Precised New Precis and Composition 2025.pptx

2
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
&COMPOSITION
BY
Prof. Naveed Bukhari

Course Contents
• Synonyms & Antonyms 20
• Idioms and Phrasal verbs 05
• Pairs of Words 05 35(Objective)
• Analogy of Words/Prepositions 05
• Correction 05
• Punctuation 05 15(Objective)
• Narration/Active and Passive Voice 05
• Translation 10
• Reading Comprehensions 20 50(Subjective)
• Precis Writing 20
Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 3

Reference Books
Winning English Grammar and Composition
Mureed Hussain Jasra
High School English Grammar and Composition
Wren and Martin
English Grammar in Use
Raymond Murphy

Reference Books FPSC
•Practical English Usage
• Micheal Swan
•The Little, Brown Handbook
• H. Ramsey Flower & Jane Aaron
•A University English Grammar
• R. Quirk & S. Greenbaum
•Write Better, Speak Better
• Readers Digest Association
Modern English in Action
• Henry Christ

CSS EXAMINER REPORT
English (Précis & Composition):
The candidate’s ability and performance in language skills in the scripts presented a dismal
picture. On the whole, mistakes were found in sequence of tense-subject verb agreement-
use of pronominal-voice-higher tendency of using idioms with literal meanings-
overgeneralization of grammatical rules-understanding of modifiers and qualifiers-
punctuation-spellings etc. Many of the students deviated from the contents of the passage
given for Précis. They expressed personal views and coined their own stories, which make it
evident having no idea of the rules of Précis writing. In comprehension questions,
candidates followed trodden path and copied sentences from the reading passage instead of
using their own language and added irrelevant details. Précis writing is an art of creativity,
logical, analytical thinking, understanding of given passage, rules for academic/Précis
writing. Candidates must focus on clarity of concepts and creativity which is expected for
appearing in competitive examination.

CORRECTION

Parts of Speech
There are following parts of speech.
• Noun (Naming word)
• Pronoun (Word used instead of a noun)
• Verb (Action or State)
• Adjective (Quality, quantity or number)
• Adverb (Word modifying a verb, adjective, another adverb)
• Conjunction (Connecting word word)
• Preposition (Linking word: position, time, special link)
• Interjection (Word that has emotions)

NOUN
A noun is defined as the name of a
person, place, thing or any idea.

NOUN
Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two
or more words..
Open or spaced (bus stop)
Hyphenated (mother-in-law)
Closed or solid (football)
Examples
Cat food, blackboard, breakfast, full moon,
washing-machine, software

TEST: Spot the Error
1. There are many basis of unemployment.
2. I met many tribal chieves.
3. The hair of doll are straight.
4. From the plane I saw many rooves of the houses.
5. Several stimulus can be the part of a hectic job.
6. He married twice. His two mother in laws are sophisticated.
7. An analyses has been conducted on current cause of failure.
8. I saw many giraffves in the zoo.
9. What an awful weather! 2018 CSS
10. We have amusements in form of music. 2013 CSS

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 1
Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573
Singular Plural
Student Students
Chair Chairs
End at -s if a vowel proceeds a -y
Key Keys
Toy Toys
12

CORRECTION OF NOUN
End at -ies if a consonant proceeds a -y
Try Tries
City Cities
13

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Nouns take -es if ends at -ch,-x,-sh, -s, -ss, -o
Catch Catches
Fax Faxes
Crash Crashes
Focus Focuses
Class Classes
Potato Potatoes
14

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Nouns take -ves if end at -fe,-f
Wife Wives
Wolf Wolves
Exception
Chief Chiefs
Roof Roofs
Giraffe Giraffes
15

PLURALIZATION OF COMPOUND NOUN
Pluralize Head-words
Blackboard Blackboards
Mother in law Mothers in law
Taxi driver Taxi drivers
16

PLURALIZATION OF COMPOUND NOUN
Compound Nouns with Preposition
Add “s” with the preposition
Grown up Grown ups
Sit in Sit ins
Higher up Higher ups
17

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Plural of Certain Nouns with Different Appearance
Formula Formulae
Matrix Matrices
Analysis Analyses
Basis Bases
Crisis Crises
Summons Summonses
Ox Oxen
Datum Data
18

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Nouns having -us ending in singular take -i
ending in their plural forms
Cactus Cacti
Fungus Fungi
Magus Magi
Syllabus Syllabi
Stimulus Stimuli
Status ??????
19

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 2
Things used by human being if end at an -s take a
PLURAL VERB
Pants, Glasses, Scissors, pantaloons,
Pajamas, trousers, socks, compasses etc.
Examples
His trousers are grey.
The glasses have double shaded lenses.
The scissors were imported from England.

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 2
Never add adjective of number before these
nouns. Use -a pair of, -two pairs of with these
nouns.
A pair of pants is bought.
I bought a pair of pants from the market.
I bought three pairs of pants from the market.
Two different pairs of scissors have been used to
cut my curly hair. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 21

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 3
NEVER use an -s with these words if preceded by any adjectives of
quantity/ cardinals.
Dozen, hundred, thousand, million and trillion.
Examples
I bought two dozens eggs from Imtiaz Mart.
A huge star came near the sun two hundreds millions years ago.
Exception
If used without adjective of quantity can take -s with them.
Hundreds of books are available.
Scores of pamphlets were distributed.

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 4
Following GROUP NOUNS always take a plural verb.
Group nouns like police, gentry, poultry, clergy, cattle and
vermin plural verbs.
Examples
The police are chasing the robber.
The gentry are gathered in the assembly.
These poultry are getting expensive.
The clergy have delivered the sermon.

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 5
• Nouns which have special plural expression except “s”
1. Acts of mischief for mischiefs/mischieves,
2. Lots of trouble for troubles,
3. A piece of bread/loaf for breads/loafs
4. Much work, a lot of work, lots of work for works
5. Some advice, pieces/words of advice for advices,
6. Words of abuse for abuses,
7. Bits/Chunks of information for informations
8. Pieces of poetry for poetries
9. Bars/cakes of soap for soaps,
10. Grains of sand for sands,
11. Deck/pack of playing card for cards
12. Piece/Article of furniture for furnitures

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 7
People
People are wandering on the road. (Group Noun: Plural)
People were resting under a clump of trees. (Group Noun: Plural)
Exception
People of KP and Sindh are hospitable.
The peoples represented in the UNO are disturbed.
Showing Possession (test)
Pakistan people’s party is led by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.
Pakistan peoples’ party is led by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 7
Hair
As a Bulk: Singular
His hair is curly.
The hair of the old man has been dyed.
As a Countable: Plural
Two of his hairs are resting on his cheek.
Alas! Three of my hairs have gone grey. 26

CORRECTION OF NOUN
Rule No. 8
Collocation of Words
By collocation we mean the usual/oft seen
combination of a word with another word.
That was an excruciating joy. (pain)
I am dead fatigued today. (tired)
We witnessed a solid frost in Murree. (hard)
It rained thickly yesterday. (heavily) 27

1. Ten cattles were grazing in the field. 2017 CSS
2. The scissors is whet by the barber.
3. His blue pantaloons looks funky.
4. Two millions peoples perished in the nuclear attack.
5. Many people from different countries were roaming.
6. Sir Ali’s hairs are curly.
7. Ten thousand hairs is transplanted.
8. Z. A. Bhutto is the pioneer of Pakistan Peoples Party.
9. His avocation is dentistry. 1988 CSS
10. “Please repeat again,” said the student.
11. My father gave me many advices.
12. I bought many soaps from the market.
13. This poultry is mine.
14. He gave me a favour.
15. Vermin destroys crops and fields.

PRONOUN
The word used instead of a noun is
known as a pronoun.
Examples
Ali is a good boy. He respects his
teachers.

TYPES OF PRONOUN
Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns refer to persons.
Personal
Pronouns
Subjective Case Objective Case
Reflexive
Case
Shows action as an
object of the verb
Doer of action Recipient of action
1st Person
The person speaking
I Me Myself
We Us Ourselves
2nd Person 30

TYPES OF PRONOUN
Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns refer to persons.
Personal
Pronouns Subjective Case Objective Case
Reflexive
Case
Shows action as an
object of the verb
3rd Person
The person spoken of
He Him Himself
She Her Herself
It It itself
31

TYPES OF PRONOUN
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a
sentence. They are: which, that, who, whose and whom.
Examples
It is the girl who got first position in class.
Adjective is a word that modifies noun.
The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person.
Note: after who a verb is used, and after whom a noun or
a pronoun is placed. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 32

TYPES OF PRONOUN
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns are used for actions or feelings
that are reciprocated. The two most common
reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.
Examples
All friends like one another.
Two lovers talk to each other as if they were babies.

TYPES OF PRONOUN
Reflexive Pronouns
We use a reflexive pronoun when we
want to refer back to the subject of the
sentence.
There are eight reflexive pronouns:
myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves,
himself, herself, itself and themselves.

CORRECTION OF PRONOUN
Rule No. 3
Following verbs take the presence of a reflexive
pronoun with them. They are: absent, introduce,
hurt, enjoy, busy, cut, avail, acquit, amuse, resign,
avenge, revenge, exert, apply, adapt, adjust.
The child enjoyed himself in the park.
The dog bit itself.
They introduced themselves
)

Rule No. 1
Objective case of pronoun cannot be the doer
of action.
Examples
Me going to Lahore.
Them are coming to meet me.

Rule No. 5
Use of Subjective Case after “than”
He is more intelligent than I am.
Aslam is abler than he is.
She was more competent than he had been.

Rule No. 6 (Order of Personal Pronouns)
For a Positive Tasks
231
You, he and I gave charity to the Eidhi Trust.
You, he and I help the poor.
For a Negative Tasks
132
I, he and you were involved in the act of robbery.
I, he and you told a lie the other day.

TEST
1. She, you and I raised alms for the
poor people.
2. They, you and I distributed charity
dinners among
the poor.
3. He, you and I were involved in the act
of corruption. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 39

Rule No. 7
Use of Objective Case after “Let/Between”
He let me do my duty.
My brother, lets us go for a walk.
Distribute these sweets between him and her.
Between him and her, this s the dispute.

Rule No. 8
Whom Examples
1.
It is used a recipient of action.
2.
It is followed by a pronoun/noun.
Mr. Akmal is a teacher whom students like.
Pip met the prisoner whom he helped.
Whom do you like? CSS 2024

Rule No. 9
Use of Pronoun: Who, That and Which
Pronouns Living things Non-Living Humans
Who Yes
(Animate)
No Yes
That Yes (BOTH) Yes Yes
Which NO Yes(Inanimate No 42

Rule No. 11
One another (use among)
1.The prizes were distributed among thirty students.
Each other (use between)
2. The prize was distributed between two students.

Rule No 12.
Indefinite Pronouns.
(Each, Every, Either, Neither, One) SINGULAR
Everyone has to taste death.
Every chair and every table is thoroughly polished.
Every boy and every man loves his country. (Same gender: pronoun his/her)
Every man and every woman loves their country. (Different gender: possessive pronoun/adjective
their)
Each of the students has made the assignment.
Either (one or the other)
One of the persons is going to Lahore.
Neither (not one and not the other).
Neither of the acids reacts independently.

Rule No 12.
(Few, Many, Both, Several) PLURAL
Both of them play well.
Many were there in the party.
Few of the senior citizens have taken
retirement. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 45

Rule No 12.
(Some, All, None, Any, Most) Singular/Plural depending
upon the NOUN.
Some of the money is mine.
Some of the pencils have been sharpened.
All of water is utilized.
All of the bikes have been sold.
Most of the pizza is eaten.
Most of the candidates have solved the puzzle.

Rule No 12.
AnySingular N Singular Verb
Any of your money is not needed.
I would appreciate if any of your time is available.
AnyPlural N Singular/Plural Verb
Find out if any of his colleagues was/were there.
There is no sign that any of these limits has/have been reached.
Any of us was/were there in the meeting.
Note: The usage of singular verb is more common.

Rule No 12.
None Singular N Singular Verb
None of the jewelry is missing.
None of the news is true.
None Plural N Singular/Plural
None of the rings is/are missing.
None of these pens work/works well.
We have three cars, but none of them is/are there in the parking
area.

1. The children enjoyed in the park. 2017 CSS
2. Themselves have done their duty.
3. Have either of you seen my pen? 2015 CSS
4. They busied theirselves in a tough task.
5. He is more competent than me.
6. Please let he do his duty.
7. He is the one whom has committed a crime.
8. You, he and I cheat people.
9. This is the best proposal which is proposed till now.

1. All of the salt have been consumed.
2. Most of the persons has applied for a British visa.
3. Neither of the children have done the task.
4. A Tik-toker was between his myriads of fans.
5. The key was hidden between many crumpled
papers covering the desk.
6. Mr. Aslam is a businessman whose is a lawyer as
well.

Subject Verb
Agreement

Plural verbs
A plural verb is the verb that agrees with a
plural subject.
The CSPians attempt CSS paper.
Americans have established themselves.
They are teachers.
Children play in the park.

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Rule No 1.
Compound Subjects (Two Subjects Subject 1 and Subject 2)
Subjects having conjunction “and” take a plural verb.
Ali and Ahmad go to bazar.
She and her relatives have visited abroad.
A camel and two goats were sacrificed this year by our
family.

Rule No 1.
Exception
Bread and butter is not easy to earn.
Fish and Chips is a popular dish in England.
Honor and glory is a reward.
Slow and Steady wins the race.
Jamu and Kashmir is a disputed territory.

Rule No 2.
Subjects having conjunction “or, neither-nor, either-or, not
only-but also” take verbs according to the subject 2 closer to
the verb.
Ali or Ahmad goes to bazar.
Neither Ali nor his teachers are present.
Either Ali or few persons have done this activity.
Not only Aslam but also his colleagues have applied for a
transfer. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 55

Rule No 3.
Subjects having words and phrases like “including, except, besides, with, together
with, as well as, like, of, along with, who, and not, no less than” take verb that agrees
to subject no 1 in the sentence. Agents along with these words are not the part of
subject.
Few students including Ali are present today.
Some people besides few local inhabitants are moving abroad.
I as well as he am going to Lahore.
My mother, who is a doctor, practices at PIMS.
Pakistani economy along with foreign reserves has been done for.
After receiving a huge loss in the business, Ali together with his friends is broke.

Rule No 3.
Subjects having words and phrases like “including, except,
besides, with, together with, as well as, like, of, along with,
who, and not, no less than” take verb that agrees to subject no 1
in the sentence. Agents along with these words are not the part
of subject.
The mother, and not her children has been arrested for
committing theft.
My friend no less than his parents is strict.

Exercise
1. Drinking and intoxication are dangerous for the life.
2. Not only I but he are given a two weeks’ notice.
3. He or she decide to go abroad.
4. The boss, and not his recruitment members recruit a
new employee.
5. The sum and substance of your discussion are baseless.

Rule No 4.
When a noun represents the whole class takes singular verb
and article the before it.
The dog is a faithful animal. (With noun a singular verb)
The rose is a beautiful flower (With noun a singular verb)

Rule No 4.
When an adjective represents the whole class takes plural
verb and article the before it.
The poor are neglected in our society.
The rich influence all sectors in the world.
The pious are respected.
The industrious are praised everywhere.

Rule No 5.
“Many” shows a number. It takes plural noun
and a plural verb.
Many people are coming.
Many CSPians have appeared in the CSS exam.
Many men have applied for the job.

Rule No 5.
“Many a” shows a number. It takes a singular
noun and a singular verb.
Many a CSPian has appeared in the CSS exam.
Many a man visits Paris.

Rule No 5.
In a compound sentence both auxiliary verbs and
principal verbs should be mentioned separately if they
differ in number, form or voice
He has not and will not marry in near future.
He has not married and will not marry in near future.
She is intelligent but her sisters dull.
She is intelligent but her sisters are dull.

Test
1. He surrendered before the court and sent to
jail.
2. She disappeared last month and found dead
near a well last night.
3. In the accident, one of my arms was
broken and my legs bruised. CSS 2017

Rule No 06.
Indefinite Pronouns.
(Each, Every, Either, Neither, One) SINGULAR
Everyone has to taste death.
Every chair and every table is thoroughly polished.
Every boy and every man loves his country. (Same gender: pronoun his/her)
Every man and every woman loves their country. (Different gender: possessive pronoun/adjective their)
Each of the students has made the assignment.
Either (one or the other)
Ahmad or either is going to the market.
One of the persons is going to Lahore.
Neither (not one and not the other).
Neither of the acids reacts independently.

