespace | database [pfile [=] <file>]; â<media_man_cmd>â [skip tablespace] } â<name>â shutdown [normal | transactional | controlfile [parms [=] â<par>â]; | immediate | abort]; | archivelog { all | like â<name>â | {create | replace} script <script> {<stat>;âŚ} {mount | open} database; {from | until} { time [=] â<date>â delete script <script>; alter database {mount | open}; | scn [=] <n> | sequence [=] <n> print script <script>; host [â<cmd>â]; [thread = <n>]} }] run {<cmd>; âŚ} [ tag = â<tag>â | completed debug {on | off }; run {execute script <script>;} { {after | before} [=] â<date>â set echo {on | off }; sql â<stat> [â â <file> â â] â; | between â<date>â and â<date>â } ] set command id to â<id>â; | { {backuppiece | proxy} ⌠configure Catalog | backupset ⌠{ snapshot controlfile name to â<file>â create catalog [tablespace <ts>]; | {controlfilecopy | datafilecopy} ⌠| controlfile autobackup upgrade catalog [tablespace â<ts>â]; | archivelog ⌠} { on | off | clear | obsolete | format for device type <dev> configure compatible = <n>; [ redundancy [=] <x> {to â<fmt>â | clear} } drop catalog; | recovery window of <x> days | {archivelog | datafile} backup copies register database; | orphan ] }; for device type <dev> {to <x> | clear} reset database [to incarnation <id>]; | default device type to <dev> set maxcorrupt for datafile {â<file>â | <n>} resync catalog [from controlfilecopy [â<ctrl>â]]; to <n>; | device type <dev> parallelism <n> | channel <n> device type <dev> catalog {archivelog | datafilecopy connect â<user/pwd@serv>â | controlfilecopy} â<file>â [, âŚ] Channels | retention policy to [tag [=] â<tag>â | level [=] <n>]; allocate [auxiliary] channel <chann> { recovery window of <x> days change {archivelog | datafilecopy | backup- [for {delete | maintenance}] | redundancy <1> | none | clear } piece | backupset | proxy | controlfilecopy} { type [=] {disk | â<dev>â} | backup optimization {on | off | clear} {â<file>â | <n> | all | tag [=] â<tag>â} | name [=] â<name>â } | exclude tablespace <ts> [clear] { delete | available | unavailable | uncatalog [parms [=] â<par>â] [format [=] â<fm>â] | maxsetsize {to {<x>| unlimited} | clear} }; | validate | crosscheck }; [connect [=] show crosscheck â<user>/<pwd>@<target_ops_inst>â] www.larsditzel.de
- 19. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 19 Recovery Manager (cont.) [debug [=] <n>] [trace [=] <n>]; backup [ full | incremental | scn [=] <n> set limit channel <chann> [read rate [=] <n>] level [=] { 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 } ] | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] [kbytes [=] <n>] [maxopenfiles [=] <n>]; [cumulative] [nochecksum] [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, âŚ] ] release channel [<chann>]; [check logical] [proxy [only]] [(] | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] { datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] | datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] } | datafilecopy [delete archivelog] [check readonly] Reporting {â<file>â | tag [=] <tag>} [, âŚ] [check logical] [noredo]; report | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] blockrecover { { need backup { {incremental | days} | database { datafile <x> block <x> [, âŚ] | redundancy } [=] <n> | archivelog | tablespace <ts> dba <x> [, âŚ] | unrecoverable } { all | like â<log>â | {from | until} | corruption list } { datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] { time [=] â<date>â [from {backupset | datafilecopy} ] | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] | scn [=] <n> [from tag [=] â<tag>â] | database [skip tablespace â<ts>â | logseq [=] <n> [restore until [, âŚ]] } [thread = <n>] }} { time [=] â<date>â | obsolete { redundancy [=] <n> | current controlfile | scn [=] <n> | recovery window of <x> days | controlfilecopy â<ctrl>â } | sequence [=] <n> thread [=] <n> } ]; | orphan [not backed up [since time [=] â<date>â] ] set auxname for datafile {â<file>â | <n>} | until [plus archivelog] to {â<new>â | null }; { time [=] â<date>â [include current controlfile] | scn [=] <n> duplicate target database [delete [all] input] to â<db>â [logfile | logseq [=] <n> [tag [=] <tag>] [format [=] â<fm>â] [thread [=] <n>] }} {â<log>â [size <n>] [reuse] [filesperset [=] <n>] [channel <chann>] | group <n> (â<log>â [, âŚ]) | schema [at [skip {offline | readonly | inaccessible}] { time [=] â<date>â [size <n>] [reuse] }] [setsize [=] <n>] [diskratio [=] <n>] [nofilenamecheck] [skip readonly]; | scn [=] <n> [pool [=] <n>] [parms [=] â<par>â] [)]; | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] } validate backupset <n> [, âŚ] [check logical]; [device type {disk | â<dev>â} ]; list [expired] {copy | backup} of Restore & Recovery { datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] set autolocate {on | off }; | database [skip tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ]] set archivelog destination to â<path>â; | controlfile set newname for datafile {â<file>â | <n>} | archivelog to â<new>â; { all | like â<file>â | {from | until} restore [(] { time [=] â<date>â { database | scn [=] <n> [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, âŚ]] | logseq [=] <n> | tablespace â<ts>â [, âŚ] [thread = <n>]} }} | datafile {â<file>â | <n>} [, âŚ] [tag [=] <tag>] [like â<string>â] | archivelog [device type â<dev>â] { all | like â<log>â | {from | until} [recoverable [until { time [=] â<date>â { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n> | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>]} ]] | logseq [=] <n> [completed { {after | before} [=] â<date>â [thread = <n>] }} | between â<date>â and â<date>â}] | controlfile [to â<ctrl>â] } [)] [by backup [verbose] ] [channel <chann>] [from tag [=] â<tag>â] [by {backup summary | file} ] [parms â<par>â] [summary]; [from {backupset | datafilecopy} ] [validate] list incarnation [of database [â<id>â]]; [check readonly] [check logical] [ until { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n> Backup | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }]; copy replicate controlfile from â<ctrl>â; { datafile {â<file>â | <n>} switch datafile | datafilecopy {â<file>â | tag [=] <tag>} { {â<file>â | <n>} [to datafilecopy | archivelog â<log>â {â<file>â | tag [=] <tag>} ] | controlfilecopy {â<ctrl>â | tag [=] <tag>} | all }; | current controlfile } set until { time [=] â<date>â | scn [=] <n> | to â<dest>â [, âŚ] logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }; [tag [=] â<tag>â] [level [=] <n>] recover [nochecksum] [check logical]; { database set duplex = { off | on | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 }; [ until { time [=] â<date>â www.larsditzel.de
- 20. 20 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing Views & Tables Packages shot_from_log, purge_mview_from_log, v$dblink, v$db_pipes, v$aq, v$hs_agent, DBMS_REPCAT {register | unregister}_snapshot, {register v$hs_session, v$hs_parameter, dba_db_links, {create | drop}_master_repgroup, {suspend | unregister}_mview, set_i_am_a_refresh, dba_2pc_pending, dba_2pc_neighbors, dba_ | resume}_master_activity, {create | drop}_ i_am_a_refresh, refresh, refresh_mv, repcatlog, dba_repgroup, dba_repgroup_privi- master_repobject, set_columns, {add | refresh_all, refresh_all_mviews, refresh_de- leges, dba_repcolumn, dba_repcolumn_group, remove}_master_database, alter_master_ pendent, get_log_age, get_mv_depende- dba_repgenobjects, dba_repgrouped_column, propagation, relocate_masterdef, {make cies, {set | wrap}_up, testing, explain_ dba_repkey_columns, dba_repsites, dba_rep- | drop}_column_group, {add | drop}_ {mview | rewrite}, pmarker sites_new, dba_repobject, dba_repprior- grouped_column, {add | drop}_update_ DBMS_OLAP ity, dba_reppriority_group, dba_repprop, resolution, {define | drop}_priority_group, validate_dimension, estimate_space, dba_repddl, dba_repconflict, dba_represolu- {add | alter | drop}_priority_<type>, {alter recommend_mv, estimate_summary_size, tion, dba_represolution_method, dba_repre- | drop}_priority, {define | drop}_site_prior- evaluate_utilization, evaluate_utiliza- sol_stats_control, dba_represolution_statistics, ity, {add | alter | drop}_site_priority_site, tion_w, set_logfile_name dba_repparameter_column, dba_repcat_re- {add | drop}_unique_resolution, {add | DEMO_DIM fresh_templates, dba_repcat_template_objects, drop}_delete_resolution, generate_{replica- print_dim, print_alldims dba_repcat_template_parms, dba_repcat_tem- tion | snapshot}_support, create_snap- DEMO_SUMADV plate_sites, user_repcat_temp_output, dba_ shot_repobject, switch_snapshot_master, DBMS_HS repcat_user_authorizations, dba_repcat_user_ send_and_compare_old_values, {register | create_inst_init, drop_inst_init, cre- parm_values, dba_jobs, dba_jobs_running, cancel | purge}_statistics, do_deferred_rep- ate_fds_inst, drop_fds_inst deftran, dba_snapshots, snap$, dba_snapshot_ cat_admin, purge_master_log, repcat_im- DBMS_HS_PASSTHROUGH refresh_times, dba_snapshot_logs, dba_snap- port_check, comment_on_{repgroup execute_immediate, open_cursor, bind_ shot_log_filter_cols, dba_registered_snapshots, | repobject | repsites | column_group | variable, execute_non_query, fetch_row, dba_registered_snapshot_groups, dba_queues, priority_group | site_priority | unique_res- get_value, close_cursor dba_queue_tables, dba_queue_schedules, olution | update_resolution | delete_reso- DBMS_DISTRIBUTED_TRUST_ADMIN queue_privileges, dba_refresh, dba_re- lution}, {specify | add}_new_masters, deny_all, allow_all, deny_server, al- fresh_children, all_refresh_dependencies, prepare_instantiated_master, resume_ low_server dba_rchild, dba_rgroup, defcall, defcalldest, propagation_to_mdef defdefaultdest, deferrcount, deferror, deflob, DBMS_REPCAT_ADMIN defpropagator, defschedule, deftran, deftrand- Files grant_admin_{schema | any_schema}, est, dba_mviews, dba_mview_aggregates, register_user_repgroup catrep.sql, catdefer.sql, catrepc.sql, smdim.sql, dba_mview_joins, dba_mview_keys, dba_ DBMS_REPCAT_INSTANTIATE sadvdemo.sql, caths.sql mview_analysis, dba_mview_detail_relations, DBMS_REPCAT_RGT dba_summaries, dba_summary_aggregates, create_template_object Desupported Features dba_summary_joins, dba_summary_keys, job_queue_interval, defcall, distributed_lock_ DBMS_REPUTIL dba_summary_detail_tables, dba_dimen- timeout, snapshot_refresh_keep_connections, replication_{on | off } sions, dba_dim_levels, dba_dim_hierachies, snapshot_refresh_processes, snapshot_re- dba_dim_child_of, dba_dim_attributes, DBMS_DEFER transaction, call, <type>_arg fresh_interval, distributed_recovery_connec- dba_dim_join_key, dba_dim_level_key, tion_hold_time, job_queue_keep_connections mview$_exceptions, mviews$_recommenda- DBMS_DEFER_SYS tions, mview$_evaluations, hs_all_caps, {add | delete}_default_destination, push, hs_class_caps, hs_base_caps, hs_inst_caps, purge, delete_tran, execute_error, execute_ hs_all_dd, hs_class_dd, hs_base_dd, hs_inst_ error_as_user, delete_error, schedule_push, dd, hs_all_inits, hs_class_init, hs_inst_init, unschedule_push, set_disabled, disabled, hs_external_objects, hs_external_object_privi- schedule_purge, schedule_execution, leges, hs_external_user_privileges, hs_fds_ register_propagator class, hs_fds_inst, trusted_servers DBMS_DEFER_QUERY DBMS_OFFLINE_OG Parameters {begin | end}_instantiation, resume_sub- set_of_masters, {begin | end}_load global_names, open_links, open_links_per_in- stance, distributed_transactions, com- DBMS_OFFLINE_SNAPSHOT mit_point_strength, job_queue_processes, {begin | end}_load aq_tm_processes, dblink_encrypt_login, DBMS_REFRESH replication_dependency_tracking, query_re- refresh, change write_enabled, query_rewrite_integrity, DBMS_JOB hs_autoregister, hs_commit_point_strength, submit, remove, change, what, next_date, hs_db_domain, hs_db_internal_name, hs_db_ interval, broken, run, instance name, hs_describe_cache_hwm, hs_language, DBMS_RECTIFIER_DIFF hs_nls_date_format, hs_nls_date_language, differences, rectify hs_nls_nchar, hs_open_cursors, hs_ro- DBMS_AQ, DBMS_AQADM wid_cache_size, hs_rpc_fetch_reblocking, DBMS_MVIEW (DBMS_SNAPSHOT) hs_fds_fetch_rows, hs_rpc_fetch_size {begin | end}_table_reorganization, purge_ log, purge_direct_load_log, purge_snap- www.larsditzel.de
- 21. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 21 Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing (cont.) Distributed DB [noparallel | parallel [<n>]] create [shared] [public] [cluster <clust> (<col> [, âŚ])] database link <link[@qual]> [lobâŚ] [partitionâŚ] [connect to [build {immediate | deferred}] {<user> identified by <pwd> [on prebuilt table | current_user} ] [{with | without} reduced precision]] [authenticated by <user> [using indexâŚ] identified by <pwd>] [ refresh [fast | complete | force] [using â<netserv>â]; [on commit | on demand] alter session close database link <link>; [start with â<date>â] [next â<date>â] [with {primary key | rowid}] drop [public] database link <link>; [using [default] [master | local] alter session advise rollback segment [<rbs>]] ] {commit | rollback | nothing}; | never refresh ] alter system {enable | disable} distributed [for update] recovery; [{enable | disable} query rewrite] commit comment âORA-2PC-CRASH-TEST- as <query>; <1-10>â; alter {materialized view | snapshot} <mview> ⌠[compile]; Materialized Views drop {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>; create {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] Dimensions [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] create [force | noforce] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] dimension <dim> level <lev> is [(] [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] <tab>.<col> [, âŚ)] [levelâŚ] [noparallel | parallel [<n>]] hierachy <hier> [partitionâŚ] [lobâŚ] [using indexâŚ] ( <child_lev> child of <parent_lev> [with [primary key] [, rowid] [child of <parent_lev>âŚ] [(<col> [, âŚ])] ] [join key (<child_col> [, âŚ] ) [{including | excluding} new values]; references <parent_lev>] alter {materialized view | snapshot} log [joinâŚ] ) on <tab> [attribute <lev> determines [add [primary key] [, rowid] [(] <dep_col> [, âŚ)] ] [attributeâŚ]; [(<col> [, âŚ])] ] [âŚ]; alter dimension <dim> drop {materialized view | snapshot} log { add { level⌠| hierachy⌠| attribute⌠} on <tab>; | drop create {materialized view | snapshot} <mview> { level <lev> [restrict | cascade] [tablespace <ts>] [storage (âŚ)] | hierachy <hier> [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] | attribute <lev> } [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] | compile }; [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] drop dimension <dim>; www.larsditzel.de
- 22. 22 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Real Application Clusters Processes thread, instance_name, instance_number, parallel_server, parallel_server_instances, IDLM, PCM, OPQ, OPSM, OPSD instance_groups, parallel_instance_group, ops_interconnects, gc_defer_time, gc_releas- vendor OSDs: service_names, dml_locks, gc_files_to_locks, able_locks, gc_rollback_locks, lm_locks, CM, Start, IO, IPC gc_latches, max_commit_propagation_delay, lm_ress, gc_latches, gc_lck_procs, de- (RegKeys: OSD, CMDLL, IODLL, IPCDLL, parallel_default_max_scans, lock_name_space, layed_logging_block_cleanouts, freeze_db_ STARTDLL) cpu_count, trace_enabled, sessions_per_ for_fast_instance_recovery, ogms_home, user???? ops_admin_group, lm_procs Views & Tables gv$<dyn_perf_view>, v$active_instances, Package SQL v$resource, v$resource_limit, v$ges_sta- DBMS_LIBCACHE alter session instance_number...?? tistics, v$ges_latch, v$ges_convert_local, compile_from_remote alter {table | cluster | index} <segm> v$ges_convert_remote, v$ges_enqueue, allocate extent ( [size <n>] v$ges_blocking_enqueue, v$ges_resource, Files [datafile â<file>â] [instance <n>] ); v$ges_traffic_controller, v$gc_element, create {table | cluster | index} <segm> init<db_name>.ora, <db_name>.conf, v$cr_block_server, v$gc_elements_with_colli- ⌠storage ( ⌠utlclust.sql, catclust.sql, clustdb.sql, catlibc.sql, sions, v$cache_transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, [freelists <1>] dbmslibc.sql v$temp_cache_transfer, v$class_cache_trans- [freelist groups <1>] ⌠) âŚ; fer, v$false_ping, v$lock_activity, v$lock_ac- tivity, v$lock_class_ping, v$cache_lock, Desupported Features v$latch_misses, v$hvmaster_info, v$dlm_misc, v$dlm_latch, v$dlm_convert_lo- v$gcshvmaster_info, v$gcspfmaster_info, cal, v$dlm_covert_remote, v$dlm_locks, file_lock, ext_to_obj, oraping_config v$dlm_ress, v$dlm_all_locks, v$dlm_traffic_ controller, v$lock_element, v$bsp, v$locks_ Parameters with_collisions, v$file_ping, v$temp_ping, v$ping, v$class_ping cluster_database, cluster_database_instances, cluster_interconnects, active_instance_count, init_com.ora Utilities âc <user>/<pwd> ân <db> [âi <sid> [, âŚ]] | report [-f <file>] srvctl [âf ] [ât] [âu] [âm] [ây | e] [âv] [âh] [-d yyyy/mm/ss-hh:mi:ss] [-s] } { <cmd> âh GUIOracleOBJManager, setlinks /f:<file> /d $ORACLE_SERVICE, pfssetup | config [âp <db>] crtsrv.bat createpacks, deletepacks | {start | stop} âp <db> [âi <inst> | âs {<inst> | <lsnr>}] Fail Safe & RAC Guard | status âp <db> [âs {<inst> | <lsnr>}] fscmd | add { dumpcluster | movegroup { db âp <db> âo <oracle_home> | onlinegroup | offlinegroup | instance âp <db> âi <inst> | onlineresource | offlineresource ân <node> } | verifygroup | verifyallgroups } | delete <resource> /cluster = <clust> { db âp <db> [/logfile = <log>] [/node = <node>] | instance âp <db> âi <inst> } [/offline = | rename instance âp <db> { abort | immediate âi <old> âe <new> | transactional | normal } ] | move instance âp <db> [/domain = <OSdomain> âi <inst> ân <new_node> /user = <OSuser> /pwd = <pwd>] | get env âp <db> [âi <inst>] pfsctl | set env âp <db> ât <var> = <val> { help | pfsboot | pfshalt [âi <inst>] | status | restore | unset env âp <db> ât <var> [âi <inst>] } | move_primary [<sec>] srvconfig | stop_secondary [<sec>] { âinit | bootone <pack> [-f ] | {âexp | âimp} <file> | haltone <pack> | âconv <db.conf> } | switchover [<sec>] gsd, gsdservice { âstart | âinstall | âremove } | call_home opsctl [start | stop] www.larsditzel.de
