Overview we provide a set of 50 guidelines to use i

OVERVIEW
We provide a set of 50
Guidelines to use in
judging the quality and
effectiveness of an
assessment.
The major areas are:
Having a clear purpose
and readiness for
assessment
Involving stakeholders
throughout the
assessment process
What and how to
assess is critical
Assessment is telling
a story

Improvement and
follow-up are an
integral part of the
assessment process
The following Guidelines are intended for use in planning,
implementing, and/or
judging the benefits and contributions of campus-based
assessment efforts. The
Guidelines were developed through conversations with
institutional researchers,
faculty, practitioners, and assessment scholars that focused on
which aspects of
the assessment process were most important in optimizing the
utility of
assessment efforts on college campuses. Additionally, the
authors of the Guidelines
reviewed the major publications focused on assessment
utilization and drew from
their collective experience of over 50 years working in the area
of higher education
assessment.
The Guidelines stress that assessment must be strategic in its
intent and function
and that stakeholders should primarily use assessment to
improve the activities,
programs, or institutions for which they are responsible and
accountable. The
Guidelines also focus on enhancing and fostering student
learning.
Having a clear purpose and readiness for assessment

1. We acknowledge the importance of aligning assessment
approaches with
the culture and mission of the institution.
2. We have developed a culture of assessment on campus in
which we
regularly assess student learning throughout all areas of the
institution.
3. We acknowledge that assessment is often driven by external
demands, but
the primary commitment to assess is to improve student
learning.
4. We assess so that we can understand what and how students
learn as a
result of their educational experiences.
5. We consider assessment to be an integral part of strategic
planning
efforts.
6. We purposefully view assessment as an important process in
organizational
decision-making.
7. We recognize the importance of developing a comprehensive
assessment
plan prior to collecting data.
8. We emphasize the use of assessment evidence in planning
and
implementation processes.
9. We have sufficient fiscal and human resources to address the
feasibility of

assessment plans.
10. We recognize that the social, cultural, and racial/ethnic
backgrounds of
students, faculty, staff, and administrators provide critical
perspectives in
the planning, data collection, and interpretation phases of the
assessment
plan.
GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF ASSESSING STUDENT LEARNING
This publication was written by Larry A. Braskamp (Professor
Emeritus of Education and former Provost, Loyola
University Chicago) and Mark E. Engberg (Associate Professor
in Higher Education, Loyola University Chicago)
Involving stakeholders throughout the assessment process
1. We include stakeholders in all phases of the assessment
process, from determining central questions

and issues to interpreting the meaning and merit of different
findings.
2. We recognize the importance of including primary
stakeholders (i.e., administrators, faculty, staff,
and students) who are directly involved in educational
experiences.
3. We design assessment plans to ensure a sense of ownership
among the various stakeholders.
4. We identify assessment “champions” who demonstrate a
sincere commitment to improving student
learning.
5. We understand the importance of consensus-building among
different stakeholders in developing the
various phases of assessment plans.
6. We acknowledge the political nature of assessment and the
importance of developing strategies for
dealing with potential conflicts and tensions among different
stakeholders.
7. We recognize that the varying goals, needs, and backgrounds
of different stakeholders may influence
how they interpret and use assessment evidence.
8. We develop specific sessions to ensure the assessment plan is
understandable, relevant, and
acceptable to the stakeholders.
9. We recognize that assessment is most effective and useful
when it engages different stakeholders in
conversations about what the evidence means to them.
10. We advocate a culture of openness, trust, and commitment
to self-examination among different

stakeholders.
What and how to assess is critical
1. We stress the importance of collecting evidence that is
congruent with the goals of the institution,
including departmental and programmatic objectives.
2. We include evidence of student background characteristics
(inputs), student educational experiences
(environment), and student learning (outcomes) in data
collection plans.
3. We advocate “high standards but not high standardization” in
defining quality.
4. We recognize benefits and limitations in choosing either
locally-developed or externally-based
assessment instruments.
5. We acknowledge the importance of accuracy and feasibility
in choosing different assessment
approaches and consult with measurement and assessment
experts accordingly.
6. We gather evidence using both quantitative and qualitative
approaches to collectively understand
what students learn and how they make meaning of their
educational experiences.
7. We triangulate evidence to identify areas of consistency and
inconsistency across different findings.
8. We employ pilot testing to ensure the face validity of survey
instruments and interview protocols.
9. We recognize the limitations of different assessment
approaches and take into account rival

explanations and other potential threats to the validity of
findings.
10. We acknowledge the importance of depth over breadth in
developing assessment approaches that
start small and avoid overly complex and cumbersome
processes.
Assessment is telling a story
1. We consider assessment as a special type of story – one that
includes judgments of quality based
on evidence.
2. We purposefully link the assessment story to key issues and
decisions.
3. We work to make the story clear, focused, simple, and easily
understood by different stakeholders.
4. We recognize how the story is communicated is critical (e.g.,
written, oral, group meetings) and that a
variety of dissemination strategies may be needed to
accommodate different stakeholders.
5. We communicate the story so that differences among students
(e.g., social, cultural, ethnic/racial) are
respected.
6. We recognize that how the story is interpreted will be based
in part on the multiple