Rule No 06.
(Few, Many, Both, Several) PLURAL
Both of them play well.
Many were there in the party.
Few of the senior citizens have taken
retirement. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 66

Rule No 06.
(Some, All, None, Any, Most) Singular/Plural depending
upon the NOUN.
Some of the money is mine.
Some of the pencils have been sharpened.
All of water is utilized.
All of the bikes have been sold.
Most of the pizza is eaten.
Most of the candidates have solved the puzzle.

Rule No 06.
AnySingular N Singular Verb
You are a dog in the manger; any of your money is not needed.
I would appreciate if any of your time is available.
AnyPlural N Singular/Plural Verb
Find out if any of his colleagues was/were there.
There is no sign that any of these limits has/have been reached.
Any of us was/were there in the meeting.

Rule No 06.
NONE Singular N Singular Verb
None of the jewelry is missing.
None of the news is true.
NONE Plural N Singular/Plural
None of the rings is/are missing.
None of these pens works/work well.
We have three cars, but none of them is/are there in the parking
area.

Rule No 7.
Fraction and Percentage
Percentage in a separate sentence takes a singular
verb/plural verb in agreement with its antecedent.
I have almost read this novel. Ninety percent is covered.
I have read many novels. Ninety percent are fiction.
I have seen the response of the class. Hundred percent is
ready to go to Murree. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 70

Rule No 8.
Use singular/plural verb according to the noun followed by a
percentage
Sixty percent of the novel is read.
Two fourths of the tank was empty.
Three fourths of the tank is empty.
Sixty percent of the people have migrated.
Thirty seven percent of the students have got admission in medical
colleges.
Half of the water is consumed.

Rule No 8.
Use singular/plural verb according to the
noun followed by a “none but”
None but the leaders of our country are
responsible for this state of affairs.
None but the rose smells great. None but means “only”

Rule No 9.
Majority/Minority
The/a minority/majority is singular.
The minority has voted against the current PM now.
The majority of issues is addressed today.
Structure
The/a majority/minority + N + SV/PV
A majority of the people have left for their villages.
The minority of the class likes the teacher.

Rule No 9.
Structure
The/a variety + N + SV/PV
A variety of books have been published.
The variety of food is available here.

Rule No 10.
Amount, Distance and Time take a singular verb.
Fifty thousand dollars was a huge amount for Norma.
Three hundred and seventy-five miles is the total distance
from Rawalpindi to Lahore.
Three hours is enough time to solve the question paper.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor

Rule No 11. INVERSION
Use verbs after words and phrases like; never, scarcely, hardly, rarely,
barely no sooner, under no circumstances, here and there. Inversion is
done to emphasize the action in a sentence.
Never have I seen such brilliant students of CSS.
Under no circumstances can this statement be turned down.
Hardly/scarcely/rarely/barely had I entered the class room when the
student posed a question. (-ly ending when)
No sooner had the singer arrived on the stage than the audience started
making noise. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 76

Rule No 12.
The number of…./A number of….
The number of ….
It shows a single quantity. It takes a singular verb.
The number of students in our class is increased.
A number of ….
It shows a plural quantity. It takes a plural verb.
A number of students in our class are increased.

QUIZ
Use Singular or Plural Verbs.
1. The number of people lined up for
tickets was/were four hundred.
2. A number of suggestions was/were made.
3. There is/are a number of important
announcements in the bulletin.
4. Here is/are the number of milk shakes you
requested.

1. The ambassador with his family and staff invite you to a reception at the embassy on
Tuesday afternoon. 2023 CSS
2. Intelligence as well as knowledge of the subject are required to grasp the
meaning of the book. 2023 CSS
3. A blade of the scissors are broken.
4. No sooner we left the shop it began to rain. 2014 CSS
5. Ali Baba and Forty Thieves are a famous tale.
6. John as well as Harry bear witness to it. 2021 CSS
7. The cunning is not praised anywhere.
8. She never has and never will allow her only son to join Army.
9. Every word and every line in the poems of Wordsworth sing about the blessings of
nature.
10. Cow is economically useful.
11. Nothing but candles are burning.

1. Many a girl of equal ability perform well.
2. Many a sleepless nights she spend. 2010 CSS
3. Thirty-five percent of the precis have been done.
4. Hardly he went outside when the people started shouting.
5. A number of students is increasing day by day.
6. The majority of the traffic are stuck there.
7. None of the boys have learnt his lesson. 2019 CSS
8. None but cowards is afraid of fighting.
9. Social status, and not character bring you respect these days.
10. No sooner he was brought here than he began to feel uneasy.
11. Twenty officers have been dismissed and thirty terminated by the firm.
12. The son should be obedient.
13. Fast and furious win the race.Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 80

Rule No 13.
Article “the” with two title/nouns is singular
The producer and director of the movie is coming.
Two Articles “the” with two titles/nouns is plural
The producer and the director of the movie are coming.
What is the aim and object of his costly plan?
What are the aims and the objects of his costly plan?

Rule No 13.
Test
The collector and district magistrate are on a
visit to the Tehsil today.
The sum and substance of the passage are
given below. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 82

Rule No 14.
Following GROUP NOUNS always take a plural verb.
Group nouns like police, gentry, poultry, clergy, cattle and
vermin plural verbs.
Examples
The police are chasing the robber.
The gentry are gathered in the assembly.
The poultry are getting expensive.
The clergy have delivered the sermon.

Rule No 15.
I wish, would that and as if… take verb “were” with them
for the wish in PRESENT TIME.
I wish I were a philosopher now.
Would that he were a nice fellow presently.
I wish Ahmad were a millionaire.
He behaved as if he were mad.

Rule No 16.
Subjective case verb agreement in expressions
like ; It is I who….
It is I who am absent from the class.
It is he who is there in the morning.
It were they who were singing a song.

Rule No 17.
Used to say it is the time to do something that should
have been done a long time ago
It is high time we made some changes around
here.
It is high time (that) you cleaned your room.

Rule No 18.
Verbs that take a noun or a gerund
Admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, finish and keep, stop
Examples
The boys enjoy themselves meeting people.
The electricians denied giving the service.
I avoid going to the dentist.
I avoid eating chocolate.

Rule No 18.
Use of gerunds after these fixed phrases
With a view to, cannot help, cannot stand, get used to, feel like, give up, look
forward, would mind, don’t mind, be fond of.
Examples
I cannot help to think (thinking)that he was hiding something.
I cannot help to laugh (laughing) at the jester.
The willful child is getting used to face (facing) hard criticism of his peers.
The paper setter designs CSS paper with a view to judging the ability of the
students.

Rule No 19.
•Infinitive is also placed after verbs and few adjectives like;
Manage, agree, happy, desire, need, dare, hope, expect, decide, want, wish, refuse, eager, fail,
glad, happy.
Examples
Our veteran teacher agreed going (to go) to the university for a make up class.
Ahmad needs informing ( to inform) the administration.
The maid is happy cleaning (to clean) small room.
How + Infinitive when showing manner and method with verbs like;
Know, learn, explain, teach, discover, wonder, show, ask, remember etc.
Examples
He knows how to write English.
We taught him how to cook food. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 89

Rule No 19.
No Progressive From
Verbs of Thinking and Feeling
Believe, dislike, know, like, love, hate, prefer, realize, recognize,
remember, suppose, remember.
Verbs of the Senses
Appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste
Other Verbs Like
Agree belong, disagree, need, owe, own and possess.
Think, understand, want, wish

Rule No 19.
I am believing you. ❌
She is disliking. ❌
I am preferring. ❌
She is realizing. ❌
I am remembering you. ❌
I am supposing. ❌

1. He lies the box in the corner of the room.
2. With a view to design this course, I have been looking forward to improving content.
3. The boy felled on the ground.
4. They were lieying in the sun. 2012 CSS
5. We should avoid to commit such mistakes.
6. Do not avoid to consult a doctor. 2012 CSS
7. The instructor and musician are in the room.
8. Every girl and every woman are the part of our nation.
9. Neither of us have done this task.
10. The magician taught his pupils to disappear a pigeon using a magic wand.
11. Most of the students has attempted the paper.
12. The clergy is considered important in Christianity.
13. Would that he was a great fellow.
14. The accused keeps to claim his innocence.
15. I am knowing this concept.

1. He knows driving.
2. I am recognizing you.
3. The room is smelling bad.
4. He expected going to the party.
5. I cannot help to help the poor.
6. I cannot help but helping the poor.
7. Would you mind to open the door.
8. The brave man dare not entered the cage of the lion.
9. The student need improvement in his performance.
10. The result appeared the same as was hoped.
11. He fought with the hooligans and bashed by them.
12. He had been cheating on me and cheat on me in the future.
13. I believed he will not be able to drive the car.
14. Never the quack shall show himself as a doctor.

PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that is
placed before a noun or a noun
equivalent. It is a word that shows
its relation with any word/part of a
sentence in terms of;

FUNCTION OF A PREPOSITION
1. . They reached at eight o’ clock. (time)
2. We must abide by the rules. (manner)
3. He is going to school. (destination)
4. The teacher told the students to take down the notes.(doing s.th)
5. The bird was moving over the head. (spatial link)
6. The book is on the table. (position)
7. The book is beneath the table. (place)

TEST: Choose Appropriate Preposition
CSS 2017
(i) I cannot buy this car _____ this price.
(a) for (b) in (c) at (d) on
(ii) Send these books _____ my home address.
(a) on (b) at (c) in (d) to
(iii) Monkeys live _____ trees.
(a) in (b) at (c) upon (d) on
(iv) I said it _____ his face.
(a) at (b) on (c) to (d) upon
Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/to-face?q=to+your+face
96

TEST: Choose Appropriate Preposition CSS
2017
SOLUTION
(i) I cannot buy this car _____ this price.
(a) for (b) in (c) at (d) on
(ii) Send these books _____ my home address.
(a) on (b) at (c) in (d) to
(iii) Monkeys live _____ trees.
(a) in (b) at (c) upon (d) on
(iv) I said it _____ his face.
(a) at (b) on (c) to (d) upon

TEST: Choose Appropriate
Preposition CSS 2019
(i) What time do we arrive ______our destination?
(ii) We are flying ______some rough weather; please fasten your seat
belts.
(iii) It is warming up; ______noon we should be able to go swimming.
(iv) My parents are not responsible ______my actions.
(v) This pan is ______cooking omelettes.
(vi) ______ poor attendance, this course is being cancelled.
(vii) The police are taking the men in ______questioning.
(viii) The woman you gave the book ______is my aunt.

TEST: Choose Appropriate Preposition
CSS 2019
SOLUTION
(i) What time do we arrive ______our destination? (at)
(ii) We are flying ______some rough weather; please fasten your seat belts.
(through)
(iii) It is warming up; ______noon we should be able to go swimming. (by)
(iv) My parents are not responsible ______my actions. (for)
(v) This pan is ______cooking omelettes. (for)
(vi) ______ poor attendance, this course is being cancelled. (Due to)
(vii) The police are taking the men in ______questioning. (for)
(viii) The woman you gave the book ______is my aunt. (to)

PREPOSITIONS
Preposition of Time (IN, ON, AT)
Preposition Usage Example
IN
Part of the day In the evening; in the morning; in the afternoon
Month In June; in September; in Moharram
Year In 2015; in 1999
Decades In the last decade
Seasons In winter; in spring, in summer
Duration In a second; in two weeks
Centuries In twelfth century, in nineteenth century.
100

PREPOSITIONS
AT
Part of the day At night
Exception: in the night time
Time of day At 8 o’ clock; at midnight
Celebrations At Eid, at Christmas, at Easter, at Dewali
Exception: on the Eid day
On the Christmas day
Fixed phrases At the same time
101

PREPOSITIONS
ON
Days of the week On Sunday; on Friday
Date On 20th
August
Special holidays On Iqbal Day; On my birthday
A special part of the
day
On the morning of October, the 11th
NO PREPOSITION
NEEDED
Referring future
time
Next week, next month, next year
Referring past time Last night, last year
Current present
time
This day, last week, last year, last night
With words like Today, tomorrow, yesterday
102

PREPOSITIONS
Verbs That Don’t Need Any Preposition
Some verbs don’t need any preposition. They are: enter, lack, support, marry,
approach, discuss, resemble, accompany, request, sign, answer and
order etc.
He entered in the data. (Incorrect)
He entered the data. (Correct)
Exception
She entered into an agreement with them. 2023 CSS
The incompetent mechanic lacked of the ability. (Incorrect)
The incompetent mechanic lacked the ability. (Correct)

PREPOSITIONS
Verbs That Don’t Need Any
Preposition
Aslam married with Hina. (Incorrect)
Aslam married Hina. (Correct)
Hina was married to Aslam. (Correct in
passive) Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 104

PREPOSITIONS
Use of Between and Among
Between
We use between to refer to two things/persons.
The scholarship money was distributed between Ali and Usman.
Note: Between can also be used when we are referring more than
two agents with their proper nouns.
EXAMPLE.
The teacher distributed the cash money between Ali, Murtaza,
Ahmad and Aslam. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 105

PREPOSITIONS
Use of Between and Among
Among
We use among to refer to group of
things/persons. (More than two)
EXAMPLES.
The prize was distributed _____ the three
students who attained equal marks

PREPOSITIONS
MOVE ACROSS means “to cross a surface.” Road,
pathway, grassland, fenland, desert.
The dog moved across the grassland.
MOVE THROUGH "to cross within an enclosed area”
Rooms, Jungle, Pipe, building.
The dog moved through the jungle

PREPOSITIONS
MOVE ROUND/AROUND means “The movement of
an object in circle around a point.”, but if a ring, thread or
a necklace is tied in the neck, better to make use of the
preposition around.
The necklace moves around her neck.
The boy was moving round/around the pole.
Few iron rings were tied around the neck of the Kayan tribe
Maynmar (Burma)

PREPOSITIONS
Good to means “to be kind to someone”.
Be good to me.
Good in means “addition”.
Sugar is good in tea if you are not a diabetic patient.
Good at means “expertise”.
He is good at speaking English.

PREPOSITIONS
Use of Preposition “to” with Latin Adjectives
Latin Adjectives are those adjectives that end at –or and -er
endings. Like superior, inferior, senior, junior, prefer, prior and
elder. They always take preposition “to” after their usage.
Sir Jasra is senior to me.
I am junior to everyone sitting here.
No one is inferior to anyone.
He is elder to me.
The idea was discussed prior to the meeting.
I prefer honesty to money.

PREPOSITIONS
Write in means “to write something with the
help of a liquid- ink and lead”.
He writes in blue ink with a fountain pen.
The student writes in lead.
The student writes with a lead pencil.

PREPOSITIONS
Call on means “to pay a visit to someone/start”.
Ahmad is planning to call on Aslam this Friday.
The strikers are calling on a hefty strike.
Call off means “to cancel the event”.
Ahmad is planning to call off the strike.
Call for means “to demand”.
The flood victims are calling for help.

PREPOSITIONS
Made of is used when the thing being made owns the same
appearance as that of the original material”
The chair is made of wood.
The toy is made of rubber.
Made from is used when the thing being made differs from the
original material used”
The paper is made from wood.
The wine is made from grapes.
Made up of is used when the thing is made from different material”
The jaw is made up of fused thin sections of bone.
The jury is made up of two women and three men.

PREPOSITIONS
Reason for is used if a noun phrase is followed after it.
What can be the reason for his absence. CSS SPECIAL 2023
Reason to is used if a verb follows it.
What can be the reason to go there.

PREPOSITIONS
Compared with is used when the objects are essentially of the
same type”.
The rich children of Europe cannot be compared with the poor
children of Africa.
In this book Shakespeare has been compared with Jhon Keats.
Compared to is used when the objects are essentially of different
type”.
The quality of teaching cannot be compared to the books we study.
My apoplectic brother is usually compared to a fatal dragon in his
angry mood.

PREPOSITIONS
Blind in is the physical “inability to see”.
He is blind in one eye.
Blind to is the mental “inability to judge”.
Some parents are blind to the faults of their
children.

PREPOSITIONS
Part from is used when someone gets
separated from a person”.
He, wisely, parted from his bad friends.
Part with is used when someone gets
separated from a thing”.
The greedy man cannot part with his wealth.

PREPOSITIONS
Passive Sentence
The snow covers the roof.
----------------------------?