- 23. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 23 Real Application Clusters (cont.) Tuning/Contention (RAC) ÂŤglobal cache convertsÂť statistics: ÂŤbuffer busy %Âť, ÂŤcr request entryÂť, ÂŤdb Global Cache Service (GCS) other statistics: file %Âť, ÂŤenqueueÂť, ÂŤglobal cache %Âť, v$cache (forced_writes = 0, forced_reads), ÂŤKJC: wait %Âť, ÂŤlibrary cache pinÂť, ÂŤlog ÂŤglobal cache %Âť (v$sysstat, class 40) file syncÂť, ÂŤrow cache lockÂť v$cache_transfer, v$bh, v$class_cache_ contention: contention: transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, v$rowcache ÂŤglobal cache cr timeoutsÂť = 0 (dc_sequences, dc_used_extents) ÂŤglobal cache busyÂť, ÂŤbuffer busy due to ÂŤglobal cache convert timeoutsÂť = 0 global cacheÂť cache fusion latency: Global Enqueue Service (GES) ÂŤglobal cache cr block receive timeÂť / ÂŤglobal lock %Âť (v$sysstat, class 32) Latches ÂŤglobal cache cr blocks receivedÂť: ~ 15 ms (1 ms with user mode IPC, OPS8i: average global enqueue get time: ~ 20-30 ms v$latch: ~ 1-40 ms) ÂŤglobal lock get timeÂť / (ÂŤglobal lock sync gets / misses ~ 0.9-0.95 ÂŤglobal cache current block receive timeÂť / getsÂť + ÂŤglobal lock async getsÂť) v$latch_misses: ÂŤglobal cache current blocks receivedÂť average global lock convert time: ~ 20 ms sleeps / misses LMS service time (sum & individual): ÂŤglobal lock convert timeÂť / (ÂŤglobal ÂŤglobal cache cr (queue + build + flush lock sync convertsÂť + ÂŤglobal lock async Sequences + send) timeÂť / ÂŤglobal cache cr blocks convertsÂť) use sequence number multipliers servedÂť cache sequence numbers ÂŤglobal cache current (pin + flush + send) other statistics: timeÂť / ÂŤglobal cache current blocks v$lock_activity, v$ges_statistics, v$ges_ servedÂť convert_local, v$ges_convert_remote, average get time: ~ 20-30 ms v$rowcache, v$librarycache ÂŤglobal cache get timeÂť / ÂŤglobal cache getsÂť Wait Events average convert time: ~ 10-20 ms v$system_event ÂŤglobal cache convert timeÂť / Tuning/Contention (OPS 8i) Locking PCM Locks ÂŤreleasable freelist waitsÂť (v$sysstat) ÂŤlm_locksÂť = ÂŤlm_ressÂť = Global cache 2 * (gc_files_to_locks + gc_rollback_locks consistent-read requests: Lock conversion [fixed] + gc_releasable_locks), ÂŤglobal cache cr block receivedÂť + v$resource_limit, lock hit ratio: (v$sysstat) ÂŤglobal cache cr blocks read from diskÂť consistent getsÂť â ÂŤglobal lock converts (async)Âť / ÂŤconsistent getsÂť > 95%, Enqu. Locks Global locks ÂŤlock element cleanupÂť 20 + (10*sess) + db_files + 1 + (2*proc) + IDLM non-PCM resources: (v$system_event, v$session_wait), (db_block_buffers/64) v$librarycache, v$rowcache v$lock_activity, v$class_ping, v$ping DML Locks IDLM Pinging set ÂŤdml_locksÂť = 0 for all instances, or disable lock statistics: ping write ratio: (v$sysstat) specific table locks v$dlm_convert_local, v$dlm_convert_re- ÂŤDBWR cross instance writesÂť / ÂŤphysical mote writesÂť, v$lock_activity Recovery message statistics: (v$dlm_misc) ÂŤinstance recovery database freeze countÂť average receive queue length: < 10 Block contention (v$sysstat) ÂŤdlm total incoming msg queue lengthÂť / v$bh, v$cache, v$ping ÂŤdlm messages receivedÂť mult. copies of 2nd block of file -> freelist Inst. groups contention (check v$waitstat) ÂŤalter session set parallel_instance_group = OPS I/O <grp>;Âť ÂŤDBWR forced writesÂť / ÂŤphysical writesÂť Partitioning (v$sysstat) partition tables and indexes OR (ÂŤremote instance undo header writesÂť + ÂŤre- configure process free lists and free list groups mote instance undo block writesÂť) / ÂŤDBWR + allocate extents for instances (free list group forced writesÂť (v$sysstat) choice: ÂŤalter session set instance = <n>;Âť) www.larsditzel.de
- 24. 24 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Globalization Support Views & Tables ⢠nls_list_separator Utilities v$nls_parameters, v$nls_valid_values, ⢠nls_display csscan v$timezone_names, nls_database_parameters, ⢠nls_monetary help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile nls_instance_parameters, nls_session_parame- = <par> log = <scan.log> user = <schema> ters, props$, csmv$columns, csmv$constraints, Session: table = (<tab> [, âŚ) exclude = (<tab> [, csmv$errors, csmv$indexes, csmv$tables alter session set nls_language = <lang> âŚ) tochar = <new> fromchar = <old> nls_territory = <territ>; tonchar = <new> fromnchar = <old> ar- Packages alter session set time_zone = <x>; ray = <10240> process = <1> maxblocks = <x> capture = <n> suppress = <x> DBMS_SESSION feedback = <x> boundaries = <x> lastrpt = set_nls(<name>,<value>) NLS-Affected SQL-Functions <n> preserve = <n> to_char lbuilder Files ⢠nls_date_language lxegen <prod><lang>.msb, timezone.dat, ⢠nls_numeric_characters lxinst [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>] timezlrg.dat, csminst.sql ⢠nls_currency [sysdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>] ⢠nls_iso_currency [help=<no>] [warning={0 | 1 | 2 | 3}] Server: Init. Parameters ⢠nls_calendar lxbcnf [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>] to_date nls_language [userbootdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>] ⢠nls_date_language ⢠nls_date_language [help=<no>] ⢠nls_calendar ⢠nls_sort to_number nls_territory Desupported Features ⢠nls_numeric_characters ⢠nls_date_format nls_monetary_characters, nls_list_separator, ⢠nls_currency ⢠nls_currency (fm L), ⢠nls_iso_currency nls_credit, nls_debit, nls_union_currency nls_iso_currency (fm C), nls_upper nls_dual_currency ⢠nls_sort ⢠nls_numeric_characters (fm DG) nls_lower ⢠nls_calendar ⢠nls_sort ⢠nls_comp ⢠nls_length_semantics nls_initcap ⢠nls_sort ⢠nls_nchar_conv_excp ⢠nls_time_format nlssort ⢠nls_timestamp_format ⢠nls_sort ⢠nls_timestamp_tz_format ⢠nls_time_tz_format Datetime Functions $ORA_TZFILE Character Set & Timezone Client: Environment Variables create database ⌠nls_lang, nls_nchar [character set {<charset> << OS dependent ⢠nls_date_language | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] ⢠nls_sort [national character set << 9i: Unicode only ⢠nls_date_format {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] ⢠nls_currency, [set time_zone = nls_iso_currency, { â<{+|-}hh:mi>â nls_dual_currency | â<time_zone_region>â } ] ⌠⢠nls_numeric_characters alter database [<db>] [national] character set ⢠nls_comp <new_char>; << must be strict superset ⢠nls_calendar << AL24UTFFSS is desupported in 9i ⢠nls_credit, nls_debit www.larsditzel.de
- 25. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 25 SQL*Plus sqlplus SQL Buffer Manipulation | view | trigger | type | type body [ -h[elp] ed[it], a[ppend], c[hange] /<old> [/<new>], | dimension | java class } <name>] | -v[ersion] cl[ear] buff[er], del [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], l[ist] | lno | pno | user | tti[tle] | bti[tile] | [-m[arkup] [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], i[nput] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] | spoo[l] html [on | off ] [head â<txt>â] | sqlcode | sga | parameters | release } [body â<txt>â] [table â<txt>â] timi[ng] Data Types SQL*Plus [entmap {on | off }] [spool {on | off }] [start <string> | show | stop] [pre[format] {on | off }] var[iable] [<var> exec[ute] [-r[estrict] <1 | 2 | 3>] [ number | char | char (<n>) | nchar { <:var> := <func> (<par> [, âŚ]) [-s[ilent]] ] | nchar (<n>) | varchar2 (<n>) | <proc> (<par> [, âŚ]) } [ <user>[/<pwd>][@<serv>] | / ] | nvarchar2 (<n>) | clob | nclob | refcursor] ] whenever {sqlerror | oserror} [ as {sysoper | sysdba} | /nolog ] { exit⌠char: max. 2.000B, varchar: max. 4000B [ @<URI | file>[.<ext>] [<arg>, âŚ]] | continue [commit | rollback | none] } Commands {exit | quit} Environment [success | failure | warning | <n> /, r[un] appi[nfo] {on|off|<text>}, array[size] [<15>], | <var> | <:var>] [commit | rollback] auto[commit] {on|off|imm[ediate]|<n>}, @<file>, @@<file>, start <file> copy [from <user>@<db>] [to <user>@<db>] autop[rint] {on|off }, autorecovery [on|off ], sav[e] <file> [cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ] {create | replace | insert | append} autot[race] {on|off|trace[only]} [exp[lain]] get <file> [ lis[t] | nol[ist] ] <tab> [(<col>, âŚ)] using <query>; [stat[istics]], blo[ckterminator] <.>, cmds[ep] spo[ol] {<file> | off | out} {<;>|on|off }, colsep <_>, com[patibility] pri[nt] [<var>], help, rem[ark], set, show Formatting {native|v8|v7}, con[cat] {<c>|on|off }, {ho[st] | ! | $} <cmd> copyc[ommit] <0>, copytypecheck { tti[tle] | bti[tle] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] } store [set] <file> [ [page] [ le[ft] | ce[nter] | r[ight] ] {on|off }, def[ine] {<&>|on|off }, describe [ cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ] [depth {<1>|all} | indent {on|off } | line- [col <n>] [tab <n>] [bold] [s[kip] <n>] def[ine] <var> = <value> [format <fm>] [â<string>â] [<var>] [âŚ] num {on|off }], echo {on|off }, editf[ile] <file>[.<ext>], emb[edded] {on|off }, esc[ape] undef[ine] <var> | {on | off } ] {<>|on|off }, feed[back] {<6>|on|off }, flag- pro[mpt] [<string>] col[umn] [ <col> ger {off|entry|intermed[iate]|full}, flu[sh] pau[se] [<string>] { [for[mat] <fm>] {on|off }, hea[ding] {on|off }, heads[ep] conn[ect] [ wra[pped] | wor[d_wrapped] {||on|off }, instance {<serv>|local}, lin[esize] { / | <user/pwd> | internal [<pwd>] } | tru[ncated] ] <80>, lobof[fset] <1>, logsource [<path>], [as {sysdba | sysoper}] [hea[ding] <string>] long <80>, longc[hunksize] <80>, m[arkup] << desupported [ali[as] <alias>] [nul[l] <string>] html [on | off ] [head â<txt>â] [body disc[onnect] [ fold_a[fter] | fold_b[efore]] â<txt>â] [table â<txt>â] [entmap {on | [like <alias>] [newl[ine]] passw[ord] [<user>] off }] [spool {on | off }] [pre[format] {on | [ {new_v[alue] | old_v[alue]} <var>] startup, shutdown, recover [ jus[tify] { l[eft] | c[enter] | c[entre] off }], newp[age] {<1>|none}, null <txt>, numf[ormat] <fmt>, num[width] <10>, | r[ight] }] Data Access | {on | off } | {print | noprint} | cle[ar] }] pages[ize] <24>, pau[se] {on|off|<txt>}, recsep {wr[apped]|ea[ch]|off }, recsepchar <_>, attribute <object_type>.