Para disponer de un espacio de nombres jerárquico, se diseñó un espacio de nombres de dominio

25.1
Chapter 25
Domain Name System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25.2
Figure 25.1 Example of using the DNS service
server
Typo in textbook

25.3
25-1 NAME SPACE
To be unambiguous, the names assigned to machines
must be carefully selected from a name space with
complete control over the binding between the names
and IP addresses.
Flat Name Space: hard to manage for large-scale system
Hierarchical Name Space: name has several parts
Topics discussed in this section:

25.4
25-2 DOMAIN NAME SPACE
To have a hierarchical name space, a domain name
space was designed. In this design the names are
defined in an inverted-tree structure with the root at
the top. The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0
(root) to level 127.
Label
Domain Name
Domain

25.5
Figure 25.2 Domain name space
root

25.6
Figure 25.3 Domain names and labels

25.7
Figure 25.5 Domains: subtree of the domain name space

25.8
25-3 DISTRIBUTION OF NAME SPACE
The information contained in the domain name space
must be stored. However, it is very inefficient and also
unreliable to have just one computer store such a huge
amount of information. In this section, we discuss the
distribution of the domain name space.
Hierarchy of Name Servers
Zone
Root Server
Primary and Secondary Servers

25.9
Figure 25.6 Hierarchy of name servers

DNS: Root name servers
b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA
l ICANN Los Angeles, CA
e NASA Mt View, CA
f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA
(and 17 other locations)
i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 3 other
locations)
k RIPE London (also Amsterdam, Frankfurt)
m WIDE Tokyo
a Verisign, Dulles, VA
c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also Los Angeles)
d U Maryland College Park, MD
g US DoD Vienna, VA
h ARL Aberdeen, MD
j Verisign, ( 11 locations)
13 root name
servers
worldwide

TLD and Authoritative Servers
 Top-level domain (TLD) servers: responsible
for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all top-level
country domains uk, fr, ca, jp.
 Network solutions maintains servers for com TLD
 Educause for edu TLD
 Authoritative DNS servers: organization’s DNS
servers, providing authoritative hostname to
IP mappings for organization’s servers (e.g.,
Web and mail).
 Can be maintained by organization or service
provider (paid by the organization)

25.12
Figure 25.7 Zones and domains

25.13
Two types of DNS server: A primary server
loads all information from the disk file; the
secondary server loads all information from
the primary server. Reason: redundancy
When the secondary downloads
information from the primary, it is called zone
transfer.
Note

25.14
25-4 DNS IN THE INTERNET
DNS is a protocol that can be used in different
platforms. In the Internet, the domain name space
(tree) is divided into three different sections: generic
domains, country domains, and the inverse domain.
Generic Domains
Country Domains
Inverse Domain

25.15
Unix: nslookup, dig
Windows: nslookup
DNS Query Commands

25.16
Figure 25.8 DNS IN THE INTERNET

25.17
Figure 25.9 Generic domains

25.18
Table 25.1 Generic domain labels

25.19
Figure 25.10 Country domains

25.20
25-5 RESOLUTION
Mapping a name to an address or an address to a
name is called name-address resolution.
Resolver
Mapping Names to Addresses
Mapping Addresses to Names
Recursive Resolution
Caching

25.21
Figure 25.12 Recursive resolution

25.22
Figure 25.13 Iterative resolution

25.23
Caching: Main Reason for the Efficiency of DNS
All DNS servers cache prior query results
Normal DNS query will not go through the
full steps of recursive/iterative resolution

25.24
25-6 DNS MESSAGES
DNS has two types of messages: query and response.
Both types have the same format. The query message
consists of a header and question records; the
response message consists of a header, question
records, answer records, authoritative records, and
additional records.
Header

25.25
Figure 25.14 Query and response messages

25.26
Figure 25.15 Header format

25.27
25-7 TYPES OF RECORDS
As we saw in Section 25.6, two types of records are
used in DNS. The question records are used in the
question section of the query and response messages.
The resource records are used in the answer,
authoritative, and additional information sections of
the response message.
Question Record
Resource Record

DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing Resource Records (RR)
 Type=NS
 name is domain (e.g.
foo.com)
 value is name of
authoritative DNS
server for this domain
RR format: (name, value, type, ttl)
 Type=A
 name is hostname
 value is IP address
 Type=CNAME
 name is alias name for some
“canonical” (the real) name
www.ibm.com is really
servereast.backup2.ibm.com
 value is canonical name
 Type=MX
 value is name of mailserver
associated with name
25.28

DNS protocol, messages
DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with
same message format
msg header
 identification: 16 bit # for
query, reply to query
uses same #
 flags:
 query or reply
 recursion desired
 recursion available
 reply is authoritative
25.29

DNS protocol, messages (UDP 53)
Name, type fields
for a query
RRs in
response
to query
records for
authoritative servers
additional “helpful”
info that may be used
Let’s check a web example using Wireshark!
(MX record: nslookup –type=MX cs.ucf.edu or
dig mx cs.ucf.edu)
25.30

Inserting records into DNS
 Example: just created startup “netwar”
 Register name netwar.com at a registrar (e.g.,
Network Solutions)

Need to provide registrar with names and IP addresses of
your authoritative name server (primary and secondary)

Registrar inserts two RRs into the com TLD server:
(netwar.com, dns1.netwar.com, NS)
(dns1.netwar.com, 212.212.212.1, A)
 Put in authoritative server dns1.netwar.com

Type A record for www.netwar.com

Type CName for netwar.com (alias)

Type MX record for netwar.com (email)

Type A record for the email server
 How do people get the IP address of your Web site?
25.31

25.32
25-8 REGISTRARS
How are new domains added to DNS? This is done
through a registrar, a commercial entity accredited by
ICANN. A registrar first verifies that the requested
domain name is unique and then enters it into the
DNS database. A fee is charged.

25.33
25-9 DYNAMIC DOMAIN NAME
SYSTEM (DDNS)
Used when a server has a dynamic-changeable IP
The DNS master file must be updated dynamically.
The Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) therefore
was devised to respond to this need. In DDNS, when a
binding between a name and an address is determined,
the information is sent, usually by DHCP to a primary
DNS server. The primary server updates the zone. The
secondary servers are notified either actively or
passively.

25.34
25-10 ENCAPSULATION
DNS can use either UDP or TCP. In both cases the
well-known port used by the server is port 53. UDP is
used when the size of the response message is less than
512 bytes because most UDP packages have a 512-byte
packet size limit. If the size of the response message is
more than 512 bytes, a TCP connection is used.

25.35
DNS can use the services of UDP or TCP
using the well-known port 53.
Note

Para disponer de un espacio de nombres jerárquico, se diseñó un espacio de nombres de dominio

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