PREPOSITIONS
We use “with” in passive voice if we talk about
materials.
We use “with” to talk about the instrument
used by the agent to do something.
The plate was covered with dust.
He was hit with a stick.
The robber was killed by the passerby with a knife.

PREPOSITIONS
Annoyed with means “to annoy with a person”
I am annoyed with him in this matter.
My cousin does not get annoyed with anyone.
Annoyed at means “to annoy at someone’s behavior”
I am annoyed at his misconduct.
My teacher was annoyed at the misbehavior of my
friend.

PREPOSITIONS
Bound for: Train or bus or any vehicle
destined to reach any specific destination.
The train is bound for Karachi.
Bound to: Predetermined.
We are bound to be late.
Bound in: Something clenched.
The tumor is bound in the bowels.

PREPOSITIONS
Look back: To remember past.
Mr. Chips looked back at the different spans of his life.
Look down: To gaze
We looked down at the valley.
Look down upon: To look with contempt
We should not look down upon the poor.
Look for: To search
I am looking for a servant.
Look forward: To wait
I am looking forward for a suitable reply.
Look to: to consider
You have to look to your manners.
Look up: To rise
The price of petrol is looking up.
Look up to: to respect
We should look up to our elders. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 122

PREPOSITIONS
In order to get through CSS Exam, we have to
look___ our study patterns.

PREPOSITIONS
Despite (without being influenced)
In spite of (even though there is something unpleasant)
These two conjunctions don’t take any clause.
Despite he was a hobo, he helped others. (Incorrect)
Despite being a hobo, he helped others. (Correct)
Despite his low income, he helped others. (Correct)
In spite of richness, he was not attracted towards embellishment.
(Correct)
Note: Both of these prepostions take the presence of a noun.

PREPOSITIONS
Till (the time that); until:
We waited till six thirty for you.
Up till/till 1918, women in Britain were not
allowed to vote.

PREPOSITIONS
Under: below or lower than something else.
The cat is under the table.
His shoes were under his bed.
Under: One thing is touching or covering something
The wreck of the Titanic still remains under the sea.
Not: … below the sea.
He hid the money under the floorboards.
Guess
Venus is just _____the moon right now.
The roof of the new building is just ____ the height of the church.

PREPOSITIONS
Under: Referring Age
You have to be under 18 to get an allowance.
They have three children under the age of five.
Under: Time limit and measurements
We finished the project in under a year and a half.
The bag was just under 10 kilos, so I was able to bring it on the plane.
Underneath: Position under a covered area
Underneath the stairs is where we keep our vacuum cleaner and brushes.

PREPOSITIONS
Over
Over shows when the agent leaps over or crosses
something.
The boy is jumping over the hurdle.
The burglar jumped ________ the compound wall. 2023
CSS

PREPOSITIONS
Fixed Prepositions
There are certain verbs that
take a single preposition in
order to show their meanings
in phrasal verbs.

PREPOSITIONS
Fixed Prepositions
Verbs with Fixed
Preposition
Sentences
Abide by We should abide by the rules.
Absent from He absented himself from the school.
Abstain from We should abstain ourselves from bad
company.
Accede to I accede to what you say.
Account for He has to account for his misdeeds.
Ashamed of You should be ashamed of your behavior.
130

PREPOSITIONS
Fixed Prepositions
Verbs with Fixed
Preposition
Sentences
Assure of I assure you of my performance in future.
Beg for The beggar was begging for help.
Believe in Muslims believe in Allah.
Confine to Morality is confined to humanity.
Deprived of The poor man was deprived of wealth.
Dream of He dreams of becoming an army officer.
Dismiss from He is dismissed from his duties. 131

PREPOSITIONS
Fixed Prepositions
Verbs with Fixed
Preposition
Sentences
Excel in We should excel in every field.
Faith in We have faith in Allah.
Faithful to We should stay faithful to our country.
Fond of The old man is fond of gardening.
Hope for We should hope for the best.
Jeer at We should not jeer at someone.
Proud of He should be proud of his success.
132

PREPOSITIONS
Fixed Prepositions
Verbs with Fixed
Preposition
Sentences
Ponder over We have to ponder over the issue.
Recover from The patient recovered from illness.
Rely on A country should rely on its resources.
Superior to His new songs are superior to the old ones.
Fall a victim to
Victim of
Tigers fell a victim to the illegal hunting.
Japan became a victim of the cruelty in 1945.
Zeal for He has no zeal for technology because he is a man of
literature.
133

TEST: USE APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS
1. Morality is confined ____ humanity.
2. I assure you ____ my performance in future.
3. The sprint runner is jumping ______ the hurdles.
4. The moon is ____ the earth now.
5. I sometimes look ___ at my past.
6. Sir Ahmad cannot be compared ____ Sir Aslam in competency.
7. The strike was called_____ ultimately.
8. My boss agrees ____my plan. 2013 CSS
9. Qassim is superior___ the other fellow.
10. You have to ponder ___ the issue.
11. Japan became a victim___ the cruelty of America.
12. He wrote___ ink. 2020 CSS
13. This train is bound____ Karachi.
14. We did not manage properly; therefore, we are bound ____ be late.
15. We should not look down ____ the poor.
16. Being sophisticated we should not jeer _____ someone.
17. Are you connected ____this new scheme? 1956 CSS

ADJECTIVE
Defining an Adjective
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing,
identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes
the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
Examples
In the following examples, the highlighted words are
adjectives:
The small boat foundered (to sink) on the wine dark sea.
The coal mines are dark and dank.
There are nine students in the class.
The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.

CORRECTION OF ADJECTIVE
Rule No. 1
Use of double Degree
He is more stronger than I (am). (Don’t use two
comparative degrees)
He is stronger than I. (Correct)
Aslam is the most tallest boy of the class. (Don’t use two
superlative degrees)
Aslam is the tallest boy of the class. (Correct)

Rule No. 2
Use of “than” with Comparative Degree
He is more intelligent than his brother.
Aslam is abler than his friend.
She is more competent than I am.

Rule No. 3
Faulty Comparison in Comparative Degrees
The weather of Ayubia is cooler than Murree.
The weather of Ayubia is cooler than the weather of
Murree.
The weather of Ayubia is cooler than that of Murree.
The weather of Ayubia is cooler than Murree’s.

Rule No. 4
Use of Article The with Superlative
Degrees
He is the most active student in the class.
She is the smartest of all.
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.

Rule No. 5
Use of Article The with Comparative Degrees
Of the two, he is the abler.
Of the two, she is the more beautiful.
Between the two, he is the more competent.
He is the more competent between the two.
The latter is the more handsome of both the boys.

Rule No. 5
Use of Article The with Comparative Degrees
TEST
Of the two, he is the best.
Between the two, Najma is the intelligent.
He is the suitable between the two.
Of the two cars, car A is the expensive.

Rule No. 6
Use of Much Too and Too Much
Structure
Too much------- Noun
Much too--------Adjective/Adverb
The patient is in too much pain; therefore, he is much
too worried.
The man spoke much too confidently.

Rule No. 6
Use of Much Too and Too Much.
Structure
The student has much too knowledge because he is too much
knowledgeable.
Our teacher speaks too much confidently; in addition, he has
much too confidence. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 143

Use of Preposition “to” with Latin Adjectives
Latin Adjectives are those adjectives that end at –or and -er
endings. Like superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, prefer and
elder. They always take preposition “to” after their usage.
Sir Jasra is senior to me.
I am junior to everyone sitting here.
No one is inferior to anyone.
He is elder to me.
The idea was discussed prior to the meeting.
I prefer honesty to money.
144

Rule No. 8
Use of Possessive Adjectives with Gerunds
Instead of Objective Pronouns
Him coming to the party was elegant.
His coming to the party was elegant.
The director appreciated me dancing.
The director appreciated my dancing.
With Gerunds: Possessive
Adjectives
My, our, your, his, her, their
145

Rule No. 11
When two adjectives require different prepositions,
appropriate prepositions should be used with both adjectives.
(i) He is senior and older than I.
(ii) He is senior to and older than I.
(iii) His dress is different and cheaper than my dress.
(iii) His dress is different from and cheaper than my dress.
(iii) She is stronger and younger than her sister.

Rule No. 9
Use of Very and Much with comparative and Positive Degrees
Very is used with positive degrees and –ing adjectives.
Very sharp, very good, very able, very beautiful.
Adjectives having the ending of -full, -less, -ing, -tive, -est , -ed ( 3rd
form of verb in case of
mental state)
Very interesting,very active, very honest, very able, very blissful
Much is used with comparative degree and -3rd
Verb adjectives.
This work is much complicated.
She is much better.
He is much tired.
This gift, which we have bought today, is much more beautiful than the other one
we bought yesterday. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 147

Rule No. 9
Use Much with 3rd Form of Verb and Very/Too with mental state
and sentiments.
The truck is much overloaded. (3rd
Verb)
They are mentally too tired now.
They are much tired physically now.
This work is much complicated. (3rd
Verb)
He is too frustrated now a days due to lack of money.(Mental
state)
He is very excited and jubilant . (Sentiments)

Rule No. 10
Absolute Adjectives
Latest, complete, dead, unique, excellent, marvelous, splendid,
circular, supreme, extreme etc. They do not have their
comparative and superlative forms.
My idea is more unique than that of your idea. (Wrong usage)
My idea is unique than that of your idea. (Correct)

Rule No. 12
Use Adjective after Sense Verb and Linking Verb
Adjectives are used instead of adverbs after verb of sense and linking verbs.
He looks sadly. Incorrect
He looks sad. Correct
The tune of the song seems greatly. Incorrect
The tune of the song seems great. Correct
The surface of the wall appears smoothly. Incorrect
The surface of the wall appears smooth. Correct

Rule No. 12
Use Adjective after Sense Verb and Linking Verb
Adjectives are used instead of adverbs after verb of sense and linking verbs.
The flower smells marvelously. Incorrect
The flower smells marvelous. Correct
The apple tastes sweetly. Incorrect
The apple tastes sweet. Correct
Note: We cannot place adverbs after a linking verb except adverb of place.
He was there. (Adverb of place)

Rule No. 13
Order of Adjectives
Determiner + Number + Size + Age + Color + Origin +
Material
DN SA COM
I bought these two big new grey Spanish wooden
chairs.
Determiners are words that come before nouns and specify something about them.

1. The young, huge , brown camel was slaughtered this year.
2. Goldberg is more stronger than Roman Reigns.
3. The climate of Pakistan is better than England. 2010 CSS
4. He is a much hardworking man.
5. He is a very calculated person.
6. He is very overloaded nowadays.
7. It was a beast act.
8. He performed marvelous.
9. I am junior than Sir Jasra.
10.She is more taller than skinnier.
153

Quantifiers
Many (Count)
Few ₋ Afew ⁺
Much (Measure)
Little ₋ a Little ⁺

1. A Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2. There are less passengers available.
3. The child is the prettiest of the two. 2015 CSS
4. The driver after the accident was too much worried.
5. This is the most expensive watch which I have ever bought.
6. The newscaster shared the last news.
7. My all efforts ended in smoke.
8. My voice is three times louder than that of yours.
9. He was accused and terminated from the job.
10. Movie made by Raj Kumar was hundred times better than Sanjay Lila’s.
11. This new movie is not much different from the old movie.

The Article
Defining an Article
An article is a word that
modifies a noun. By nature
an article is an adjective.

THE ARTICLES
Kinds of Articles
There are two kinds of articles as
under;
1. The definite Article (It specifies a noun).
2. Indefinite Articles (It generalizes a noun).

THE ARTICLES
The Definite Article
“The” is the definite article. It is the
short form of “that”. This article is
the most frequent word used in
English Language. It specifies a noun.

THE ARTICLES
USES OF THE DEFINITE
ARTICLE
With superlative degrees of
adjectives.
He is the tallest student of the class.
The Centaurus is the most beautiful building in Islamabad.

THE ARTICLES
With comparative degrees
of adjectives.
Exception (Use of the with Comparative Degree)
Of the two, he is the taller.
Of the two, she is the more beautiful.

THE ARTICLES
When a singular noun/adjective represents the
whole class/community
With Nouns (Singular Verb)
The dog is a faithful animal.
The rose is a beautiful flower.
With Adjectives (Plural Verb)
The pious are given respect.
The industrious are praised everywhere.

THE ARTICLES
When we are discussing about
heavenly bodies and directions.
Example
The earth revolves around the sun.
The universe is hefty.
The sun sets in the west.

THE ARTICLES
With names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountainous ranges and deserts.
The Thames is a river in England.
Ships sail in the Atlantic Ocean.
The passengers made their voyage across the Red sea.
The Himalayas and the Hindu Kush are the mountainous regions of Pakistan.
The Gobi is a vast desert.

THE ARTICLES
Article “the” is used with unique
objects.
Example
The Titanic, The Eiffel Tower, The China Wall

THE ARTICLES
With names of the Holy Books
The Quran, The Bible, The Zabur (The Psalms Daud), The Torah (Musa), The Geeta, The Vedas
Use article the with posts and positions.
The Director may see his performance.
The Accountant was a tall cool devil.

THE ARTICLES
When any name of language is
followed by word “language”
The English language is not easy to absorb.
I am doing diploma in the French language.
I am teaching you English. (No article needed)
English is the language of the English.

THE ARTICLES
With names of the countries having
words like republic, united,
kingdom and state
Example
The republic of China, the United States, the united
kingdom, the state of Mississippi.

THE ARTICLES
With countries which have
plural nouns as names
The Philippines, The Netherlands, The
Maldives, The Bahamas, The Barbados
Exception
Don’t use the with name of the country Wales

THE ARTICLES
With newspapers, renowned buildings, organizations and
hotels.
The daily Jang, The Centaurus, The WASA, The Pearl Continental.
With Family names if they appear with an “s”. The family names with
ending -s are pluralized.
The Maliks were invited to the party.
The Flemings were considered a doctor family.

THE ARTICLES
With ranking and ordering expressions
as,
He is the first in the class
He was the first to go.
Exception
Referring someone in a list, prize and adverb in a sentence.
Pasture was fourteenth on the list. (List)
He stood second in the class. (Prize)
He was given second prize in the competition. (Prize)
Second, you told me about your studies. (Adverb)

THE ARTICLES
No article is used with proper nouns, but if
comparison is made then article “the” is used.
This boy is the Shakespeare of the class.
The boy, who invites, is the Ghalib of the class.
Islamabad is the Paris of Pakistan.
He is the Virat Kohli of my team.
We have discovered the Arshad Nadeem of Rawalpindi.

THE ARTICLES
With Expressions Like;
The more adventurous it is, the more I like it.
The higher you go, the cooler it is.
The more you get, the more you demand.

THE ARTICLES
The Indefinite Articles
“A and an” are the Indefinite Articles. They are the
short form of “one”. “A” precedes a word that
begins with a consonant sound. Whereas, an is
preceded by a word that starts with a vowel sound.
They generalize noun.

THE ARTICLES
USES OF INDEFINITE ARTICLES
Use of a and one
I have a car. (General sense)
I have one car. (Emphasize)

THE ARTICLES
To refer something for the very first
time
Would you like to take a cold drink.
Finally, I have got a good job.
I saw an elephant in the zoo.

THE ARTICLES
To refer names of jobs
He is a doctor.
I am a teacher.
He is a professional graphologist.

THE ARTICLES
Use of a in expressions like
“Many a boy”
Many a boy has the innate ability to pass the exam.

THE ARTICLES
Use of a with a particular day in
general.
Probably, the child was born on a Thursday.
Would you mind letting me visit you on a Saturday.

THE ARTICLES
To refer an example
An elephant has a long trunk.
It was a very strange cab that we hired.

THE ARTICLES
“With words like such, what, quiet and
half” even if the used noun is abstract.
What a shame he has brought to the family!
Such a stupid act was done by him!
I want half a kg sugar.
This is quite a good story.

THE ARTICLES
NO USE OF ARTICLES
No Article when we refer a universal truth
Sugar is bad for teeth.
Gold is a precious metal.
Wisdom is the gift of heaven.
Honesty is the best virtue.
Water is important for the survival of all organisms.
Man is mortal.
Note: Exceptions
Would you mind passing me the salt.
The wisdom of Sheikh Saadi was great.