<attr> bre[ak] serverout[put] {on|off } [size <n>] [for[mat] [ali[as] <name>] [for[mat] <fm>] [on {<bcol> | row | report | <expr>} {wra[pped]|wor[d_wrapped|tru[ncated]}], [like <attr>] [cle[ar] ] [on |off ] [ski[p] <n> | page] [onâŚ] shift[inout] {vis[ible]|inv[isible]}, show[mode] acc[ept] <var> [nodup[licates] | dup[licates]] ] {on|off }, sqlbl[anklines] {on|off }, sqlc[ase] [num[ber] | char | date] comp[ute] {mix[ed]|lo[wer]|up[per]}, sqlc[ontinue] <>>, [for[mat] <fm>] [def[ault] <def>] [{ sum | min[imum] | max[imum] | avg sqln[umber] {on|off }, sqlpluscompat[ibility] [prompt <string> | nopr[ompt] ] [hide] | std | var[iance] | cou[nt] | num[ber] } <x.y[.z]>, sqlpre[fix] <#>, sqlp[rompt] desc[ribe] [âŚ] [la[bel] <lab>] <SQL>>, sqlt[erminator] {<;>|on|off>}, suf[fix] { <tab> | <view> | <pack> of <col> [<col>âŚ] <SQL>, tab {on|off }, term[out] {on|off }, | <func> | <proc> | <syn> | <type> } on {<bcol> | row | report} ] ti[me] {on|off }, timi[ng] {on|off }, trim[out] sho[w] clear {on|off }, trims[pool] {on|off }, und[erline] {<- { <var> | all { scr[een] | col[umns] | bre[aks] >|on|off }, ver[ify] {on|off }, wra[p] {on|off } | err[ors] | comp[utes] | sql | timi[ng] | buff[er] } sql.pno, sql.lno, sql.release, sql.sqlcode, sql.user [{ package | package body | function | procedure www.larsditzel.de
- 26. 26 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) Views & Tables ⢠long type 8 << deprecated <coll> {<varr_type> | <tab_type>}; v$type_size, v$temporary_lobs, {col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B} <coll>(<subscript>)[.<item>] := <expr>; v$timezone_names, dba_types, dba_type_at- ⢠long raw type 24 << deprecated <coll>.<method> trs, dba_type_methods, dba_coll_types, {col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B} count, delete [ (<i> [,<j>] ) ], exists(<i>), dba_lobs, dba_part_lobs, dba_lob_partitions, ⢠internal: extend [(<n> [,<i>] )], limit, first, last, dba_lob_subpartitions, dba_varrays, dba_refs, CLOB, NCLOB type 112 next(<i>), prior(<i>), trim [ (<i>) ] dba_operators, dba_oparguments, dba_op- BLOB type 113 bindings, dba_opancillary, dba_method_ {col: 232-1B=4G, User-defined Types params, dba_method_results, dba_directories, inline ~4000b, else out of line} abstract types dba_rulesets ⢠external: initialized by constructor <type>(âŚ) BFILE {pointer} type 114 create [or replace] type <type>; SQL-Functions {ext. LOB: 232-1B=4G} create [or replace] directory <dir> as â<path>â; forward type definition / incomplete type drop directory <dir>; create [or replace] type <type> Parameters rowid [authid {current_user | definer}] {is | as} ⢠rowid type 69 { object ( <attr> <type> [, âŚ] {extented: 10B, [, {static | [map | order] member} Scalar Types (Built-in Types) restricted: 6B (block.row.file), {function | procedure} <func> character physical rowid} [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] ⢠char (<1> [byte | char]) type 96 ⢠urowid [(<4000B>)] type 208 <type> [, âŚ] )] [return <type>] {col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B} col: 4.000B (IOT logical urowid or [ {is | as} language (Subtype: character) foreign table foreign urowid) { java name â<func>â ⢠varchar2 (<n> [byte | char]) type 1 boolean | C [name <func>] library <lib> {col: 4.000B, ⢠{pl: true | false | null} [with context] pl: 32.767B (preallocated < 2000B)} [parameters (<par>) }] (Subtypes: string, varchar) << deprec. [, pragma restrict_references subtype <subtype> is <base_type> [not null]; ⢠nchar (<1>) type 96 ( {<method> | default}, {col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only} {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )] national character literal: ANSI Supported Types [, âŚ] ]) Nâ<string>â character [varying] (<n>) | {varray | varying array} (<n>) of <type> ⢠nvarchar2 (<n>) type 1 {char | nchar} varying (<n>) | table of <type> }; {col: 4.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only} varchar (<n>) create [or replace] type body <type> binary_integer national {character | char} [varying] (<n>) {is | as} {static | [map | order] member} ⢠{pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} {numeric | decimal | dec} [(<prec>[, <scal>])] {function | procedure} <func> library arithmetic {integer | int | smallint} [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] (Subtypes: natural {non-neg.}, naturaln <type> [, âŚ] )] [return <type>] float [(<n>)] {not null} positive{pos.}, positiven {not [ {is | as} null}, signtype{-1,0,1} ) double precision { begin <stat>; end [<func>]; pls_integer real | language ⢠{pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} { java name â<func>â machine arithmetic Relationship Types | C [name <func>] number [(<prec>[, <scal>])] type 2 ref library <lib> [with context] ⢠{precision: 38 digits, scale: -84 to 127, ⢠ref cursor, ref <otype> [parameters (<par>)] }} 21B (20B Mantisse, 1B Exponent)} {pointer} [, âŚ] end; (Subtypes: dec, decimal, double preci- alter type <type> sion, float, int, integer, numeric, real, Record Types { compile [debug] [specification | body] smallint) logical unit of dissimilar types | replace as object (<attr> <type> [, âŚ] datetime and interval record may not be DB col [, {static | [map | order] member} ⢠date type 12/13 type <rec_type> is record {function | procedure} <func> {7B = CentYearMonDayHourMinSec, (<field> {<type> | <tab>.<col>%type} [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] 8B, -4.712 to 9.999} [[not null] {:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ]); <type> [, âŚ] )] [return <type>] ANSI date literal: [, pragma restrict_references <record> {<rec_type> | <tab>%rowtype}; date â<yyyy-mm-dd>â ( {<method> | default}, <rec_var>.<field> := <expr>; {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )] ⢠timestamp [(<6>)] type 180 [ with time zone type 181/187/188 [, âŚ]] )}; Collection drop type [body] <type> [force]; | with local time zone ] type 231 elements of same type [ref ] obj_type, type, varchar2(x), number[(p,s)], date, {20B} initialized by constructor <collect>(âŚ) raw(x), char[acter](x), char varying(x), varchar(x), timestamp literal: varray may be DB col numeric[(p,s)], dec[imal] [(p,s)], int[eger], smallint, timestamp â<yyyy-mm-dd ...>â float[(x)], double precision, real, blob, clob, bfile ⢠interval year [(<2>)] to month type 182 nested table may be DB col ⢠interval day [(<2>)] to second [(<6>)] index-by table may not be DB col Maximum Row Size type 183 type <varr_type> is {varray | varying array} (<size>) of <type> row header (min. 3B) + SUM(max. field raw (<n>) type 23 [not null]; length + length indicator (<=250: 1B, >250: ⢠{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B} type <tab_type> is table of <type> [not null] 3B)) large objects [index by binary_integer]; www.larsditzel.de
- 27. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 27 Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) (cont.) Oracle Supplied Types Explicit Type Conversion (Cast Function) SYS.AnyData cast ( { <expr> | (<subquery>) | multiset (<subquery>) } as <type> ) SYS.AnyType char, datetime, rowid, nchar, number raw SYS.AnyDataSet varchar2 interval urowid nvarchar2 SYS.XMLType char, varchar2 X X X X X SYS.UriType number X X SYS.UriFactoryType date, timestamp, MDSYS.SDO_Geometry X X interval ORDSYS.ORDAudio raw X X ORDSYS.ORDImage rowid, urowid X X ORDSYS.ORDVideo nchar, nvarchar2 X X X X X Explicit Type Conversion (SQL Conversion Functions) char, varchar2, long, number datetime/interval raw rowid clob, nclob, blob nchar, nvarchar2 long raw to_date, to_timestamp, char, varchar2, to_char (char), to_clob, to_number to_timestamp_tz, hextoraw chartorowid nchar, nvarchar2 to_nchar (char) to_nclob to_yminterval, to_dsinterval to_date, to_char (number), number â to_yminterval, to_nchar (number) to_dsinterval o_char (date), datetime/interval â to_nchar (datetime) rawtohex, raw â to_blob rawtonhex rowid rowidtochar â long, long raw â to_lob to_char, to_clob, clob, nclob, blob to_nchar to_nclob Implicit Type Conversion datetime/ char varchar2 date long number raw rowid clob blob nchar nvarchar2 nclob interval char â X X X X X X X X X varchar2 X â X X X X X X X X X date X X â X X datetime/ X X â X X X X interval long X X X â X X X X X number X X â X X raw X X X â X X X rowid X X â X X clob X X X â blob X â nchar X X X X X X X X â X X nvarchar2 X X X X X X X X X â X nclob X X X â www.larsditzel.de