experiences, backgrounds, and perspectives of key stakeholders.
7. We meet informally and formally with stakeholders,
including students, to discuss, react, and make
meaning of the assessment story.
8. We know that telling the story must be combined with
conversations and deliberations for action by
relevant stakeholders.
9. We know that the evidence and story must reach those who
have the power and resources to
make changes.
10. We acknowledge that the story may not be complete and that
additional findings may be necessary
to fill in gaps or address inconsistencies in the evidence.
Improvement and follow-up are an integral part of the
assessment process
1. We believe that assessment requires a willingness and caring
among stakeholders to make
adjustments based on lessons learned from the assessment
process.
2. We develop either relative or absolute standards to make
judgments and to inform improvement
efforts.
3. We recognize that stakeholders often prefer comparisons
and benchmarking, particularly in relation
to peer and aspirant institutions.
4. We promote transparency in informing key stakeholders

about how and why programmati c decisions
were made based on the collected evidence.
5. We advocate for a dynamic, interactive, and ongoing
communication process among stakeholders
rather than a unilateral transmission of collected evidence.
6. We develop coordinated and on-going efforts to bring
stakeholders together to discuss future
directions and next steps.
7. We commit financial and human resources to ensure
assessment evidence is not simply collected but
used in making programmatic improvements.
8. We recognize the continuous nature of assessment and that
programmatic improvements may require
several years to produce identifiable results.
9. We continually evaluate the usefulness of assessment efforts
and make changes when needed.
10. We change and adapt assessment strategies to meet the
ongoing needs of those impacted and
remain sensitive to the social, cultural, and racial/ethnic
backgrounds of students.
Additional resources
Astin, A. (1993). Assessment for excellence: The philosophy
and practice of

assessment and evaluation in higher education. Washington,
D.C.:
Oryx Press.
Banta, T. W. and Associates (2002). Building a scholarship of
assessment. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Banta, T. W. & Blaich, C. (2011). Closing the assessment loop.
Change: The
Magazine of Higher Learning, 43(1), 22-27.
Blaich, C. & Wise, K. (2011). From gathering to using
assessment results:
Lessons from the Wabash national study. National Institute for
Learning Outcomes Assessment. University of Illinois at
Urbana-
Champaign: Champaign, IL.
Braskamp, L. A. (1989). So, what’s the use? In P.J. Gray (Ed).
Achieving
Assessment Goals Using Evaluation Techniques. New
Directions for
Higher Education, 67, (pp. 43-50). San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
Braskamp, L.A. & Braskamp, D. C. (1997, July). The pendulum
swing of
standards and evidence. CHEA Chronicle No. 5. Washington,
DC:
Council for Higher Education Accreditation.
Braskamp, L.A., Braskamp, D. C., & Engberg, M.E. (2013).
Global Perspective
Inventory. https://gpi.central.edu/supportDocs/manual.pdf

Braskamp, L. A. & Schomberg, S. (2006, July). Caring or
uncaring assessment.
Inside Higher Education. Retrieved from www.insi
dehighered.com/
views/2006/07/26/braskamp
Brown, R. D. & Braskamp, L. A. (1980). Summary: Common
themes and a
checklist. In Braskamp, L.A. & Brown, R.D. (Eds.). Utilization
of
Evaluative Information. Directions for Program Evaluation, 5,
(pp. 91-
97). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Engberg, M.E. & Manderino, M. (2013). Collecting dust or
creating change: A
multi-campus usability study of student survey results.
Manuscript
submitted for publication.
Green, M. F. (2012). Measuring and assessing
internationalization. New York:
NAFSA: Association of International Educators.
McCormick, A. C. & McClenney, K. (2012). Will these trees
ever bear fruit? A
response to the special issue on student engagement. The
Review of
Higher Education, 35(2), 307-333.
National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment.
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign: Champaign, IL.
www.learningoutcomeassessment.org/
Patton, M.Q. (2012). Essentials of utilization-focused

evaluation. Los Angeles,
CA: Sage Publications.
Pike, G. R. (2013). NSSE benchmarks and institutional
outcomes: A note on the
importance of considering the intended uses of a measure in
validity
studies. Research in Higher Education, 54, 149 – 170.
Stake, R.E. (1967). The countenance of educational evaluation.
Teachers
College Record, 68, 523-540.
Weiss, C. H. (1998). Evaluation (2ndEdition). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
This
publication is
made possible
by a grant
from
The Teagle
Foundation.
The
statements
and views
expressed are
solely the
responsibility
of the
authors.

These Guidelines
can be
reproduced
with attribution.
These Guidelines
are posted on the
website:
http://gpi.central.edu
Suggested reference: Braskamp, L.A. & Engberg, M. E. (2014).
Guidelines for judging the effectiveness of
assessing student learning. Loyola University Chicago: Chicago
IL.
Email: [email protected] & mengb [email protected] edu
https://gpi.central.edu/supportDocs/manual.pdf
https://gpi.central.edu/supportDocs/manual.pdf
http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2006/07/26/braskamp
http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2006/07/26/braskamp
http://gpi.central.edu/
mailto:[email protected]OVERVIEWHaving a clear purpose and
readiness for assessmentInvolving stakeholders throughout the
assessment processWhat and how to assess is criticalAssessment

is telling a storyImprovement and follow-up are an integral part
of the assessment processAdditional resources

Overview we provide a set of 50 guidelines to use i

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