THE ARTICLES
With No article needed when
nominating ordinals to refer a list, prize
and adverb
Referring someone in a list, prize and adverb in a sentence.
Pasture was fourteenth on the list.(List)
He stood second in the class. (Prize)
He was given second prize in the competition. (Prize)
Second, you told me about your studies. (Adverb)

THE ARTICLES
Before name of the languages if
followed by the word “language”
I am learning English.
French is a difficult language to learn.
Exception
I am learning the English language.
The French language is a difficult language to learn.

THE ARTICLES
No Article with the names of the peaks and mountains.
K2 is a high mountain.
Everest has been climbed by only few hikers.
Nanga Purbet the second highest peak in Pakistan.

THE ARTICLES
No Article before names of relations
Father was very happy yesterday.
I will meet my aunt after one year.

1. Of the two, he is the best.
2. I saw an one day match.
3. The Tirich Mir is located in Hindu Kash.
4. Right now, we are studying English language.
5. The father received me on the air port.
6. Madona shall launch her new song on Christmas day.
7. Akmal stood the second in the class.
8. The man is greedy by instinct.
9. He is such stupid person.
10.Many tourists visits Paris.Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 187

1. Kunhar is a meandering river of northern areas.
2. She is a Sania Mirza of Pakistan.
3. Gujars in Gujranwala eat a lot.
4. Titanic sank in 1912.
5. Would you mind passing me sugar.
6. The gold is quite an expensive metal.
7. Makran range expands many a kilometer.
8. Sahara is the vast desert.
9. Cunning are not respected anywhere.
10.Violin is the most nearest musical instrument to human vocals.

ADVERB
Defining an Adverb
An adverb is a verb that adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective and
another adverb.
A verb
He drove slowly. -How did he drive? Answer is “slowly”
An adjective
He drove a very fast car. -How fast was his car? Answer is “very”
Another adverb
She moved quite slowly -How slowly did she move? Answer is “quite”

TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbs of Manner-How
She moved slowly.
Adverbs of Place-Where
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency-How Often
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time-When
It is starting to get dark now.
Adverbs of Purpose-Why
She went abroad to earn. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 190

ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose
Akmal swims enthusiastically in the pool every evening before dusk to keep in shape.
Dad walks impatiently into town every morning before work to get a newspaper.
Sidra naps in her class every 3rd
period after break.
MPFTP
191

CORRECTION OF ADVERBS
Rule No. 1
Use of Much Too and Too Much
Structure
The patient is in too much pain; therefore, he is much
too worried.
The man spoke much too confidently.

Rule No. 2
Use of Very and Much with comparative and Positive Degrees
Very is used with positive degrees and –ing adjectives.
Very sharp, very good, very able, very beautiful.
Very interesting, very exciting, very charming.
Much is used with comparative degree and -3rd
Verb adjectives.
This work is much complicated.
He is very frustrated now a days due to lack of money.
This gift, which we have bought today, is much more beautiful than the other
one we bought yesterday.

Rule No. 3
Use Much with 3rd Form of Verb/physical state and
Very when mentioning a mental state.
They are much overloaded now. (3rd
Verb)
They are very tired now. (Mental State)
This work is much complicated. (3rd
Verb)
He is very frustrated now a days due to lack of
money. (Mental State)

1. She is very fatigued due to overwork.
2. They after a mammoth trial are much tensed.
3. The culprit after going through corporal remand is
in much too pain.
4. He yesterday sang beautifully there.
5. He was more abler than his brother.

1. She is much fatigued due to overwork.
2. They after a mammoth trial are very tensed.
3. The culprit after going through corporal remand is
in too much pain.
4. He sang beautifully there yesterday.
5. He was more abler than his brother.

CONJUNCTION
DEFINING CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word which joins two word
or two sentences to complete their meaning.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
There are three kinds of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating ConjunctionsFANBOYS
2. Subordinating Conjunctions A WHITE BUS
3. Correlative Conjunctions (either-or, neither-nor, not only-but
also) Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 197

CORRECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS
Corelative Conjunctions
(Combination)
Either---or
Either Ali or his friends were there.
Neither----nor
Neither a tourist nor a hiker hikes the
mountain. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 198

Corelative Conjunctions (Combination)
Not only----but also
The war caused not only destruction but also
caused hatred.
I think of Mr. Ali not only as an actor but as a
candid person. Not only----but also/even/as
well/too
Not only skill but also degree is important.

Hardly/Scarcely---when
Scarcely had the teacher entered the room when the boy
asked a question.
No sooner----than
No sooner had he spoken a word than the employee
raised his voice.
Lest----should
Work hard lest you should fail.

From----to/till
Shoaib Akhter has played cricket from 1999 to 2014.
Too---- to
The old lady is too weak to walk.
Although/though----,
Although/though he worked hard, he did not manage to
get first position.
Nothing----but
Nothing was there but a faint luminosity.

Note: Correlative conjunctions do not need any comma.
Point out the Mistake
She is as intelligent like her brother.
He is so cunning as his friend.
He is not as hypocrite as his cousin is.

Rule No. 1
Although---, yet----.
Although/though he worked hard yet he did not manage to get first
position. (Incorrect)
Although/though he worked hard, yet he did not manage to get first
position. (Correct)
If---, then----.
If the runner runs fast then he can win the race. (Incorrect)
If the runner runs fast, then he can win the race. (Correct)
Note: Correlative conjunctions do not need any comma.

CORRECTION OF
CONJUNCTIONS
Rule No 4.
Don’t Use double Conjunctions
Because he is intelligent so he gets good marks.
Since he was angry ;therefore, I said nothing.
The teacher asked me that why I was late.
When I reached there then it was raining.

Rule No 4.
Don’t Do This
He did not come to work. Because he was ill.
He did not come to work because he was ill.
He did our mimicry, so we did the same.
He did our mimicry, so did we the same.
Neither he comes nor he writes.
Neither does he come nor does he write.

Rule No 4.
Don’t Do This
Unless you do not try, you will never succeed.
Unless you try, you will never succeed.
There is no such novel which you mention.
There is no such novel as you mention. (such-as) (example)
It was such a cold afternoon so we stopped playing.
It was such a cold afternoon that we stopped playing. (such-that)
(cause-effect)

Rule No 5.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Acronym Conjunction Purpose
F For Reason
A And Addition
N Nor Option/Choice
B But Contrast
O Or Option/Choice
Y Yet Contrast
S So Reason 207

Rule No 4.
Punctuation of Coordinating Conjunctions
A comma is placed if the subject is mentioned after a
coordinating conjunction. If subject is not mentioned then
comma is not used.
The teacher delivered the lecture, but he did not revise the
main points.
The teacher delivered the lecture but did not revise the main
points.

Rule No 4.
Punctuation of Coordinating
Conjunctions
A colon and a semicolon can replace a
coordinating conjunction.
Ahmad is a teacher; he teaches at NUML.
Ahmad is a teacher: he teaches at NUML.

Rule No 5.
Subordinating Conjunctions
1.Because/Since
2.Though (in spite of the fact that) (oral speech)
3.Although (in spite of the fact that) (formal writing)
4.As though (giving cause of some happening)
5.As if (giving cause of some happening)
6.If, unless
7.Where, Why, How, When

Rule No 4.
Punctuation of Subordinating
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions do not pick any comma if there
are used between two clauses. If they begin the clause, they
pick a comma when the clauses completes.
Aslam has taken a short leave because he was ill. (No
comma)
Because Aslam was ill, he took a short leave.(Comma)

Rule No 5.
Inversion with Coordinating
Conjunction NOR
Aslam has no worries, nor does he have any
problem.
The car was not mechanically appropriate, nor
did the driver have a watchful attitude.

Rule No 4.
Punctuation of Coordinating
Conjunctions
A colon and a semicolon can replace a
coordinating conjunction.
Ahmad is a teacher; he teaches at NUML.
Ahmad is a teacher: he teaches at NUML.

1. Because he is not performing efficiently so he shall leave the office.
2. I am an officer I work in army.
3. Ahmad maintained no Facebook or Twitter account, nor Aslam could locate him
on any other social network sites.
4. Unless he does not drive fast, he shall not be able to reach early.
5. The muscle was torn in such a way as he could not lift any thing.
6. Despite he was a rich man, he did not help the poor.
7. Neither Aslam or his friend would have done it.
8. Scarcely the driver had driven then the bus driver closed the door.
9. No sooner the singer sang a song when the audience started shouting at him.

Dangling modifier
misdirected modifier
• A dangling modifier occurs when the intended subject of
the modifier is missing from the sentence, and instead
another subject appears in its place.
• Dangling modifiers often take the form of an introductory
phrase that is connected to the wrong thing.

Dangling modifier
Walking to the movie, the clouds drenched Aslam.

Dangling modifier
Walking to the movie, the clouds drenched Aslam.
Who was walking to the movies? ASLAM (Aslam should be present
right after the comma as a subject of the clause)
Solution
Walking to the movie, Aslam was drenched by the clouds.
Aslam was walking to the movie; he was drenched by the clouds.
While Aslam was walking to the movie, he was drenched by the clouds.
While Aslam was walking to the movie, the clouds drenched him.
Aslam was drenched by the clouds when he was walking to the movie.
217

Dangling modifier
Rules
1. Expand the participle into a clause.
Walking along the road, a scooter knocked him down. (Incorrect)
While he was walking along the road, a scooter knocked him down.
(Correct)
Walking along the road, he was knocked down by a scooter. (Correct)

Dangling modifier
Having taken food my father sent me to market. (Incorrect)
Changing participle to a clause
When I had taken food, my father sent me to market.
Changing Voice
I having taken food was sent to the market by my father.
Having taken food, I was sent to market by my father.
My father sent me to the market after I had taken food.

Dangling modifier
Being cloudy we enjoyed picnic. (Incorrect)
As it was cloudy, we enjoyed picnic.
We enjoyed the picnic while it was getting cloudy.

Dangling modifier
Possessing huge wealth people do not like him. (Incorrect)
Although he possesses huge wealth, people do not like him.
Changing Voice
Possessing huge wealth, he is not liked by people.

Dangling modifier
While climbing up the mountain, the temple was seen.
Who climbed the mountain? There should be someone.
(I/he/she/they should be present right after the comma as a subject
of the clause.)
Solution
While climbing up the mountain, I saw a temple.
While climbing up the mountain, he saw a temple.
While climbing up the mountain, Nisar saw a temple.
While I was climbing up the mountain, the temple was seen.
Nisar Sahib from Batch: 217

Dangling modifier
Fumbling in her purse, the keys could not be
found.

Dangling modifier
Fumbling in her purse, the keys could not be found.
Solution
Fumbling her purse, she could not find the keys.
On fumbling her purse, she could not find the keys.
While she was fumbling her purse, the keys could not be
found.
When she fumbled her purse, the keys could not be found.

Dangling modifier
1. After walking for hours, the car looked wonderful.
2. While watching a classic film, commercials are irritating.
3. Climbing up the stairs her sandal broke and she fell.
4. At the age of twelve, my mother entered me in a contest.
5. By taking good care of myself, the flu never kept me from
work this winter.
6. Budgeting his money carefully, his debts were finally paid.
7. By digging test wells, new oil sources were located.
8. Carrying a heavy pile of books, her foot caught on the step.
9. In spite of being late the teacher did not punish her.

TEST: Rephrase the Sentence
1. Going up the hill, an old temple was seen. 2018
2. Running across the field, the buffalo hit Sultan.
3. The misspelled student’s words became the cause
of his failure.
4. We finished the pizza that we bought idly.

Punctuation

General Definition
Generally, punctuation is the usage of a full
stop, comma, capitalization, inverted commas,
hyphen, parenthesis etc.

Power of Punctuation
Punctuation No 1
The teachers say,the students are all absent.

Punctuation No 2
The teachers ,say the students ,are all absent.

Punctuation No 1
Ĩ
㱾þ
î
Û
Ĝ
þ
ìĨ Ĩ
䱰
嬸᱑
231

Punctuation No 1
䱰 Ĩ
㱾þ
î
Û
Ĝ
þ
ìĨ Ĩ
嬸᱑
232

Punctuation No 1
A woman without her , man
is nothing.

Punctuation No 2
A woman without her man,
is nothing.

Marks of Punctuation
1. Capitalization
2. Period/Full stop/End Mark (.)
3. Comma (,)
4. Semicolon (;)
5. Colon (:)
6. Quotation Marks/Inverted Commas (“”)

Marks of Punctuation
1. Apostrophe (’)
2. Sign of Interrogation (?)
3. Sign of Exclamation (!)
4. Hyphen (-)
5. En Dash (-) Em Dash (—)
6. Ellipses (…,….)

Punctuate the following lines
1. pakistan a state of political turmoil (Hint: Title)
2. does he say i shall do it
3. he is a good swimmer said he he cant be beaten
4. he is an actor he acts in soaps
5. mr kamran is an active man isnt he
6. i am studying english urdu mathematics and chemistry
7. the director chaudary sarfraz is about to come
8. the director, chaudary sarfraz, is about to come
9. he is a good student therefore he shall pass the exam
10. waqas cousin is his brother in law

Punctuate the following lines
1. Pakistan: A State of Political Turmoil (Hint: Title)
2. Does he say, “I shall do it.” ?
3. “He is a good swimmer,” said he, “he can’t be beaten.”
“He is a good swimmer.” said he, “He can’t be beaten.”
4. He is an actor: he acts in soaps.
He is an actor; he acts in soaps.
He is an actor. He acts in soaps.
5. Mr. Kamran is an active man, isn’t he?
6. I am studying: English, Urdu, mathematics and chemistry.
7. I am studying: English, Urdu, mathematics and chemistry.
8. The Director Chaudary Sarfraz is about to come.
9. The director, Chaudary Sarfraz, is about to come.
10. He is a good student; therefore, he shall pass the exam.
11. Waqas’ cousin is his brother-in-law.

Capitalization

Capitalization
• Starting Letter of a Sentence: Aspirants of CSPs shall
become bureaucrats of Pakistan.
• Pronoun I: I am teaching punctuation now. What I believe
students are understanding.
• Brand Names: Girls use fabrics from Gul Ahmad, Khaadi,
Limelight, Bonanza Satrangi and BEECHTREE.
• Proper Nouns: Ahmad, Aslam and Akram are performing well.
• Companies: Reckitt and Benckiser, Nestle, Mobilink, Pakistan
State Oil, Attock Cement

Capitalization
• Days and Months: I shall move abroad on Wednesday in the
month of January.
• Government Matters: Pakistani Constitution, Electoral
Reforms, Human Rights Practices
• Historical Events and Eras: World War I, The Renaissance,
The Black Death
• Institutions: CSPs Academy, Punjab College, National
University of Modern Languages
• Special Occasions and Festivals: The Father’s Day, Iqbal
Day, Eid ul Fitar, Christmas

Capitalization
• Names of Religions and Proper Adjectives: Islam,
Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islamic, Hindu,
Buddhistic
• Streets and Roads: The 6th Road, The Polytechnic Street,
Murree Road, Chandigar Road
• Newspaper and Lakes: The Jung, The Atlantic, DAWN,
The Rawal Lake, Jheel Saif al Malook
• Nationalities: Pakistani, Indian, American, Canadian

Capitalization
• Family Names: The Bitterings, The Bhattis, The Sheikhs, The
Singhs
• Names of Languages: I am studying the English language. The
French language is a difficult language.
• Manmade Mega Structures and Buildings: The Eifel Tower,
The China Wall, The Centaurus, The Titanic
• Planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,
• Races, Nationalities, and Tribes: Eskimo, Navajo, East Indian,
African American (Note: white and black in reference to race are
lowercase)

Capitalization
• Capitalize The Milky Way
• Names of the Holy books: The Quran, The Vedas, The
Bible, The Torah, The Geeta
• Names of books, articles, :
• I have read “In the Line of Fire”
• “Twelfth Night” is a comedy written by Shakespeare.

Capitalization
• Poles and Directions:
He is going west. (direction no capitalization)
The West has been developed now. (poles capitalization)
• Capitalize if Directly Addressing:
Focus on your studies, Brother.
Behave yourself, Son.

Capitalization
• Capitalization of Names of Relations:
I asked Dad to go there.
I asked Mother to go there.
• NO Capitalization of Names of Relations with
possessive adjectives:
I asked my dad to go there.
I asked her mother to go there.
I asked his//her/their dad to go there.