- 28. 28 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide SQL, PL/SQL & Java Views & Tables {open | close}_cursor, parse, last_er- UTL_HTTP v$reserved_words, v$resumable, dba_source, ror_position, bind_{variable | array}, UTL_URL dba_errors, dba_dependencies, deptree, define_{column | column_long | array}, UTL_TCP ideptree, dba_libraries, dba_outlines, execute, describe_columns, fetch_rows, UTL_SMTP dba_outline_hints, dba_resumable, execute_and_fetch, last_row_{count | id}, UTL_ENCODE outln.ol$, outln.ol$hints, java$options, {column | variable}_value, column_value_ long, is_open, last_sql_function_code UTL_INADDR java$class$md5$table, create$java$lob$table, DBMS_LDAP UTL_RAW dba_workspace_sessions, all_workspaces, all_ cast_{to | from}_{number | binary_integer} workspace_privs, all_workspace_savepoints, DBMS_TRANSACTION advise_{commit | nothing | rollback}, OUTLN_PKG all_version_hview, all_wm_locked_tables, commit, commit_{comment | force}, drop_unused, {drop | update}_by_cat, all_wm_modified_tables, all_wm_ric_info, local_transaction_id, purge_lost_db_entry, drop_{collision | extras | unrefd_hints}[_ all_wm_tab_triggers, all_wm_versioned_ purge_mixed, read_{only | write}, rollback, expact], deptree_fill tables, role_wm_privs, user_wm_privs, <tab>_conf, <tab>_diff, <tab>_lock, <tab>_lt, rollback_{force | savepoint}, savepoint, SQLJUTL <tab>_hist, <tab>_wm step_id, use_rollback_segment, begin_dis- has_default crete_transaction >> Discrete transactions do not generate undo Files Parameters information! << optimizer_mode, db_file_multiblock_ DBMS_WM utldtree.sql, initjvm.sql, utljavarm.sql, read_count, optimizer_features_enable, {alter | goto}savepoint, {create | sqljutl.sql, owminst.plb optimizer_index_caching, optimizer_in- alter | merge | compress | freeze dex_cost_adj, optimizer_max_permutations, | get | goto | refresh | remove | Desupported Features complex_view_merging, partition_view_en- rollback | unfreeze}workspace, hash_multiblock_io_count, opti- abled, hash_join_enabled, hash_area_size, {begin | commit}resolve, {get | mizer_percent_parallel, always_anti_join, star_transformation_enabled, row_locking, set}conflictworkspace, {remove | always_semi_join, fast_full_scan_enabled, sql_trace, timed_statistics, create_stored_out- compress}workspacetree, {enable | push_join_predicate lines, use_stored_outlines, utl_file_dir, disable}versioning, {get | set}diffversions, plsql_v2_compatibility, remote_dependen- getlockmode, {get | set}multiworkspaces, cies_mode, undo_retention, plsql_compiler_ getopcontext, {grant | revoke}{system flags, cursor_sharing | workspace}priv, getprivs, gotodate, copyforupdate, {create | delete}savepoint, Packages isworkspaceoccupied, {lock | unlock}rows, {merge | refresh | rollback}table, DBMS_STANDARD, resolveconflicts, rollback{resolve | DBMS_TRACE tosp}, set{locking | wooverwrite | DBMS_LOCK workspacelockmode}{on | off } DBMS_DESCRIBE DBMS_JAVA DBMS_METADATA server_{startup | shutdown}, longname, get_{ddl | xml | dependent_ddl | depen- shortname, {get | set | reset}_compiler_op- dent_xml | granted_ddl | granted_xml | tion, set_{output | streams}, {start | end}_ query}, open, fetch_{ddl | ddl_text | xml | {import | export}, {start | stop}_debugging, clob}, close, set_{filter | count | parse_item register_endpoint, notifiy_at_{startup | debug}, add_transform, set_transform_ | shutdown}, remove_from_{startup | param, free_context_entry shutdown} DBMS_FLASHBACK DBMS_LOB enable_at_{time | system_change_num- append, close, compare, converttoclob, ber}, disable, get_system_change_number copy, {create | free}temporary, erase, DBMS_RESUMABLE fileclose, filecloseall, fileexists, filegetname, abort, {get | set}_timeout, {get | set}_ses- fileisopen, fileopen, getchunksize, get- sion_timeout, space_error_info length, instr, isopen, istemporary, load- DBMS_DDL fromfile, open, read, substr, trim, write, DBMS_DEBUG writeappend DBMS_PROFILER DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT DBMS_ALERT desencrypt, desdecrypt, des3encrypt, DBMS_OUTPUT des3decrypt, md5, desgetkey, des3getkey put, {new | put | get}_line, get_lines, UTL_FILE enable, disable fopen, fopen_nchar, is_open, fclose, DBMS_PIPE fclose_all, fflush, new_line, get_line, {pack | unpack}_message[_{raw | rowid} ], get_line_nchar, put_line, put_line_nchar, next_item_type, {send | receive}_message, put, put_nchar, putf, putf_nchar, fcopy, unique_name_session, purge fgetattr, fgetpos, fremove, frename, fseek, get_raw, put_raw DBMS_SQL www.larsditzel.de
- 29. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 29 SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.) Number Functions nls_charset_name, nullif, nvl, nvl2, sys_con- order by <col> [, âŚ] {rows | range} abs, acos, asin, atan, atan2, bitand, ceil, nect_by_path, sys_context, sys_dburigen, [ { between <n> | unbounded cos, cosh, exp, floor, ln, log, mod, power, sys_extract_utc, sys_guid, sys_typeid, sys_xm- | interval â<n>â day } preceding] round, sign, sin, sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh, trunc, lagg, sys_xmlgen, uid, user, userenv, vsize [ { [and] <n> | unbounded width_bucket | interval â<n>â day } following] Aggregate Functions [current row] [first_value()] [last_value()] Character Functions avg, corr, count, covar_pop, covar_samp, [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] ) chr, concat, initcap, lower, lpad, ltrim, cume_dist, dense_rank, first, group_id, group- ing, grouping_id, last, max, min, percen- Reporting Aggregate: nls_initcap, nls_lower, nlssort, nls_upper, {<WA-Func> | ratio_to_report} replace, rpad, rtrim, soundex, substr[b|c|2|4], tile_cont, percentile_disc, percent_rank, rank, regr, stddev, stddev_pop, stddev_samp, sum, (<col>) over ( translate, treat, trim, upper [partition by <col> [, âŚ]] ascii, instr[b|c|2|4], length[b|c|2|4] var_pop, var_samp, variance [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] ) Object Reference Functions LAG/LEAD: Datetime Functions {lag | lead} (<col>, <default>) over ( add_months, current_date, current_time- deref, make_ref, ref, reftohex, value order by <col> [, âŚ] [asc | desc] stamp, dbtimezone, extract, from_tz, last_day, [nulls {first | last}] ) localtimestamp, month_between, new_time, Format Models next_day, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, <fm> = 9 0 $ B MI S PR D G C L , . V SQL Statement Types round, sessiontimezone, sys_extract_utc, EEEE RN DATE A<n> DDL systimestamp, sysdate, to_dsinterval, to_time- create, alter, drop, truncate, rename, stamp, to_timestamp_tz, to_yminterval, Analytic Functions comment, grant, revoke, audit, noaudit, trunc, tz_offset analyze, {associate | disassociate} statistics Ranking: { rank() | dense_rank() | cume_dist() DML Conversion Functions | percent_rank() | ntile(<n>) select, insert, update, delete, merge, lock asciistr, bin_to_num, castâŚ[multiset], | row_number() } table, explain plan, call chartorowid, compose, convert, decompose, over ([partition by <col> [, âŚ]] order by TxCtl hextoraw, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, <col> [, âŚ] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}]) commit, rollback, savepoint, set transac- rawtohex, rawtonhex, rowidtochar, rowidton- Window Aggregate: tion char, to_char, to_clob, to_date, to_dsinterval, { count | sum | avg | min | max | stddev SessCtl to_lob, to_multi_byte, to_nchar, to_nclob, | variance | var_samp | var_pop alter session, set role to_number, to_single_byte, to_yminterval, | stddev_samp | stddev_pop | covar_samp SysCtl translateâŚusing, unistr | covar_pop | regr_slope | regr_intercept alter system | regr_r2 | regr_avgx | regr_avgy Micellaneous Functions | regr_count | regr_sxx | regr_sxy bfilename, coalesce, decode, dump, empty_ | regr_syy } blob, empty_clob, existsnode, extract, greatest, (<col>) over ( least, nls_charset_decl_len, nls_charset_id, [partition by <col> [, âŚ]] Optimizer -- index join (<tab> [âŚ] ), USE_HASH (<tab> [âŚ] ), Access Paths -- bitmap index scan DRIVING_SITE (<tab> [âŚ] ), PARALLEL 1 single row by rowid (<tab> [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | default} ] ] Hints ), NOPARALLEL (<tab> [âŚ] ), PQ_DIS- 2 single row by cluster join TRIBUTE (<tab> [,] <out>, <in>), APPEND, 3 single row by hash cluster key with unique {select | update | delete} NOAPPEND, PARALLEL_INDEX (<tab> or primary key { /*+ <HINT> [text] */ [<ind> [, âŚ] ] [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | 4 single row by unique or primary key | --+ <HINT> [text] } default} ] ] ), NOPARALLEL_INDEX (<tab> 5 cluster join [<ind> [, âŚ] ] ), CACHE (<tab> [âŚ] ), 6 hash cluster key RULE, CHOOSE, ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ NOCACHE (<tab> [âŚ] ), MERGE (<tab>), 7 indexed cluster key ROWS [(<n>)], FULL (<tab>), ROWID NOMERGE (<tab>), PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>), CLUSTER (<tab>), HASH (<tab>), (<tab>), NO_PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>), 8 composite key HASH_AJ, HASH_SJ, INDEX (<tab> PUSH_SUBQ, STAR_TRANSFORMA- 9 single-column indexes [<ind> [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_ASC (<tab> [<ind> TION, ORDERED_PREDICATES 10 bounded range search on indexed columns [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_DESC (<tab> [<ind> 11 unbounded range search on indexed [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_COMBINE (<tab> columns Serial direct-load insert: [<ind> [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_JOIN (<tab> insert /*+APPEND */ into <tab> <query>; 12 sort-merge join [<ind> [âŚ] ] ), INDEX_FFS (<tab> [<ind> 13 max or min of indexed column [âŚ] ] ), NO_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> [âŚ] ] ), MERGE_AJ, MERGE_SJ, AND_EQUAL Parallel direct-load insert: 14 order by on indexed columns (<tab> <ind> <ind> [âŚ] ), USE_CONCAT, alter session {enable | force} parallel dml; 15 full table scan insert /*+PARALLEL(<tab>,<n>) */ into -- sample table scan NO_EXPAND, NOREWRITE, REWRITE [ (<mview> [, âŚ] ) ], ORDERED, STAR, tab> <query>; -- fast full index scan USE_NL (<tab> [âŚ] ), USE_MERGE www.larsditzel.de
- 30. 30 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.) Queries update <tab> [returning <expr> [, âŚ] select set <col> = {<val> | â<string>â} [, âŚ]; [bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]]; { [aggr_func (] merge into <tab1> update [ {distinct | unique} | all ] using <tab2> on (<join_expr>) {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} { [<alias>.]<col> | * } [)] when matched then update set⌠set <col> = <expr> [, âŚ] [ { + | - | * | / } <expr>] when not matched then insert [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [as] [â<alias>â] [, âŚ] (<col>âŚ) values (âŚ); [returning <expr> [, âŚ] | <seq>.{nextval | currval} delete [from] <tab> [bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]]; | cursor (<subquery>) } [partition (<part>)] [alias] delete from from [where <expr>]; {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} { [(] [<schema>.] [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] <tab/view/snapshot>[@<dblink>] [returning <expr> [, âŚ] Control [partition (<part>)] [bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]]; commit [work] execute immediate <âdyn_sql_statâ> [subpartition (<subpart>)] [ comment â<string>â [<alias>] [, âŚ] [sample [block] (<n>)] [[bulk collect] into | force â<id>â [,<scn>] ]; {<var> [, âŚ] | <rec>}] [ [inner | {left | right | full} [outer] ] savepoint <sp>; join <tab> { on <expr> [using [in | out | in out] <arg> [, âŚ]] rollback [work] [{returning | return} [bulk collect] | using (<col> [, âŚ]) } [to [savepoint] <sp> | force â<id>â]; into <arg> [, âŚ]]; | cross join <tab> | natural [inner | {left | right | full} set transaction open <refcurs> [outer] ] join <tab> ] [)] {read only | read write for <âdyn_multi_row_queryâ> | ( <subquery> [with {read only | check | isolation level [using <var> [, âŚ] ]; option [constraint <constr>]} ]) {serializable | read committed} open <curs> [ (<par>, âŚ) ]; | use rollback segment <rbs>} <curs>%{ found | isopen | notfound | rowcount } | table (<coll_expr>) [(+)] } [name â<tx>â]; fetch <curs> [bulk collect] into where {<var> [, âŚ] | <rec>} [limit <n>]; [(] [(] [<alias>.]<col/expr> [(+)] alter session {enable | disable} commit in procedure; close <curs>; [,<expr>âŚ)] alter session {enable | disable | force} if <expr> then <stat>; { { = | != | ~= | <> | <= | >= | < | > } parallel {dml | ddl} [parallel <n>]; [elsif <expr> then <stat>;] [any | some | all] [else <stat>;] (<expr> [, âŚ] | <subquery>) alter session {enable | disable} end if; | like â[ _%]<string>â resumable [timeout <7200>] [ << <label> >> ] | [not] in (<expr> [, âŚ] | <subquery>) [name â<str>â]; [ while <expr> | [not] between <expr> and <expr> | for <i> in [reverse] <a>..<b> | = [<alias>.]<col> PL/SQL | for <rec> in {<curs> [(<par>, âŚ)] | [not] exists (<subquery>) declare | (<query>) } ] | is [not] null { -- <comment> loop <stat>; | is dangling } | /* <comment> */ } [if <expr> then exit;] [{and [not] | or} <expr>] [, âŚ] [)] pragma autonomous_transaction; [exit [<label>] when <expr>;] [[start with <expr>] pragma serially_reusable; end loop [<label>]; connect by [prior] <expr>] pragma restrict_references forall <i> in <a>..<b> [save exceptions] [group by [{rollup | cube} (] (<name>, rnds, wnds, rnps, { <stat> [returning <col> <expr> [, âŚ] [)] wnps, trust); bulk collect into <collect>]; [having {<expr> | (<subquery>)}] ] read, write, no, database, package, state | execute immediate [ {union [all] | intersect | minus} pragma exception_init (<exc>, <err_no>); <upd | ins | del> ⌠} (<subquery>) ] <var> [constant] SQL%{bulk_rowcount(i) [order by {<col> | <n>} [asc | desc] [, âŚ]] { <type> | <tab>.<col>%TYPE | bulk_exceptions(i).error_{index | code} | bulk_exceptions.count } [for update [of <tab>.<col>] | <var>%TYPE | <tab>%ROWTYPE } lock table <tab> [nowait | wait <n>] ]; [[not null] { := | default } <n>]; in {share [row exclusive] | exclusive} with <query_name> as (<subquery>) [, âŚ] cursor <curs> mode [nowait]; select ⌠from <query_name> ⌠; [(<par> <type> [, âŚ])] is << subquery factoring set transaction <query> [for update of <col> [, âŚ]]; {read only | read write type <refcurs_type> is | isolation level DML ref cursor return <type>; {serializable | read committed} insert into <refcurs> <refcurs_type>; | use rollback segment <rbs>}; { <tab> [partition (<part>)] type <rec_type> ist record (<col> [, âŚ] ); commit [work] [comment â<str>â]; | [the] <subquery1> } <rec> <rec_type>; savepoint <sp>; [(<col> [, âŚ] )] <exc> exception; rollback [work] [to [savepoint] <sp>]; { values (<expr>, âŚ) begin [ << <blocklabel> >> ] null; | <subquery2> } [ref into <item>]; select ⌠[ << <label> >> ] insert [[bulk collect] into <var> [, âŚ]] goto <label>; { all into <tab>⌠[, <tab>âŚ] from âŚ; {<var> := <func> | <proc>} | [all | first] insert into ([<form_par> => ] <act_par> [, âŚ]); when <expr> then into <tab>⌠{<tab> | table (<subquery>)} return [ [(] <expr> [)] ]; [else into <tab>âŚ] } [(<col> [, âŚ])] raise <exc>; <subquery>; {values (<expr>, âŚ) | <subquery>} www.larsditzel.de
- 31. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 31 SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.) exception { is <var> <type>; | {clob | blob | bfile} <subquery> when {<exc> | others} [or <exc2> âŚ] begin <stat>; | â<key_for_BLOB>â} }; then <stat>; [sqlcode; sqlerrm(<n>);] end [<func>]; alter java {source | class} â<java>â raise; | as external library <lib> [resolverâŚ] >> Predefined Server Exceptions: [name â<func>â] [language <lang>] no_data_found, too_many_rows, invalid_cursor, { {compile | resolve} zero_divide, dup_val_on_index << [calling standard {C | pascal}] | authid {current_user | definer} }; end; parameters ( drop java {source | class | resource} â<java>â; { <par> [ indicator | length | maxlen Packages | charsetid | charsetform ] Miscellaneous [by ref ] <type> [, âŚ] create [or replace] package <pack> return [indicator | âŚ] create [or replace] library <lib> {is | as} â<file>â; [authid {current_user | definer}] [by ref ] <type> drop library <lib>; {is | as} {procedure | function} | context } [, âŚ]) [with context] create [or replace] operator <oper> <name> (<par> <type> [, âŚ]) | as [language <lang>] name binding (<type> [, âŚ]) return <type> [return <type>]; â<func> (<par>, âŚ) return <type>â }; [ancillary to <prim> (<type> [, âŚ] )] [type <refcurs> is ref cursor [with index context] [scan context] drop function <func>; return <type>;] [compute ancillary data] using <func>; create [or replace] procedure <proc> end [<pack>]; create [or replace] indextype <itype> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] create [or replace] package body for <oper> (<par> [, âŚ]) using <package>; | in out [nocopy] ] <type> <pack> {is | as} create [or replace] context <namespace> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ] )] {procedure | function} <name> using <pack|type>; [authid {current_user | definer}] [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] { is <var> <type>; drop context <namespace>; | in out [nocopy] ] <type> begin <stat>; create schema authorization <schema> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ] )] end [<proc>]; {create table⌠| create view⌠| grantâŚ}; [return <type>] | as [language <lang>] name explain plan [set statement_id = â<string>â] [authid {current_user | definer}] â<func>(<par>, âŚ)â }; [into <tab>] for <stat>; { is begin <stat>; end; end [<pack>]; drop procedure <proc>; create [or replace] outline <outln> | is external library <lib> [name â<func>â] [language <lang>] alter {function | procedure} <name> [for category <cat>] on <stat>; [calling standard {C | pascal}] compile [debug]; alter outline <outln> [with context] call {<proc> | <func> | <method>}[@<dblink>] { rebuild | rename to <new> | as [language <lang>] name (<expr> [, âŚ]) | change category to <newcat> }; â<func> (<par>, âŚ) return <type>â }; [into <:var> [indicator <:ind>]]; drop outline <outln>; drop package [body] <pack>; alter package <pack> compile Java [debug] [package | specification | body]; create [or replace] [and {resolve | compile} [noforce] java Procedures & Functions { {source | resource} named â<java>â | class [schema <schema>] } create [or replace] function <func> [authid {current_user | definer}] [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] [resolver ( | in out [nocopy] ] <type> (â<pack/class | * >â [,] {<schema> | - } ) [{:= | default} <expr>] [, âŚ] )] [âŚ] )] return <type> { as <src_text> [authid {current_user | definer}] | using { bfile (<dir>, â<file>â) [deterministic] [parallel_enable] Boolean Conditions AND true false null OR true false null NOT true true false null true true true true true false false false false false false true false null false true null null false null null true null null null not null www.larsditzel.de