Capitalization
• Capitalize If Name of the Relation is Mentioned:
My elder Brother Qasim Hussain is a doctor.
My elder brother ,Qasim Hussain, is a doctor.
His younger Sister Qudsia is a graphologist.
Their Maternal Grandfather Laal Badshah was in army.
• Do not capitalize: If names of the relations are simply
mentioned:
My elder brother is a doctor.
His younger sister is a graphologist.
Their maternal grandfather was in army.

Capitalization
•Address, Title, Heading, Salutation,
Complementary Close
Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
The Principal,
Government College,
Rawalpindi.
Respected Sir,
My dear Mother, (In three words salutation first and
last words are capitalized)

Capitalization
•Second letter of the word in complementary
close is not capitalized
Yours obediently,
Your son,
Yours affectionately,
Yours truly,
Truly yours,

Capitalization
•Words formation from Proper Adjectives
Shall we buy a French perfume.
A Pindi boy was seen on the road.
She bought an Indian sarhii.
Aristotelian and Newtonian physics.

Capitalization
•No Capitalization Subjects except Languages
I am studying physics, biology, Persian, chemistry and
geography.
•Capitalize a Subject with a Code:
I am going to appear in Math-201 in this semester.
In Math-A, I have scored 80 percent marks.
•Capitalize Subjects if They are the Names of
the Languages:
CSPs’ teachers are teaching English efficiently.
Currently, I am studying English Precis and Composition.

Capitalization
Do not Capitalize
•Do not capitalize: Names of seasons, animals,
elements, foods, diseases, plants, vegetables and
fruits.
Examples: spring, winter, lion, elephant, carbon,
oxygen, biryani, pulao, measles, malaria, weed,
fern, bamboo, egg plant, cauliflower, cabbage,
orange, apple, apricot etc.

Capitalization
•Capitalization of Pronouns linked with
Almighty Allah
All pronouns linked with Almighty Allah are
capitalized.
“Read in the name of thy Lord Who created; created
man from a clot (of congealed blood): read and thy
Lord is most Bountiful, Who taught (the use of) pen,
taught man that which he knew not.”

Capitalization
•Capitalization of Title and Subject of Application and
Heading
Every head word is capitalized except articles, conjunctions,
helping verbs and prepositions.
Titles: I have Read All the King’s Men
Why do Boys Fail in College
Subject: Problems Faced by the Students of FSC
Request for the Remission of Fee
Heading: Period of Governance by the Chief Executive
Inflation across Pakistan

Capitalization
Do not Capitalize
• Do not capitalize: Names of relations like uncle, aunt, grandfather
and grandmother if not followed by their names.
I met my friend’s uncle. (No capitalization)
My auntie is the eldest in the family. (No capitalization)
• Capitalize name of the relations if followed by a proper noun:
I met my friend’s Uncle Majid Hussain.
My Auntie Salma is the eldest in the family.

Test: Capitalization
1. He said, “where are you going”
2. My Maternal Uncle is going abroad.
3. We shall have a test of Biology and english.
4. The american footballers are not renowned.
5. The Blacks and the Whites are two creeds in America.
6. The man was suffering from Malaria, Typhoid, Influenza and Measles.
7. Every muslim should provoke islamic ideology.

Full stop/Period
(.)
A full stop
indicates the
end of an idea
257

Full stop/Period
•Ending an Idea
I shall go abroad in December.
On Tuesday, the meeting is expected.
•At the End of a Reported Speech
A full stop is used at the end of a reported speech.
The man said, “I can do whatever I want.”
The Quaid said, “I shall make Pakistan a great country.”

Abbreviations vs. Acronyms vs. Initialisms
• Abbreviations
shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase
Dr. for Doctor, U.S. for United States, lb. for pound.
• Initialisms are abbreviations that are pronounced one letter at a time.
Examples:
– FBI
– HTM
• Acronyms are abbreviations that are pronounced as words.
Examples:
– NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
– AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
– OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Full stop/Period
•With Abbreviations
A full stop is used at the end of an abbreviation.
Mr. Mister
Mrs. Missus
Dr. Doctor
A.D Anno Domini
a.m. Ante-meridiem The terms also are frequently written as A.M., P.M.; AM, PM; and am, pm. W&M
p.m. Post-meridiem
Jr. Junior
Sr. Senior

Full stop/Period
•Don’t Use a Period with Acronyms
KIPS is an eminent academy of the twin cities.
NUML is a university.
WASA is an efficient organization in Rawalpindi.
PIMS is an acronym used without a period.
Initialism
(pronunciation)
261

Comma
(,)

Comma
•Separation of three or more than three items
Use a comma to make a separation between three or more than
three entities.
Example
I bought chocolates, candies, biscuits and cookies.
The treasure is hidden under a tree, by the lake side, beneath
the rock or in the field.

Comma
Separation of Coordinating Adjectives
Adjectives of same category.
Example
The competent, proficient, verbose and eloquent
teacher speaks quite well. (Opinion)
No Punctuation with Cumulative Adjectives
Adjectives of different category.
Examples
The big old black bull was rushing in the streets. (size,
age, color) Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 264

Comma
Use a comma
Example
The huge big hefty
enormous and gigantic
building of Centaurus looks
astoundingProf. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 265

Comma
• Noun in Apposition
A comma is placed before and after a noun in apposition.
Example
Quaid e Azam, a great leader, was born at Karachi.
His wife, the tension of his life, is somewhat an extra-sensitive
lady.
Note: An em-dash can also be used instead of bracketing
comma.
Quaid e Azam—a great leader—was born at Karachi.

Comma
•With Dates
August 28, 2024 American
28th
August 2024 British

Comma
•Punctuation of Coordinating Conjunctions
A comma is placed if the subject is mentioned after a
coordinating conjunction. If subject is not mentioned then
comma is not used.
The teacher delivered the lecture, but he did not revise the
main points.
The teacher delivered the lecture but did not revise the main
points.

Comma
•After Conjunctive Adverbs
Structure
Independent Clause; Conjunctive Adverb, Independent Clause
Short Form
I.C ; CA, I.C
Ali was not feeling well; therefore, he left the college.
The employee has got a bonus; indeed, he really deserves it.

Comma
•After Conjunctive Adverbs
Between a Single Clause
He, therefore, left the college.
List of Common Conjunctive Adverbs
Accordingly, in fact, furthermore, moreover, similarly, hence,
however, nevertheless, besides, incidentally, next, thereafter,
certainly, indeed, nonetheless, therefore, consequently, instead,
likewise, otherwise, undoubtedly, further and meanwhile.

Comma
Punctuate the following line.
CSS 2024
Harvey is a good driver moreover he is a very friendly one.

Comma
•Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions if appear between the
center of two clauses, don’t take a comma; but if they
appear at the very beginning of the sentence, they take
a comma.
He shall get a prize if he works hard. (Center-No
comma)
If he works hard, he shall get a prize. (Comma
required) Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 272

Rule No 5.
Memorizing Subordinating Conjunctions
A WHITE BUS
A – As, after, although, as though, as if
W – When, whenever, where, wherever, while
H – How
I – If
T – Than, though, that
E – Even if, even though
B – Before, because
U – Unless, until
S – Since, so that
Contributed by: Jahanzaib Zarkoon, Batch 116

Comma
•Non restrictive Clause
A comma is required for the mentioning of non-restrictive
clauses.
The Earth, which is the third planet, moves around the sun.
The Quaid-e-Azam, who liberated Pakistan, was a skillful
lawyer and a politician.
Note: An Em-dash may also be used instead of a comma to
separate nonessential clause.

Comma
•Separation of Introductory Chunks
A comma is used to make separation of the
introductory elements.
In the corner of the room, the dead body of the man
was lying.
Carrying a basket on his shoulder, the old man
moved up the hill. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 275

Comma
•Separation of Reporting and Reported Speech
A comma is used to make separation between reporting and
reported speech.
The Quaid said, “I shall make Pakistan a great country of
the world.”
“I shall make Pakistan a great country of the world,” said
the Quaid. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 276

Comma
•In Vocative Case Addressing Someone
A comma is used to address someone.
Mr. Shahbaz, keep quiet if you want to stay here.
Miss Khair ul Wara, would you mind writing something
on the board.
•After words like: Yes and No
Yes, I have taught for many years in this realm of education.
No, I have not misbehaved with you.

Comma
Separating Question Tags
He has written some notes, hasn’t he?
I think he fulfilled his promise, didn’t he?
Separating Contrasting Parts
This is my college, not yours.
He was laughing at you, not with you.

Comma
•Comma Splice cannot be used
A comma if used to separate two clauses is used is termed as a comma splice. This
usage is a mistake.
Azadar is a teacher, he teaches at CSPs. (Wrong usage)
Remedy
Azadar is a teacher. He teaches at CSPs.
Azadar is a teacher; he teaches at CSPs.
Azadar is a teacher: he teaches at CSPs.
Azadar is a teacher; therefore, he teaches at CSPs.
Azadar is a teacher, and he teaches at CSPs.
Azadar is a teacher because he teaches at CSPs.

Comma
A comma is used to separate the combination of
dependent clauses.
He promised that he will never tell a lie, that he will
stay truthful, that he will not disturb people; and it is
hoped that he shall fulfil his words.

Semicolon
(;)
A semicolon serves
as a connecting
mark between two
independent clauses
281

Semicolon
•A Semicolon instead of a Comma Splice
A comma if used to separate two clauses is termed as a
comma splice. This usage is a mistake.
Azadar is a teacher, he teaches at CSPs. (Wrong usage)
Remedy
Azadar is a teacher; he teaches at CSPs.

Semicolon
•A Semicolon with Conjunctive Adverbs
Structure
Independent Clause; Conjunctive Adverb,
Independent Clause
Short Form
I.C ; CA, I.C
Azadar is a teacher; therefore, he teaches at CSPs.

Semicolon
• Usage before Coordinating Conjunction
Use a semicolon between before FANBOYS if the preceding part contain a
comma.
Structure
, ;FANBOYS Independent Clause
Short Form
, ;FANBOYS IC
Although he is working hard, he still fails to make his position stable; and he
feels dejected after this failure.
At night, the singer shall perform his third consecutive performance; for he has
been singing at different cities for the last ten days.
The singer shall perform his third consecutive performance at night, for he has
been singing at different cities for the last ten days.
Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬ , an embodiment of justice, introduced a true judiciary system;
and there is no one like him. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 284

Semicolon
•Semicolon is Used between Pairs of General and
Subtype Combination
I have visited England, London;
France, Paris; Germany, Berlin and Turkey, Ankara.
I have driven Toyota, Vitz; Suzuki, Swift; Mercedes, A5 and
Honda, Civic.
The conference has people who have come from Moscow,
Idaho; Springfield, California; Alamo, Tennessee and other
places as well.

Colon
(:)
A colon explains a
previous idea. It can
be decoded as; That
is, it is who are, who is
286

Colon
•Mentioning a List
Let me tell you the grammatical categories I like: gerund,
infinitive, bare infinitive and past participle.
The sports in Olympics include: table tennis, high jump,
swimming, weight lifting and hurdle racing.

Colon
•Mentioning Quotation of a publicly renowned
figure
Our great leader, Quaid-e-Azam, said: “I shall make Pakistan a
great country of the world.”
Shakespeare says: “Life is a stage, and we all are actors.”

Colon
•More General: More Specific (In Sentence Form)
Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought.
Pakistan needs only one thing: political stability.
I just bought a new car: a Land Rover.
•More General: More Specific (In Titles)
A colon can be used in titles. All parts of speech except articles, conjunctions,
prepositions and helping verbs are capitalized.
Title: The Art of War: Strategies for Success
Title: The History of Photography: From Daguerreotypes to Digital
Title: The Renaissance: An Era of Cultural Rebirth

Colon
•Mentioning Ratio and Digital Time
The colon may be used in writing ratios:
Among students of CSS, girls outnumber boys by more than 4:1.
It was 4:10 am when I reached Rawalpindi.

Colon
•Combining Two Independent Clauses
Use a colon to join two independent clauses.
Structure
Independent Clause: Independent Clause
Short Form
IC : IC
Azadar is a teacher : he teaches at CSPs.

Colon
•Referring Dialogues
Ahmad: How are you?
Akmal: I am fine. How are you doing?

Quotation Marks
Inverted Commas
(“”)

Quotation Marks
•Reported Speech
Inverted commas are used over reported speech.
“I cannot bear his ill-mannerism,” said Aslam.

Quotation Marks
•Single Quotes: Quotation within a
Quotation
Single quotes are used to refer quotation within a
quotation.
The coach said, “When you say, ‘I shall be there on
time,’ I expect you to mean what you say.”

Quotation Marks
•Referring Titles of Books/Movies
“Great Expectations” is a famous novel by Charles
Dickens.
The politician said, “Have you read ‘In the Line of
Fire’ ?”

Apostrophe
(’)

Apostrophe
• Contraction
Madam----Ma’am
Do not---- Don’t
Did not---- Didn’t
It is ---- It’s
Had not ---- Hadn’t
She’d go there. ---- She would if there is V1
She’d gone there. ---- She had if there is V3

Apostrophe
• Possession
Singular Nouns
Ahmad’s book is expensive.
Aslam’s car is red.
Plural Nouns
This is children’s hospital.
Pakistan people’s party is led by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.
This is a girl’s hostel.
This is girls’ hostel.
Proper Nouns
Chips’ room had Turkish carpet.
Waqas’ office is located far away. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 299

Apostrophe
• Possession
With Two Inanimate Things
The door’s latch is broken. (Incorrect)
The door latch is broken.
The latch of the door is broken.
Exception:
Names of countries, cities and organizations, initialism and acronyms.
Units of measurement: The unit gets an apostrophe when it is modifies a noun.
Fifteen years' experience is a strong point of the employee.
A two weeks' notice was given.
That was his heart’s desire. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 300

Sign of
Interrogation
(?)

Sign of Interrogation
•For Questions Helping Verb,WH Words
Have you done your duty?
Is it raining?
Why have you done this?
Where are you going?
How shall you do your assignment?
Whom do you want to meet?
Whose book is this?
He said to me, “How are you?”
Note: Don’t use a question mark in indirect speech.
He asked me how I was.

•In Reporting Speech
If reporting speech has interrogation, the question mark
is placed after the quotes of reported speech.
CSS special 2023
Did he really say, “I want to do it again.”

•In Reporting Speech
If reporting speech has interrogation, the question mark is
placed after the quotes of reported speech.
CSS special 2023
Did he really say, “I want to do it again.”?

Punctuate the Line
Does the teacher say, “Are you preparing for
CSS?”

Punctuate the Line
Did he comment, “I am an army officer I render
my services in army”

With Question Marks Carrying
Sentiments:
Did I do something wrong with you?
Why did you do it to me!?

Sign of
Exclamation
(!)

Sign of Exclamation
•With Themes like:
With Interjections: Alas! Hurrah! Wao! Bravo!
Oops! Man! Yes!
Surprise: “Oh! You already bought a new car!”
Pray: May you live long!
Curse: May you fall in a ditch!

Sign of Exclamation
•With Themes like:
Wish: Would that I were a millionaire!
With Strong Imperatives for Emphasis: “Stop it! Do it at once!
Make you assignment! Go away!
With Exclamatory Sentences: “What a beautiful building! How
incredible the scene is!
With Question Marks Carrying Sentiments: Did I do
something wrong with you? Why did you do it to me!?

Hyphen
(-)
• SHIFT+ KEY AFTER ZERO ABOVE P

Hyphen
• With Compound Words, Expression
Quaid-e-Azam, Now-a-days, Brother-in-law, Out-
of-date (Important) X-ray, T-shirt
•After Prefixes (Your Choice)
Ex-husband, Non-essential, Un-breakable, Non-
American Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 312

En-Dash
(–)
• CTRL+-
• It is equal to the width of capital N

En-Dash
En-Dash Replaces “To”
It shows period or tenure.
Shoaib Akhter played cricket (1997–2011)

Em-Dash
(—)
• CTRL+ALT -
• It is equal to the width of capital M

Em-Dash
•Em Dash
It shows additional information. non-essential
information is usually portrayed by an Em Dash.
My uncle—where is he now? —would like to meet you.
The package was lying by the front door— a cube
shaped carton — sealed with tape.
Note: Em dash is used in informal written script.

Em-Dash
•More General: More Specific (In
Sentence Form)
Africa is facing a terrifying problem — perpetual drought.
Pakistan needs only one thing — political stability.
I just bought a new car — a Land Rover.

Em-Dash can be replaced by
a colon
•More General: More Specific (In
Sentence Form)
Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought.
Pakistan needs only one thing: political stability.
I just bought a new car: a Land Rover.

Ellipsis
(…/….)

Ellipses
Ellipses shows Hesitation, Changes of Mood, Suspense, Omission
of Words, Phrase Clauses
You had always been cheating on me in the past, and presently, it is
imperative that…
(Three dots show the clause is missing, but it is understood by the reader
owing to the reading of the supporting text)
The student has made a blunder; now,….
(Four dots in ellipses shows that the fourth dot is a full stop which is used to
end a clause)
Pride is one thing, but what happens if she…

Practice Passage CSS 2018 Paper
a hungry lion slipped out of the forest into a barnyard one evening when he saw a plump
donkey his mouth began to water but just as he was ready to jump on the donkey a
rooster crowed he was frightened and so turned away into the forest again hey look at that
cowardly lion the donkey brayed to the rooster i am going to chase him and the donkey
ran after the lion wait the rooster shouted you dont know that but it was too late the lion
had turned and killed the donkey ah my poor stupid friend the rooster said as he watched
the lion eating the donkey the lion wasn’t afraid of you but of my crowing

Practice Passage CSS 2020 Paper
while taking a nap on the porch one hot summer day hodga dreamed
that a stranger promised to give him ten pieces of gold the stranger
placed them in hodgas hand one by one until he reached the tenth
piece which he hesitated to give him come on what are you waiting for
said hodga you promised me ten just then he woke up he immediately
looked at his hand and saw that it was empty he quickly shut his eyes
again stretched out his hand and said all right i ll settle for nine.

Narration

Subjective Section II (25)
1. Sentences
2. Paragraph
Marks: 05

Narration
Narration means;
“ To narrate something”
or
“To say something”.

Types of Narration
There are two types of narration
as under;
1. Direct Narration
2. Indirect Narration

1. Direct Narration
Quoting the exact wordings of the
speaker.
The Quaid said, “I shall make Pakistan the greatest
country of the world.”

2. Indirect Narration
Quoting someone's saying in your
own words.
The Quaid said that he would make Pakistan the
greatest country of the world.

Parts of Direct Speech
There are two parts of a Direct
Speech as under;
1. Reporting Speech
2. Reported Speech

1. Reporting Speech
Azadar says, “I am an English teacher.”
•The part of direct speech outside inverted
commas is reporting speech.

2. Reported Speech
Azadar says, “I am an English teacher”
•The part of direct speech inside inverted commas
is reported speech.

Reporting and Reported Verb
Azadar says, “I am an English teacher.”
Reporting Verb: Verb of reporting speech is a
reporting verb i.e. “says”
Reported Verb: Verb of reported speech is a
reported verb i.e. “am”

Importance of Reporting Verb
• Reported Verb is linked with the change of tense in reported
speech.
• If reporting verb is in present or in future tense, the verb/tense of
reported speech does not change.
Example
Azadar says, “I am an English teacher”
Azadar says that he is an English teacher.
Azadar will say, “I am an English teacher”
Azadar will say that he is an English teacher.
Note: Any combination of all four present and future tense may
appear in reporting speech. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 333

Reporting Verb (PAST TENSE)
REPORTED SPEECH IN PAST TENSE
Present  Past

• If reporting verb is in past tense, the change in the tense of
reported speech happens in this way as under;
REPORTED SPEECH IN PRESENT TENSE
• Simple Present → Simple Past
Azadar said, “I am an English teacher.”
Azadar said that he was an English teacher.
• Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite
Azadar said, “I drive a car”
Azadar said that he drove a car.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Azadar said, “I am driving a car”
Azadar said that he was driving a car.

•Past Indefinite → Past Perfect
Ali said, “I drove a car”
Ali said that he had driven a car.
Ali said, “I was a driver”
Ali said that he had been a driver.
•Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Ali said, “I was driving a car”
Ali said that he had been driving a car.

•Past Perfect → No Change
Ali said, “I had driven a car”
Ali said that he had driven a car
•Past Perfect Continuous → No Change
Ali said, “I had been driving a car”
Ali said that he had been driving a car.

REPORTED SPEECH IN FUTURE TENSE
In all future tenses the “will and shall” change into “would”
• Future Indefinite
Ali said, “I shall/will drive a car”
Ali said that he would drive a car.
• Future Continuous
Ali said, “I shall/will be driving a car”
Ali said that he would be driving a car.

REPORTED SPEECH IN FUTURE TENSE
In all future tenses the “will and shall” change into “would”
• Future Perfect
Ali said, “I shall/will have driven a car.”
Ali said that he would have driven a car.
• Future Perfect Continuous
Ali said, “I shall/will have been driving a car”
Ali said that he would have been driving a car.

REPORTED SPEECH WITH MODAL VERBS
Change in Modal Verbs
Modal verbs undergo the following change,
Can → Could.
Ali said, “I can drive a car.”
Ali said that he could drive a car.
May → Might.
Ali said, “It may rain.”
Ali said that it might rain.

• Could → Could/Could have 3rd Form.
Ali said, “I could drive a car.”
Ali said that he could drive a car.
• Should → Should/Should have 3rd Form.
Ali said, “I should drive a car.”
Ali said that he should drive a car.

• Would → Would/Would have 3rd Form.
Ali said, “I would drive a car.”
Ali said that he would drive a car.
• Might → Might/Might have 3rd Form.
Ali said, “I might drive a car.”
Ali said that he might drive a car.
Prof. Naveed B
342

• Must → Must have 3rd Form/ had to+ first form of verb
Ali said, “I must drive a car.”
Ali said that he must drive a car.
Ali said that he must have driven a car.
Ali said that he had to drive a car.
Prof. Naveed B
343

Exercise
1. He will say, “He can perform well.”
2. The teacher said, “Aslam can take first position.”
3. The motivational speaker said, “The young man must apply
for a job.”
4. The news reporter said, “ It might rain.”
5. She said, “I was a police officer.”
6. They said, “We have been driving the car for one hour.”
7. I said to him, “He goes.”
Prof. Naveed B
344

Change of Pronouns
Types of Personal Pronouns
There are three types of personal pronouns as under;
1. First Person Pronouns
2. Second Person Pronouns
3. Third Person Pronouns

Concept of First Person Pronouns and Their Case
Personal Pronouns Subjective Case Objective Case
1st Person
The person speaking
I Me
We Us
2nd Person
The person listening You You
3rd Person
The person spoken of
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them

Change in First Person Pronouns
Pronouns of first person become the subject of reporting speech.
He said, “I will work hard”
He said that he would work hard. (I → he)
They said, “We play cricket”
They said that they played cricket. (We→ they)

Change in Second Person Pronouns
Pronouns of second person in reported speech are changed according to the
object of reporting speech.
He said to me, “You will work hard”
He said to me that I would work hard. (You → I)
They said to him, “You play cricket”
They said to him that he played cricket. (You→ he)
The teacher said to her, “You can achieve position in the class”
The teacher said to her that she could achieve position in the class. (You→ she)

Change in Second Person Pronouns
Remember
If reporting speech lacks an object then it is up to your choice to make the
change. For instance,
He said, “You will work hard”
He said that I/he would work hard. (You → I/he)
They said, “You play cricket”
They said that he/I/they/she played cricket. (You→ you/he/I/they/she)
Note: If reporting speech lacks an object, it is up to your choice to
make the change, but pronoun “I” is preferred.

Change in Third Person Pronouns
Pronouns of third person remain unchanged. For example,
Ali said, “He works very hard.”
Ali said that he worked very hard. (He → he)
The teacher said, “She will score high in the test”
The teacher said that she would score high in the test. (She → she)
The captain said, “They cannot beat us”
The captain said that they could not beat them. (They → They)

Types of Sentences
“Manner” means “theme” that a sentence keeps in it. It could be a
statement, order, inquisition (question), pray, wish, happiness,
sorrow etc. There are five types of sentences by Manners.
1. Declarative or Assertive Sentences (Start with Subject)
2. Imperative Sentences (Start with Verb)
3. Interrogative Sentences (Start with HV or WH Forms)
4. Exclamatory Sentences (Have emotions, interjection and !)
5. Optative Sentences (Pray, curse and wish)

Narration for Assertive and Declarative Sentences
Rules
All rules for changing remain the same.
1. He says, “I am unwell”.
2. He says that he is unwell.
3. They said to me, “You are doing excellent.”
4. They said to me that I was doing excellent.
5. He said, “He had been driving the car for 10 minutes”
6. He said that he had been driving the car for 10 minutes.

Exercise for Assertive/Declarative
Sentences
1. Jim says, "I have read Shakespeare."
2. He said to me, “He needs a holiday."
3. He said, "India is in Asia."
4. She says, “He was not wasting my time."
5. He said, "I fear that he will fail badly."
6. He said, "I hope; he will succeed."
7. He said, “You have had some good news."
8. “The earth revolves around the sun," said the scientist.
9. The boy said, “They went home early.“
10. He said, "I may arrive later."
11. He said to me, "I shall speak to him."
12. He said to me, "I have great faith in you."
13. The doctor said to me, "I must put you on a very strict diet.“
Contributed by: Laiba Farooq
Batch No. 218 353

Narration for Imperative Sentences
Examples
The old man said, “Give me a glass of water please.”
The officer said, “Fire the gun.”
The manager said to the peon, “Get out of my room.”
The teacher said, “Respect your parents.”
The man said to a passerby, “Take the right road.”

CRAS (Command, Request, Advice and Suggestion)
Begin with a verb
Examples
The old man said, “Give me a glass of water please.”
The old man requested to give him a glass of water.
The officer said, “Fire the gun.”
The officer ordered to fire the gun.
The manager said to the peon, “Get out of my room.”
The manager ordered the peon to get out of his room.
The teacher said us, “Respect your parents.”
The teacher advised us to respect our parents.
The man said to a passerby, “Take the right way.”
The man suggested a passerby taking the right way.
355

• The man said to me, “Offer your prayers five times a day.”
• The man advised me to offer my prayers five times a day.
• The teacher said to students, “Work hard to get good marks”
• The teacher encouraged the students to work hard to get good marks.
• The nurse said, “Keep quiet in the hospital”
• The nurse directed to keep quiet in the hospital.
• The teacher said to the student, “Don’t waste your time”
• The teacher advised the students not to waste their time.
• The teacher forbade the students to waste their time.

Negative Sentences
Father said to his son, “Never tell a lie”
Father advised his son not to tell a lie.
Father forbade his son to tell a lie.
Father said to his son, “Don’t tell a lie”
Father advised his son not to tell a lie.
Father forbade his son to tell a lie.

Sentences Starting with “Let”
Imperative way (to + first form of verb)
Should be allowed
He said, “Let me speak a little bit”
He asked to let him speak a little bit.
He requested that he should be allowed to speak a little bit.
Contributed by: Javeria Riaz
Batch No. 219

Exercise for Imperative Sentences
1. They said, "Let us go to the park"
2. "Run away, children," said mother.
3. He said, "My child, bring me a glass of water."
4. My sister said to me, "Please, turn off the fan."
5. "Halt," said the police officer to his men.
6. "Take off your hat," the king said to the culprit.
7. The master said to him, "Bring me some oil and a lump of ice.“
8. Don't go into my study," he said to them.
9. Mother said to me, "Always speak the truth."
10. "Don't wait for me," I said to him.
11. "Don’t make noise in the class," she told him.
12. She said, "Let us not deceive ourselves."

Change the Narration
The man said to him, “You are
a good student; work hard.”

Change the Narration
The man said to him, “You are a good student; work hard.”
The man said to him that he was a good student; furthermore, he advised him
to work hard.
The man said to him that he was a good student; in addition, he advised him
to work hard.
The man said to him that he was a good student. Moreover, he advised him
to work hard.
The man said to him that he was a good student ,and he advised him to work
hard.
The man said to him that he was a good student and advised him to work
hard.
The man told him that he was a good student and suggested him working
hard. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 361
Contributed by: Muhammad Younas
Batch No. 219

Narration for Interrogative Sentences
Ways to as a Question
Helping verb at the beginning
Using WH Forms

Helping verb at the beginning
•He said, “Has he done his duty?”
•The teacher said, “Am I clear to you?”
•He said to me, “Will you go for a picnic today?”
•The student said, “Does the teacher teach?”

Using WH Forms
•He said, “Where has that person gone?”
•He said to me, “What are you doing here?”
•They said, “Where has it been raining since
morning?”
•He said to me, “How are you?”

Have questions or an inquisition.
Ways to as a Question
Helping verb at the beginning
Using WH Forms

Common Rules
 That is not used
 Indirect forms do not have sign of interrogation.
 All indirect forms of interrogative sentences follow the
pattern of an assertive sentence.
 The “said/say” of reporting speech changes to
“asked/inquired” and “asks/inquires” respectively.
366

Sentences Starting with Helping Verb
If reported speech starts with “helping verb” then in indirect form “If or
whether” is used.
Example
• He said, “Has he done his duty?”
He asked if he had done his duty.
• The teacher said, “Am I clear to you?”
The teacher asked if he was clear to them.
• He said to you, “Will you go for a picnic today?”
He asked you if you would go for a picnic that day.

Sentences Starting with W-H Forms
If the reported speech starts with W-H forms such as who, when, where, why, whom, whose, how etc then they remain the same in indirect
form.
Example
• He said, “Where has that person gone?”
• He asked where that person had gone.
• He said to me, “What are you doing here?”
• He asked me what I was doing there.
• They said, “Where has it been raining since morning?”
• They asked where it had been raining since morning.
• They said, “What has happened to Aslam?”
• They asked what had happened to Aslam.
• He said to me, “How are you?”
• He asked me how I was. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 368

Exercise for Interrogative Sentences
1. He said, “Did he go to the park?"
2. “Were all the children in the house?" said the mother.
3. He said to her, “Can you give me a glass of water?"
4. My sister said to me, “Has somebody been bothering you?"
5. “Did you stop the victim?" said the police officer to his men.
6. The master said to him, “Who was the one who cracked a joke?“
7. “Where were you last night?" he said to them."
8. “May I come in?" I said to the teacher.
9. “How are you? " she told him.
10. “How were you?" she told him.

Narration for Exclamatory Sentences
Example:
He said, “Alas! My cousin has died in a road accident.”
The boys said, “Hurrah! We will have a trip to Naran Kaghaan.”
He said, “Bravo! My father had bought a plot at Bahria Town.”
He said, “My friend has died!”

Rules
•“That” is used
•Reporting verb will change in accordance with the nature of
Exclamatory Sentence in reported speech.
•The “said/say” of reporting verb will change accordingly with
the prevailing emotion of exclamatory sentence as under;
•Sorrow → exclaimed/exclaims/will exclaim with sorrow/
gloom/sadness/pathos/grief
•

Types of Sentences by Manners
Rules
• Happiness → exclaimed/exclaims/will exclaim with happiness/joy/mirth
• Wonder → exclaimed/exclaims/will exclaim with wonder/
surprise/astonishment/amazement
• Instead of exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise, exclaimed joyfully, sorrowfully, surprisingly
may also be used.
• Words like Hurrah! Alas! Wao! Ha! Bravo! Ouch! are exempted
• If reported speech starts with “How and What” then the word “very” is introduced in
indirect narration.
• After exclaimed with (feeling) the structure of assertive sentence is followed.

Rules
He said, “My cousin has died in a road accident!”
He said, “Alas! My cousin has died in a road accident”
He exclaimed with sorrow that his cousin had died in a road accident.
The boys said, “Hurrah! We will have a trip to Naran Kaghaan”
The boys exclaimed happily that they would have a trip to Naran Kaghaan.
He said, “Bravo! My father had bought a plot in Bahria Town”
He exclaimed with joy that his father had bought a plot in Bahria Town.
The teacher said, “Bravo! You did well”
The teacher exclaimed with appreciation that I/he had done well.
She said, “Ouch! I think I have twisted my ankle”
She exclaimed with pain that she thought she had twisted her ankle.