- 32. 32 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Embedded SQL exec oracle define <symbol>; set <col> = <expr> into <bind_descr>; exec oracle {ifdef | ifndef } <symbol>; [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> exec oracle {else | endif }; [{return | returning} <expr> [, âŚ] [using descriptor <bind_descr>]; exec oracle option (<name> = <value>); into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; exec sql describe [select list for] <stat> exec sql include {oraca | sqlca}; exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] delete [from] into <sel_descr>; sqlca.sqlcode, sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc {(<subquery>) | <tab>} [alias] exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> exec sql enable threads; [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] using descriptor <sel_descr>; exec sql declare <db> database; [{return | returning} <expr> [, âŚ] exec sql close <curs>; into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; exec sql connect {<:user> identified by <:pw> | <:user_pw>} exec sql [at <db>] execute ANSI dyn. SQL method 4 [ [at <db>] using <:db>] begin <stat>; [, âŚ] end; end-exec; exec sql [for <n>] allocate descriptor { [in {sysdba | sysoper} mode] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â} | [alter authorization <:new_pw>] }; exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> [with max <100>]; exec sql whenever for <static_stat>; exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | â<str>â}; {not found | sqlerror | sqlwarning} exec sql open <curs> [using <:var>]; exec sql describe input <stat> { continue | goto <label> | stop exec sql fetch <curs> into <:var> [, âŚ]; using [sql] descriptor | do {<routine> | break | continue} }; exec sql close <curs>; [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}; exec sql declare <tab> table exec sql [for <n>] set descriptor (<col> <type> [not null] [, âŚ]); Oracle dyn. SQL method 1 [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â} exec sql declare <tab> table of <obj_type>; non-query, no bind vars { count = <n> | value <item_no> exec sql declare <type> type as exec sql [at <db>] execute immediate { type | length | [ref ] indicator { object ( <col> <type> [, âŚ]) {<:str> | â<str>â}; | [ref ] data | character_set_name | varray (<size>) of <elem_type> <str> may be PL/SQL block | [ref ] returned_length | table of <obj_type> }; | national_character exec sql type <typ> is <datatype> [reference]; Oracle dyn. SQL method 2 | host_stride_length non-query, known number and types of bind vars | indicator_stride_length exec sql call <proc>(<par> [, âŚ] ) [into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] ]; [exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;] | returned_length_stride exec sql register connect using <:ext_proc> exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | <str>}; | user_defined_type_{name | name_ [{return | returning} <:cont>]; exec sql execute <stat> [using <:var> [, âŚ] ]; length | schema | schema_length }} exec sql var <:var> is <type> = <:var> [, âŚ] }; { [(<len> | <prec>,<scal>)] Oracle dyn. SQL method 3 exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat> [convbufsz [is] (<n>)] query, known number of columns and known number [using [sql] descriptor and types of bind vars [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}] | [convbufsz [is] (<n>)] }; [exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;] [into [sql] descriptor exec sql [at <db>] allocate <:curs_var> [[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] prepare <stat> [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}]; from {<:str> | â<str>â}; exec sql execute immediate {<:str> | â<str>â}; exec sql [at <db>] commit [work] exec sql declare <curs> cursor for <stat>; str> may be PL/SQL block [ [comment â<str>â] [release] | force â<id>â [,<n>] ]; exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> exec sql [at <db>] declare [using <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; <curs> cursor for <stat>; exec sql [at <db>] savepoint <sp>; exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> into <:var> exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> exec sql [at <db>] rollback [work] [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; [using [sql] descriptor [ to [savepoint] <sp> exec sql close <curs>; [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}] | force â<id>â | release ]; [into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}]; Static SQL Oracle dyn. SQL method 4 query, unknown number of columns or unknown exec sql describe output <stat> exec sql [at <db>] select <val> into <:var>⌠number or types of bind vars using [sql] descriptor from <tab> where <expr>âŚ; [exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}; exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | â<str>â}; exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> insert into {<tab> | (<subquery1>)} into [sql] descriptor exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat> [(<col> [, âŚ] ] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â} }; [using descriptor <bind_descr>]; {values (<expr> [, âŚ]) | <subquery2>} exec sql [for <n>] get descriptor exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> cursor [{return | returning} <expr> [, âŚ] [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â} for <stat>; into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]]; { <:var> = count exec sql describe bind variables for <stat> exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] update <tab> www.larsditzel.de
- 33. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 33 Embedded SQL (cont.) | value <item_no> <:var> = <:obj> [[indicator] <:ind>] to <:var> Utilities { type | length | octet_length [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; proc | returned_octet_length | precision exec sql [at <db>] object auto_connect={yes | no} char_ | scale | nullable | name get [ { * | <attrib> [, âŚ] } from ] map={varchar2 | charz | string | charf } | character_set_name | indicator | data <:obj> [ [indicator] <:ind>] into <:var> close_on_commit={yes | no} code={ansi_c | returned_length | national_character [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; | kr_c | cpp} comp_charset={multi_byte | internal_length | host_stride_length exec sql [for <n>] [object] free <:point> | single_byte} config=<file> cpp_ | indicator_stride_length [[indicator] <:ind>]; suffix=<ext> dbms={native | v7 | v8} | returned_length_stride exec sql [at <db>] [object] cache free all; def_sqlcode={yes | no} define=<name> | user_defined_type_{version | name duration={transaction | session} | name_length | schema dynamic={oracle | ansi} errors={yes | no} LOBs | schema_length} errtype=<file> fips={sql89 | sql2 | yes } [, âŚ] }; exec sql [at <db>] lob append <:src> to <:dst>; | no} header=<ext> hold_cursor={yes exec sql close <curs>; exec sql [at <db>] lob trim <:src> to <:x>; | no} iname=<ifile> include=<path> exec sql deallocate descriptor exec sql [at <db>] lob assign <:src> to <:dst>; intype=(<file, âŚ>) lines={yes | no} [global | local] {<:descr> | â<descr>â}; exec sql [at <db>] lob copy <:x> lname=<lisfile> ltype={none | short | long} from <:src> [at <:y>] to <:dst> [at <:z>]; maxliteral=<1024> maxopencursors=<10> Collections exec sql [at <db>] lob mode={ansi | iso | oracle} nls_char=<var> exec sql [at <db>] collection describe erase <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>]; nls_local={yes | no} objects={yes | <:coll> [ [indicator] <:ind>] exec sql [at <db>] lob create temporary <:src>; no} oname=<ofile> oraca={yes | no} get <attrib> [, âŚ] into <:var> exec sql [at <db>] lob free temporary <:src>; pagelen=<80> parse={full | partial | none} [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; exec sql [at <db>] lob describe <:src> get prefetch=<1> release_cursor={yes | no} { chunksize | directory | fileexists | filename select_error={yes | no} sqlcheck={semantics exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection append | isopen | istemporary | length } [, âŚ] | full | syntax} sys_include=<path> <:var> [ [indicator] <:ind>] to <:coll> into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, âŚ]; threads={yes | no} type_code={oracle | [[indicator] <:ind>]; ansi} unsafe_null={yes | no} userid=<user>/ exec sql [at <db>] collection trim <:x> exec sql [at <db>] lob enable buffering <:src>; <pwd>[@<serv>] utf16_charset={nchar_ from <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] lob disable buffering <:src>; charset | db_charset} varchar={yes | no} exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection exec sql [at <db>] lob flush buffer <:src> [free]; version={recent | latest | any} set <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>] exec sql [at <db>] lob open <:src> to <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>]; [read only | read write]; lnproc exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection exec sql [at <db>] lob close <:src>; get <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>] exec sql [at <db>] lob file close all; into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] lob file set <:file> exec sql [at <db>] collection reset <:coll> directory = <:dir>, filename = <:name>; [[indicator] <:ind>]; exec sql [at <db>] lob load <:x> from file <:file> [at <:y>] into <:dst> [at <:z>]; Objects exec sql [at <db>] lob read <:x> from <:src> exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object [at <:y>] into <:buff> [with length <:z>]; create <:obj> [indicator] <:ind> exec sql [at <db>] lob write [append] [table <tab>] [returning ref into <:ret>]; [first | next | last | one] <:x> exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object from <:buff> [with length <:y>] release <:obj>; into <:dst> [at <:z>]; exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object update <:obj>; Context exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object exec sql context allocate <:cont>; delete <:obj>; exec sql context use {<:cont> | default}; exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object exec sql context object get <option> [, âŚ] deref <:ref> into <:obj> into <:var> [, âŚ]; [[indicator] <:ind>] [for update [nowait]]; exec sql context object set <option> [, âŚ] exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object to <:var> [, âŚ]; flush <:obj>; exec sql context free <:cont>; exec sql [at <db>] object set [ { * | <attrib> [, âŚ] } of ] www.larsditzel.de
- 34. 34 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide SQLJ #sql <mod> iterator <iter> Utilities âuser <user> âpassword <pwd> âservice [implements <intfc> [, âŚ] ] sqlj <url> â{ssl | iiop} [with ( [sensitivity = {sensitive âd[ir]=<dir> âencoding=<enc> âurl=<url> deployejb | asensitive | insensitive}] âstatus âcompile=false âuser=<user>/ âgenerated <clientjar> âdescriptor <file> [holdability = {true | false}] <pwd>@jdbc:oracle:thin@<host>:<port>: âverbose ârepublish âbeanonly âaddclass- [returnability = {true | false}] <sid> âlinemap âprofile=false âser2class path <path> âresolver <res> âh[elp] âkeep [updatecolumns = â<col> [, âŚ] âPâ<opt> âCâ<opt> âPâhelp âCâhelp âversion âdescribe âp[roperties] <file> [<var> = <val>] [, âŚ] )] âJâ<opt> âversion âhelpâalias âhelpâlog âuser <user> âpassword <pwd> ârole (<type> [<col>] [, âŚ]); â<key>=<value> <role> âservice <url> â{ssl | iiop} named or positional iterator âcredsfile <file> âuseservicename âtemp { <in>.sqlj [<out>.java] ⌠#sql <mod> context <cont> | <in>.ser [<out>.jar] ⌠} <dir> <EJBjarfile> [implements <intfc> [, âŚ]] ejbdescriptor loadjava [with ( ⌠<var>=<val> [, âŚ] )]; â{parse | dump} <infile> <outfile> âd[efiner] âe[ncoding] <latin1> âf[orce] #sql [ [<conn_cont_inst>, <exec_cont_inst>] ] âg[rant] <user / role>, ⌠âh[elp] java2rmi_iiop [<var / iter> =] { <SQL stat> }; ânoverify âorder âr[esolve] âa[ndresolve] âno_bind âno_comments âno_examples >> Curly braces are part of syntax! << âs[ynonym] âoracleresolver âno_tie âwide âroot_dir <dir> âverbose #sql { select /*+ <HINT> */ <expr> [, âŚ] âversion âW <n> âR[esolver] â((<name> <schema>) âŚ)â into <:[out] var> [, âŚ] âo[ci8] ât[hin] âv[erbose] <true> java2idl from <tab> [where <expr> âŚ] }; âS[chema] <schema> modifyprops #sql <iter> = { select <expr> [, âŚ] âu[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> â{o[ci8] | t[hin]} from <tab> [where <expr>âŚ] }; <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties> âu[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> #sql { fetch <:iter> into <:var> [, âŚ] }; dropjava {<key> <val> | <key> âdelete} <iter>.next(), <iter>.endFetch(), <iter>.close() âencoding <latin1> âh[elp]âs[ynonym] #sql { insert into⌠}; â{o[ci8] | t[hin]} âv[erbose] âS[chema] #sql { update⌠}; <schema> âuser user>/<pwd>@<netserv> #sql { delete from⌠}; <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties> #sql { commit }; publish #sql { rollback }; ârepublish âh[elp] âversion âdescribe #sql { set transaction <mode> âg[rant] <user / role>, ⌠ârole <role> [, isolation level <level>] }; âuser <user> âpassword <pwd> âservice #sql { call <proc> (<par> [, âŚ] ) }; <url> âschema <schema> â{ssl | iiop} #sql <var / iter> = <name> <class> [<helper>] { values ( <func> (<par> [, âŚ] ) ) }; remove #sql { set <:var> = <expr> }; âr[ecurse] âh[elp] âversion âd[escribe] ârole <role> âuser <user> âpassword #sql <iter> = { cast <:result_set> }; <pwd> âservice <url> â{ssl | iiop} <name> #sql { [declare <var> <type>;] sess_sh begin <stat>; [âŚ] end; }; âh[elp] âversion âd[escribe] ârole <role> www.larsditzel.de
- 35. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 35 Label Security Views & Tables {create | alter | drop}_label dba_sa_audit_options, dba_sa_compartments, SA_POLICY_ADMIN dba_sa_data_labels, dba_sa_groups, dba_sa_ {apply | remove | enable | disable}_table_ group_hierachy, dba_sa_labels, dba_sa_levels, policy, {apply | alter | remove | enable | dba_sa_policies, dba_sa_prog_privs, dba_ disable}_schema_policy sa_schema_policies, dba_sa_table_policies, SA_USER_ADMIN dba_sa_users, dba_sa_user_compartments, set_levels, {set | add | alter | drop}_com- dba_sa_user_groups, dba_sa_user_labels, partments, {set | add | alter | drop}_groups, dba_sa_user_levels, dba_sa_user_privs drop_all_{groups | compartments}, set_user_labels, set_{default | row}_label, Packages set_prog_privs SA_SESSION SA_AUDIT_ADMIN privs, {min | max}_level, comp_{read | audit, noaudit, {audit | noaudit}_label, write}, group_{read | write}, label, row_la- audit_label_enabled, {create | drop}_view bel, sa_user_name, {save | restore}_de- SA_UTL faults_labels, set_label, set_row_label, {numeric | numeric_row | data}_label, set_access_profile, set_user_privs set_{label | row_label} SA_SYSDBA {create | drop | enable | diable}_policy SA_COMPONENTS {create | alter | drop}_level, {create | alter |drop}_compartment, {create | alter | drop}_group, alter_group_parent SA_LABEL_ADMIN Performance Top Ten Performance Issues ⢠connection management ⢠cursor sharing (bind variables) ⢠I/O design (controller, bandwitdth) ⢠redo log sizes and groups ⢠data block serialization (free lists, free list groups, block size, transaction slots, rollback segments) ⢠long full table scans (indexes, statistics) ⢠disk sorts ⢠recursive SQL (space management) ⢠schema errors and optimizer problems ⢠nonstandard initialization parameters (undocumented featuresâŚ) www.larsditzel.de
- 36. 36 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide Architecture ������ ������ ������������ �������� ���� ���� ���� ����������� ��� ������������ ������ � ���� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ���� ��� ����� � ����� � ����� � ���� ���� ���� ��� ���������� ������� ���� ���� �������� ��������� ��������� ���� ���� � ��������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� ������ � ������ ���� ���� ���������� ���� ��� ��� ���� �������� ���� ������ ����� ��� � ��� ����� � ����� � ����� � ���� ��� � �� �������� ����������� ������� ��������� � ��� �������� ������������ ������������ ���� ���� ��� ����� ������� �������� ������ ����� ���� � ����� ������� ������ ������ ����� ���� � ����� ��������� ����� ���� �������� � ��� ����� ����� ������� � ������ � ���� � ��������� ��� ���� ����� ������������ ������ � ����� ���� ����� � �� ����� ����� ����� �������� ���� ���������� ���� ����� ����� �������� ������ ���� ������� ������ � �������� ������� � ���� ��� ��� ����� ����� � ��� ������ �� ���� � ���� ������� ��������� ��������� ���� ����� �� ���� ��������� ��������� ������� ��� ������ ����������� ��� ������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ��������� ��������� ���� ������� ���� ���� ��� ���������� �������� ������� �������� ����� �������� ���������� ���������� �� ����� ���� �� ������ ����� ������� �������� �������� ������� ��������� ������� ���� www.larsditzel.de
- 37. Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 37 ���� � �������� ���� ���� �������� � ������ ���� ���� ���� ���� �� ����������� ���� ��������� ����� � ����� � ������ ����� �������� � ������� �� ������ ����� ������� �������� � �������� �� ���� ��� �� � �������� ��� ��� ����� ������ ���� ����������� ���������� �������� � ������������� �� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��� �������� ��� �� ���� �������� ������� ������ ��������� ������������� ������ ����� ������� ����� ������� ��� ��� �������������� ���� ���������� ���� �� ������ ����� ���� ������ ��� ��� ������� ������� � ���� ���� �������� ��� ���� ���������� ������� ���� ����� � ���� ����� ��������� ������� ��� ����� ���������� ����� ������ ����� ���� ��� ���������� ������ ������ ��� � �� ������� ������� ������ � ����� ��������� ������ ������� � ����� ���� ���� ��������� ������ ���� ������� �������� ����������� ������ � ����� ������� ����� ������� �������� ����� ���� ���� ������� ������� ������������ ���� ����� ������ � ������� �� �� ��� � ������ ���� ���������� ���� � � ��� ������ ���������� � ������ ������� ��� ����������� ���������� ������� ��� ����� �������� ��������� ��������� �������� � ������ � ������ ������������� �������� � ���������� �������� ����������� � �������� ������� �������� ������� ��������� � ���� ��� ���� ������ �������� ���������� � ����������������� www.larsditzel.de