• The principal said to me, “Hmm! At last you have secured good marks”
• The principal exclaimed me with appreciation that I had secured good marks at last.
• The tourist said on watching Centaurus, “What a beautiful building it is!”
• The tourist exclaimed with wonder on watching Centaurus that it was a beautiful building.
• The tourist said on watching Centaurus, “How beautiful this building is!”
• The tourist exclaimed with wonder on watching Centaurus that it building was very beautiful.
• The boy said, “How old this woman is!”
• The boy exclaimed with wonder that that woman was very old.
• The police man says, “Hmm! We will not be able to catch the thief”
• The police man exclaims with regret that they will not be able to catch the thief.
• He will say, “Hurrah! I did it”
• He will exclaim with joy that he did it.
Have You Noticed?
• In all indirect form of exclamatory narrations after “exclaimed with” structure of assertive sentence is followed i.e.
• Subject + Verb + Object/remaining part of sentence.

Exercise for Exclamatory Sentences
1. He said, "Alas! We will see him no more."
2. He said, "Alas! I am done for."
3. He said, "What a wonderful creature an elephant is!"
4. Alice said, "My God! I am ruined."
5. He said, "What a lazy boy you are!"
6. He said, "How cruel of him!"
7. My uncle said to me, "How intelligent you are!"

Narration for Optative Sentences
Rules
• “That” is used
• If reported speech starts with;
• May → it will be a pray or a curse
• Would that → it will be a wish
• Reporting verb will change in accordance with the nature of Optative
Sentence in reported speech.

Narration for Optative Sentences
Rules
• The “said/say” of reporting verb will change accordingly with the prevailing
nature of Optative Sentence as under;
• Wish → wish/wishes/wished/will wish
• Pray → pray/prays/prayed/will pray
• Curse → curse/curses/cursed/will curse
• May changes to “might”
• Would that is exempted

Example
• He said to me, “May you live long!”
• He prayed for me that I might live long.
• My mother said to me, “May you succeed in the test!”
• My mother prayed for me that I might succeed in the test.
• She said, “Would that I were rich!”
• She wished that she had been rich.
• I said to him, “Would that you were here on Sunday!”
• I wished for him that he had been there on Sunday.

Example
• You said to me, “ May you find your lost camera.”
You prayed for me that I might find my lost camera.
• The old woman said, “O land lord, May you get deprived of every blessing”
The old woman cursed the land lord that he might get deprived of every
blessing.
They said to their enemies, “May you go to hell.”
They cursed their enemies that they might go to hell.

Exercise for Optative Sentences
1. Mother said to me, "May you prosper in life."
2. The beggar said, "May you have everything in life."
3. He said, "May you never get anything.“
4. People said, "May his soul rest in peace.“
5. He said, “Would that Aslam were a nice fellow.”
6. Mahmood said, “Would that I were a CSP!”
7. Salma said, “Would that I were in Islamabad!”
Azadar Hussain 03345087946
380

381
Summary of All Types of Sentences
Assertive (That + subject + Verb)
Interrogative (If/whether + W-H Forms) (That)
Imperative (State of verb + To + 1st
form of Verb ) (That)
Exclamatory (Exclaimed with state of verb+ That)
Optative (prayed/cursed/wished+ That)

1. He said to me, “He is a hard working boy and
will he pass this time?”
2. The patient said good morning to the doctor and
said, “Can you spare me a few minutes?’’
3. Awais: How is he?
Compound Sentences
382

383
Solution
1. He told me that he was a hard working boy and asked if he
would pass that time.
OR
He told me that he was a hard working boy, andhe asked if
he would pass that time.
OR
He told me that he was a hardworking boy. He
further asked if he would pass that time.
2. The patient greeted the doctor with good morning and he
asked if he could spare him a few minutes.
3. Awais asks how he is. /Awais asked how he was.

384
 Akbar:
 Waseem:
 Akbar:
How are you ?
I am fine and what are you doing here?
I am doing a job here.
 Akbar asks Waseem how he is .
 Waseem replies that he is fine and further asks what Akbar is
doing here.
 Akbar answers that he is doing a job here. OR
 Akbar asked Waseem how he was.
 Waseem replied that he was fine and further asked what Akbar
was doing there.
 Akbar answered that he was doing a job there.

385
Akbar:
Waseem
: Akbar:
How are you?
I am fine and what you are doing here?
I am doing job here.

386
 Akbar: How are you ?
 Waseem: I am fine and what you are doing here?
 Akbar: I am doing a job here.
Akbar asks Waseem how he is. Waseem replies that he
is fine and further enquires what he is doing here.
Akbar replies that he is doing a job here.

CSS PAST PAPER 2016
Helen: Mr West, what has happened to John?
Mr. West: He has left the company.
Helen: Why has he done that?
Mr West: He asked me for a rise but I didn't give it to him.
Helen: Why didn't you give him a rise?
Mr. West: Because he was lazy.
Helen: Has he found another job?
Mr. West: Yes, he is working in a film company.
Helen: What is his salary like?
Mr. West: I think he earns quite a lot.
Helen: Does he like the new job?
Mr. West: I don't know.
Talk shop: Discuss matters concerning someone’s work

CSS PAST PAPER 2015
Just as we came in sight of the valley Jamil met
us,--“Yes, the valley is all very fine, but do you
know there is nothing to eat?”
“Nonsense; we can eat anything here.”
“Well, the brown bread’s two months old, and
there’s nothing else but potatoes.”
“There must be milk anyhow.”
“Yes, there was milk’’, he supposed.

Voice

Voice
85

Voice
Voice means;
“ Mode of expression”

Types of Narration
There are two types of voice as
under;
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice

1. Active Voice
When doer of action acts.
The player hits the ball.

1. Passive Voice
When the action is done by a
passive agent.
The ball is hit by the player.

Change of Pronoun
The change in pronouns appears in the way as under;
I → me
We → us
You → you
He → him
She → her
It → it
They → them

Common Rules
Following points should be kept in mind while changing the voice generally;
Identify a transitive verb in a sentence.
Pick the object by asking questions WHAT and WHOM from the verb.
Object of active precedes “helping verb” of respective tense in passive forms in
accordance with subject verb agreement.
All passive forms take third form of verb
Preposition “by” is placed before the subject of active in passive
All perfect continuous and future continuous are not changed into passive

Present Indefinite Tense
Structure
Object of Active + is/am/are + 3rd
From of Verb + by + Subject of Active
Example
He speaks English.
English is spoken by him.
Students take tests on Monday.
Tests are taken by students on Monday.
My boss appreciates me.
I am appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + is/am/are +not + 3rd
He does not speak English.
English is not spoken by him.
Students do not take tests on Monday.
Tests are not taken by students on Monday.
My boss does not appreciate me.
I am not appreciated by my boss.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure
Is/am/are + Object of Active + 3rd
From of Verb + by + Subject of Active?
Example
Does he speak English?
Is English spoken by him?
Do students take tests on Monday?
Are tests taken by students on Monday?
Does my boss appreciate me?
Am I appreciated by my boss? Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 399

Negative Interrogative Sentences
Structure
Is/am/are + Object of Active + not + 3rd
From of Verb + by + Subject of
Active?
Example
Does he not speak English?
Is English not spoken by him?
Do students not take tests on Monday?
Are tests not taken by students on Monday?
Does my boss not appreciate me?
Am I not appreciated by my boss?

Sentences starting with WHO follow the following
structure;
Structure
By whom + is/am/are + Object of Active + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who speaks English?
By whom is English spoken?
Who takes test on Monday?
By whom is test taken on Monday?
Who appreciates me?
By whom am I appreciated? Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 401

Sentences starting with W-H Forms
Structure
W-H + is/am/are + Object of Active + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where does she sing songs?
Where are songs sung by her?
Why does she commit a crime?
Why is a crime committed by her?
How can he do it?
How can it be done by him?

1. He opens the door.
2. He gives me spectacles.
3. The table is set by us.
4. She pays a lot of money.
5. I draw a picture
6. Blue shoes are worn by us.
7. They don't help you.
8. He doesn't open the book.
9. Does your father pick up the telephone?
10.Who disturbs the atmosphere of the class?
11.Does he not fix the problem?
12.Who seeks help?
13.This idea interests me. (Contributed by Umair Ali , Batch No 118)

Present Continuous Tense
Structure
Object of Active + is/am/are + being+ 3rd
Active
Example
He is speaking English.
English is being spoken by him.
Students are taking tests on Monday.
Tests are being taken by students on Monday.
My boss is appreciating me.
I am being appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + is/am/are + not + being+ 3rd
From of Verb + by + Subject
of Active
Example
He is not speaking English.
English is not being spoken by him.
Students are not taking tests on Monday.
Tests are not being taken by students on Monday.
My boss is not appreciating me.
I am not being appreciated by my boss.

Structure
Is/am/are + Object of Active + being+ 3rd
Active?
Example
Is he speaking English?
Is English being spoken by him?
Are students taking tests on Monday?
Are tests being taken by students on Monday?
Is my boss appreciating me?
Am I being appreciated by my boss?

Structure
Is/am/are + Object of Active + not + being + 3rd
of Active?
Example
Is he not speaking English?
Is English not being spoken by him?
Are students not taking tests on Monday?
Are tests not being taken by students on Monday?
Is my boss not appreciating me?
Am I not being appreciated by my boss?

structure;
Structure
By whom + is/am/are + Object of Active + being + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who is speaking English?
By whom is English being spoken?
Who is taking test on Monday?
By whom is test being taken on Monday?
Who is appreciating me?
By whom am I being appreciated?

Structure
W-H + is/am/are + Object of Active+ being + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where is she singing songs?
Where are songs being sung by her?
Why is she committing a crime?
Why is a crime being committed by her?
How is he doing it?
How is it being done by him?

Change the Voice.
1. He is committing an act of mischief.
2. The player is kicking the ball.
3. Money is being withdrawn by her.
4. Plants are being watered by the Gardner.
5. The hawker is making noise.
6. Is he not writing a story?
7. He is not distributing a circular.
8. Who is picking the telephone?
9. By whom is the car being stolen?
10. She is singing a song.

Present Perfect Tense
Structure
Object of Active + has/have + been + 3rd
Active
Example
He has spoken English.
English has been spoken by him.
Students have taken tests on Monday.
Tests have been taken by students on Monday.
My boss has appreciated me.
I have been appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + has/have + not + been + 3rd
of Active
Example
He has not spoken English.
English has not been spoken by him.
Students have not taken tests on Monday.
Tests have not been taken by students on Monday.
My boss has not appreciated me.
I have not been appreciated by my boss.

Structure
Has/Have + Object of Active + been + 3rd
Active?
Example
Has he spoken English?
Has English been spoken by him?
Have students taken tests on Monday?
Have tests been taken by students on Monday?
Has my boss appreciated me?
Have I been appreciated by my boss?

Structure
Has/Have + Object of Active + not + been + 3rd
of Active?
Example
Has he not spoken English?
Has English not been spoken by him?
Have students not taken tests on Monday?
Have tests not been taken by students on Monday?
Has my boss not appreciated me?
Have I not been appreciated by my boss?

structure;
Structure
By whom + has/have + Object of Active + been + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who has spoken English?
By whom has English been spoken?
Who has taken test on Monday?
By whom has test been taken on Monday?
Who has appreciated me?
By whom have I been appreciated?

Structure
W-H + has/have + Object of Active+ been + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where has she sung songs?
Where have songs been sung by her?
Why has she committed a crime?
Why has a crime been committed by her?
How has he done it?
How has it been done by him?

Change the Voice.
1. The boy has learnt the lesson.
2. Who has written a poem?
3. Holes have been made in the wall by rats.
4. Has the postman delivered letters?
5. Have they created problem in the hall?
6. Has she phoned him?
7. They have not caught the thieves.
8. Have they noticed us?
9. They have made him a king.

Past Indefinite Tense
Structure
Object of Active + was/were + 3rd
Example
He spoke English.
English was spoken by him.
Students took tests on Monday.
Tests were taken by students on Monday.
My boss appreciated me.
I was appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + was/were + not + 3rd
From of Verb + by +
Subject of Active
Example
He spoke English.
English was not spoken by him.
Students took tests on Monday.
Tests were not taken by students on Monday.
My boss appreciated me.
I was not appreciated by my boss.

Structure
Was/were + Object of Active + 3rd
Active?
Example
Did he speak English?
Was English spoken by him?
Did students take tests on Monday?
Were tests taken by students on Monday?
Did my boss appreciate me?
Was I appreciated by my boss?

Structure
Was/were + Object of Active + not + 3rd
Active?
Example
Did he not speak English?
Was English not spoken by him?
Did students not take tests on Monday?
Were tests not taken by students on Monday?
Did my boss not appreciate me?
Was I not appreciated by my boss?

structure;
Structure
By whom + was/were + Object of Active + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who spoke English?
By whom was English spoken?
Who took test on Monday?
By whom was test taken on Monday?
Who appreciated me?
By whom was I appreciated?

Structure
W-H + was/were + Object of Active + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where did she sing songs?
Where were songs sung by her?
Why did she commit a crime?
Why was a crime committed by her?
How did he do it?
How was it done by him?

1. He opened an account in the bank.
2. This matter was solved by us.
3. He played billiards.
4. The snow covered the roof.
5. I withdrew some amount from the bank.
6. The cinema hall was thronged with people.
7. Books were written by Shakespeare.
8. What made you angry?
9. Who developed the system of web designing?
10.He did not accept the offer.
11.Did you drive the car on Motorway?
12.Who disturbed the atmosphere of the class?
13.He gave me a prize.

Past Continuous Tense
Structure
Structure
Object of Active + was/were + being + 3rd
of Active
Example
He was speaking English.
English was being spoken by him.
Students were taking tests on Monday.
Tests were being taken by students on Monday.
My boss was appreciating me.
I was being appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + was/were +not + being + 3rd
From of Verb +
by + Subject of Active
He was not speaking English.
English was not being spoken by him.
Students were not taking tests on Monday.
Tests were not being taken by students on Monday.
My boss was not appreciating me.
I was not being appreciated by my boss.

Structure
Was/were + Object of Active + being + 3rd
of Active?
Example
Was he speaking English?
Was English being spoken by him?
Were students taking tests on Monday?
Were tests being taken by students on Monday?
Was my boss appreciating me?
Was I being appreciated by my boss?

Structure
Was/were + Object of Active + not + being + 3rd
From of Verb + by +
Subject of Active?
Example
Was he not speaking English?
Was English not being spoken by him?
Were students not taking tests on Monday?
Were tests not being taken by students on Monday?
Was my boss not appreciating me?
Was I being not appreciated by my boss?

structure;
Structure
By whom + was/were + Object of Active + being + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who was speaking English?
By whom was English being spoken?
Who was taking test on Monday?
By whom was test being taken on Monday?
Who was appreciating me?
By whom was I being appreciated?

Structure
W-H + was/were + Object of Active+ being + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where was she singing songs?
Where were songs being sung by her?
Why was she committing a crime?
Why was a crime being committed by her?
How was he doing it?
How was it being done by him?

Change the Voice.
1. You were telling a story.
2. Were they selling their car?
3. Noise was being made by the children.
4. I was being given a title by my pal.
5. What were you reading?
6. Who was creating problem in the class?
7. Were they not suggesting a suitable title for the book?
8. Who was calling me?
9. Why was government increasing the price of petrol?
10.Worshipers were performing ablution.

Past Perfect Tense
Structure
Object of Active + had + been + 3rd
Active
Example
He had spoken English.
English had been spoken by him.
Students had taken tests on Monday.
Tests had been taken by students on Monday.
My boss had appreciated me.
I had been appreciated by my boss.

Past Perfect Tense
Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + had +not + been + 3rd
Active
He had not spoken English.
English had not been spoken by him.
Students had not taken tests on Monday.
Tests had not been taken by students on Monday.
My boss had not appreciated me.
I had been appreciated by my boss.

Past Perfect Tense
Structure
Had + Object of Active + been + 3rd
Active?
Example
Had he spoken English?
Had English been spoken by him?
Had students taken tests on Monday?
Had tests been taken by students on Monday?
Had my boss appreciated me?
Had I been appreciated by my boss?

Past Perfect Tense
Structure
Had + Object of Active + not + been + 3rd
of Active?
Example
Had he not spoken English?
Had English not been spoken by him?
Had students not taken tests on Monday?
Had tests not been taken by students on Monday?
Had my boss not appreciated me?
Had I not been appreciated by my boss?

Past Perfect Tense
structure;
Structure
By whom + had + Object of Active + been + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who had spoken English?
By whom had English been spoken?
Who had taken test on Monday?
By whom had test been taken on Monday?
Who had appreciated me?
By whom had I been appreciated?

Past Perfect Tense
Structure
W-H + had + Object of Active+ been + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where had she sung songs?
Where had songs been sung by her?
Why had she committed a crime?
Why had a crime been committed by her?
How had he done it?
How had it been done by him?

Past Perfect Tense
Change the Voice.
1. The girls had already sung songs.
2. Who had bought a shirt for me?
3. Cars had been washed by the attendants in Service Station.
4. The Gardner had looked after the garden with care.
5. Had FBISE announced the result?
6. Had they created problem in the hall?
7. We had not been given suggestion on this topic.
8. Had you taken admission in the college?
9. Had thieves been caught by the police?
10. When had the car made a noise.

Future Indefinite Tense
Structure
Object of Active + will/shall+ be + 3rd
Active
Example
He will speak English.
English will be spoken by him.
Students will take tests on Monday.
Tests will be taken by students on Monday.
My boss will appreciate me.
I shall be appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + will/shall +not+ be + 3rd
From of Verb
+ by + Subject of Active
He will not speak English.
English will not be spoken by him.
Students will take tests on Monday.
Tests will not be taken by students on Monday.
My boss will not appreciate me.
I shall not be appreciated by my boss.

Structure
Will/shall + Object of Active+ be + 3rd
Active?
Example
Will he speak English?
Will English be spoken by him?
Will students take tests on Monday?
Will tests be taken by students on Monday?
Will my boss appreciate me?
Shall I be appreciated by my boss?

Structure
Will/shall + Object of Active + not + be + 3rd
From of Verb + by +
Subject of Active?
Example
Will he not speak English?
Will English not be spoken by him?
Will students not take tests on Monday?
Will tests not be taken by students on Monday?
Will my boss not appreciate me?
Shall I not be appreciated by my boss?

structure;
Structure
By whom + will/shall + Object of Active + be + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who will speak English?
By whom will English be spoken?
Who will take test on Monday?
By whom will test be taken on Monday?
Who will appreciate me?
By whom will I be appreciated?

Structure
W-H + will/shall + Object of Active+ be + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where will she sing songs?
Where will songs be sung by her?
Why shall she commit a crime?
Why shall a crime be committed by her?
How will he done it?
How will it be done by him?

Change the Voice.
1. The president will distribute prizes among the winners.
2. Who will do exercise of passive?
3. You will accept the invitation of your friend.
4. The hen will lay an egg daily.
5. Will the problem be solved by him?
6. Who will suggest a suitable title to précis ?
7. She will confide in you.
8. His feats will be shown by the juggler.
9. I will get a scholarship.
10. My student will take first position in CSS.

Future Perfect Tense
Structure
Object of Active + will/shall +have + been + 3rd
of Active
Example
He will have spoken English.
English will have been spoken by him.
Students will have taken tests on Monday.
Tests will have been taken by students on Monday.
My boss will have appreciated me.
I shall have been appreciated by my boss.

Negative Sentences
Structure
Object of Active + will/shall +have +not + been + 3rd
From of Verb
+ by + Subject of Active
He will not have spoken English.
English will not have been spoken by him.
Students will not have taken tests on Monday.
Tests will not have been taken by students on Monday.
My boss will not have appreciated me.
I will not have been appreciated by my boss.

Structure
Will/shall + Object of Active + have + been + 3rd
From of Verb + by +
Subject of Active?
Example
Will he have spoken English?
Will English have been spoken by him?
Will students have taken tests on Monday?
Will test have been taken by students on Monday?
Will have my boss appreciated me?
Shall I have been appreciated by my boss?

Structure
Will/shall + Object of Active + not + have + been + 3rd
From of Verb + by
+ Subject of Active?
Example
Will he not have spoken English?
Will English not have been spoken by him?
Will students not have taken tests on Monday?
Will test not have been taken by students on Monday?
Will my boss not have appreciated me?
Shall I not have been appreciated by my boss?

structure;
Structure
By whom + has/have + Object of Active + been + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Who will have spoken English?
By whom will English have been spoken?
Who will have taken test on Monday?
By whom will test have been taken on Monday?
Who will have appreciated me?
By whom shall I have been appreciated?

Structure
W-H + will/shall + have + Object of Active+ been + 3rd
Form of Verb?
Example
Where will she have sung songs?
Where will have songs been sung by her?
Why shall she have committed a crime?
Why shall have a crime been committed by her?
How shall he have done it?
How shall have it been done by him?

Change the Voice.
1. They will not have eaten mangoes.
2. The doctor will have dressed the patient?
3. Will the potter have fired the earthen bowls?
4. Will all the guests have not taken their seats?
5. Hounds will have fallen on the rabbits.
6. Who will have shut the hens in the Pen?
7. By whom will have the paraphrasing been done ?
8. The police will have dispersed the crowd.
9. How will have he done that task.
10. Why shall I have forgiven him?

Imperative Sentences
These sentences have a command, request, advice and a suggestion.
Structure for Positive Imperatives
Let + Object + be + 3rd
form of the Verb.
Open the closet.
Let the closet be opened.
Ring the bell.
Let the bell be rung.
Please give me a glass of water.
Let glass of water be given to me, please.
Say it to everyone.
Let it be said to everyone. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 453

Sentences Beginning with Let (Permission & Suggestion)
I/we/you/she may be/should be allowed......................
Let me play here. (Permission)
I may be allowed to play here.
I should be allowed to play here.
Let us help him. (Suggestion)
He should be helped.
Let him be helped by us.
It is suggested......................
Let us stay here. (Suggestion)
It is suggested that we should stay here.
Let us play here.
It is suggested that we should play here.

1. Open the door.
2. Have fun. (Contributed by Taj Ali Shah, Batch No 210)
3. Turn off the television.
4. Learn your lesson.
5. Kill the snake.
6. Punish him.
7. Speak the truth.
8. Help the poor.
9. Revise your book.
10.Clean your room.

Sentences with Modal Verbs
.
Structure
Modal + be + 3rd
form of the Verb.
He can write an essay.
An essay can be written by him.
He would teach English.
English would be taught by him.
The judge may contradict me.
I may be contradicted by the judge.
You must do an assignment.
An assignment must be done by you.

Sentences with Modal Verbs
Exercise
1.You can do it.
2.She will park her car.
3.They could solve the problem.
4.He must publish this poem.
5.No one can beat morality.

PMS Past Paper 2022
1.Do not pay him anything.
2.They will have caught the thief.
3.Lock the door.
4.I shall prove her innocence.
5.I had rung the bell.

PMS Past Paper 2022
1. Do not pay him anything.
2. Let him not be paid anything.
3. They will have caught the thief.
4. The thief will have been caught by them.
5. Lock the door.
6. Let the door be locked.
7. I shall prove her innocence.
8. Her innocence shall be proved by me.
9. I had rung the bell. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 459

TRICKY STATEMENTS
1. It is the time to water the plants.
2. I was to sell the watch.
3. They elected him a secretary.
4. We proclaimed him a winner.
5. The sun rises in the east.
6. Sugar is sweet.

TRICKY STATEMENTS
1.. It is the time to water the planets.
It is the time; plants are to be watered.
It is the time for plants to be watered.
2.. I was to sell the watch.
The watch was to be sold by me.
3.. They elected him a secretary.
He was elected a secretary by them.

Précis
Writing

Understanding Precis
Pouring the soul and essence of the
passage without hurting its theme in
the fewest possible lines with a TITLE.

Summary
Vs.
Precis

Summary Vs. Precis
Summary Precis
1.Length is not defined 1.One third of the original
NO COMPOSITION
2.Can use words and sentence
structure from the original text.
COMPOSITION
2.Break the structure of the
original text and rephrase it
with different words but
same idea
3. No Title 3.Title is assigned
465

Presentation of Précis
Question No. 02
Precis Writing
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PRECIS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Title: ------------------------------
Word Count of the Passage: 100
Word Count of the Precis: 33

Make Precis
A brave soldier praises honor and victory
more than his pay. A good clergyman is more
interested in the moral welfare of his people
than his returns. A good doctor values the care
of his patient far more than his fees. Thus,
with all the well-educated, intellectual
persons, their work is first, money next.

Precis
A soldier values honor. A clergyman
prefers morality. A doctor cares for the
patient. All true professionals prioritize
work over wealth.
Title: True Professionals and Moral
Preferences
Word Count of the Precis : 21

SOURCE OF PRECIS PARAGRAPHS
The precis passage appears from the six domains.
1. Literature and Art
2. Philosophy
3. Psychology
4. Political Science
5. International Relation
6. Sociology

FORMS OF PRECIS
The precis passage appears in the following
forms.
1.Travelogue
2.Biography
3.Speech

IMPORTANT DOMAINS IN PRECIS WRITING
Precis writing is gauged with following objectives by the examiner;
1. Comprehension 10
2. Composition and Title 07
3. Conciseness/Brevity 03
Division of Marks
4. Precis Writing 15
5. Title 05

Parts of a the Provided Text
1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
3. Supporting Details
4. Justification
5. Concluding Sentence

1. The Topic Sentence
The topic sentence is the sentence in which the main introduction of the
paragraph is stated. It is unquestionably the most important sentence in
the paragraph.
The topic sentence is generally composed of two parts:
1. The topic itself
2. The controlling idea.
Rocky is the name of a smart dog. He can perform lots of tricks.
When someone tells him to, Rocky will sit or lie down. He can also wave his
paw to greet people. On saying, “Dance Rocky”, he will stand up on two
legs and walk. Without any exaggeration he is the nimblest dog. I don’t
know of man’s dogs that can do such amazing tricks.
Docile
473

2. The Main Idea/Ideas
The main idea/ideas of a paragraph is/are the primary point/points that
the author wants to communicate to the readers about the topic. Main
idea is the sub-branch of the topic sentence. There could be a single or
many main ideas about the topic.
Rocky is the name of a smart dog. He can perform lots of tricks. When
someone tells him to, Rocky will sit or lie down. He can also wave his
legs and walk. Without any exaggeration he is the nimblest dog. I don’t
know of man’s dogs that can do such amazing tricks.

3. The Supporting Details
The supporting detail is linked with the main ideas. Every main idea has its
own supporting detail. It may have illustration, allusions, references and
extra details.
paw to greet people. On saying, “Dance Rocky”, he will stand up on
two legs and walk. Without any exaggeration he is the nimblest dog. I
don’t know of man’s dogs that can do such amazing tricks.

4. The Justification
The justification is the part of the para that justifies the central topic and
main ideas and supporting detail. .
Rocky is the name of a smart dog. He can perform lots of tricks.
When someone tells him to, Rocky will sit or lie down. He can
also wave his paw to greet people. On saying, “Dance Rocky”,
he will stand up on two legs and walk. Without any
exaggeration he is the nimblest dog. I don’t know of man’s
dogs that can do such amazing tricks.

5. The Concluding Statement
The concluding statement is generally the last line of the paragraph. It
wraps up the passage by giving the final and concluding crux of the
passage. It usually supports the topic sentence, main idea, supporting
detail and justification of the passage. Sometimes it may contradict as well
legs and walk. Without any exaggeration Rocky is the nimblest dog. I
don’t know of man’s dogs that can do such amazing tricks.

SQUEEZING THE EXTRACT
Keep in consideration;
1.The topic Sentence
2.Main ideas
3.Concluding statement (Prefer it more if it is
contradictory)

1. The topic Sentence
2. Main ideas
3. Concluding statement (Prefer it more if it is contradictory)
Rocky is the name of a smart dog. He can perform lots of tricks. When someone
tells him to, Rocky will sit or lie down. He can also wave his paw to greet people. On
saying, “Dance Rocky”, he will stand up on two legs and walk. Without any
exaggeration Rocky is the nimblest dog. I don’t know of man’s dogs that can do
such amazing tricks.

2. Main ideas
Rocky is the name of a smart dog. He can perform lots of tricks. Without any exaggeration Rocky
is the nimblest dog. I don’t know of man’s dogs that can do such amazing tricks.

REFINED PASSAGE
Rocky is the name of a smart dog. He can
perform lots of tricks. Without any
exaggeration Rocky is the nimblest dog. I don’t
know of man’s dogs that can do such amazing
tricks.

Skills Involved in Précis Writing
The scheme of Précis writing holds two skills.
1. The Reading
2. The Writing

The Reading
• Read the passage TWICE OR THRICE or until the theme gets clear
• Count words from every line and write it at its end. Sum up all the
word count. Divide it by three to get the exact word count for the
precis.
• Analyze TOPIC SENTENCE, MAIN IDEAS, SUPPORTING
DETAILS, JUSTIFICATION and CONCLUDING STATEMENT
• Form a view of the material that can be deleted
• Try to make an idea about the TITLE as well.

The Writing
• Underline the topic sentence in the paragraph
• Find out the MAIN IDEAS LINKED TO THE TOPIC SENTENCE
• Cut the dead wood like SUPPORTING DETAILS, EXAMPLES,
ILLUSTRATIONS, ALLUSIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
• Prefer concluding statement if it contradicts the overall theme of
the passage
• Make a refined para after deletion of unwanted supporting details.
• Change all words/Parts of Speech except Proper Nouns and
common nouns of the main idea.

The Writing
• Rephrase the refined paragraph
• Convey the sense/theme of the sentence with changed structure.
• Length of the precis is fixed that is one third of its original length
• Write first attempt of Précis in the form of FIRST DRAFT (in rough at the back
of the answer script)
• Skim through the first draft and try to identify those details which could still be
eliminated
• Remove the unnecessary details from the first draft and write down the
second version of the précis in the form of SECOND DRAFT

• Read the original passage again if needed; scrutinize the second draft
of your newly made version thoroughly.
• After much assessment put down the final version of your précis
along with an appropriate title.
• Every précis should receive a thorough revision. It should be
carefully compared with the original text to see that all the
important points have been included

Things to Remember
• Use your “own word”
• Write short sentences. Avoid using complex vocabulary and
verbosity.
• Always use indirect narration while writing a précis. The change
in the pronouns and all the rules concerning “Narration” should
be kept in mind.
• Proper and flawless grammatical structures are appreciated.

Things to Remember
• Tense of the passage should be the part of the precis.
• Write Precis in third person.
• Use of second person is not commonly seen in the passages.
• The precis of dialogue and conversation should be in third person narrator.
• One word substitution should be applied.
• If falling short of WORD COUNT Use colon and semicolon instead of
conjunctions and transitional devices.

Things to Remember
• Acquire objective approach and stick yourself within the boundary of
the theme
• Do not put your subjective or personal point of view
• Try to maintain the prevailing tone of happiness, melancholy,
sarcasm, irony, humor, threat, formality, informality, pessimism, and
optimism the passage.
• Précis should only be in a “single paragraph”
• Proper punctuation can enhance the impact of your précis. You can
rearrange the ideas but the prevailing theme should not be altered.
• Five C’s of Precis: Conciseness, Clarity, Coherence, Cohesiveness and
Compactness Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 489

Things to Remember
• It should look like a unit.
• The precis should not be in lengthy expression. Long sentences are
not appreciated in precis writing.

Presentation of Précis
Question No. 02
Precis Writing
Causes of Poverty
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PRECIS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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TITLE
TITLE of the passage is the overall
foundation of the passage. Title of the
passage holds the MOST IMPORTANT
FACT of the passage.

Writing a Title
Punctuation
Punctuate all words in the title except preposition,
articles, conjunctions and helping verbs.
Title: Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
Title: The Importance of Sowing Good Seeds
Title: The Need for Change and Variety

Are you Ready to
Make Precis of a
Passage?

Make precis of the passage and suggest a suitable title to it.
Poverty has myriads of causes in Pakistan. One of the main causes of poverty is illiteracy
which is so common in Pakistan. This means lack of basic understanding of reading and
writing abilities. This is more common among females. Illiteracy rate in Pakistan is forty
three percent; therefore, twenty four percent people are living below the poverty line.
Furthermore, poverty also emerges due to absence of job opportunities in both private and
public sector and in such situation citizens are unable to get money to fulfill their basic
needs. Poor economic growth is another factor that leads a society toward poverty and this
ultimately minimizes the earning potential of people. Therefore, poverty stems through
illiteracy, absence of job opportunities and poor economic growth. In short, it can be stated
that poverty has many reasons to occur in Pakistan.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

The topic sentence is the sentence in which the main idea of the paragraph is stated. It is
unquestionably the most important sentence in the paragraph.
The topic sentence generally is composed of two parts:
(a) The topic itself ORANGE
(b) The controlling idea. BLUE
Poverty has myriads of causes in Pakistan. One of the main causes of poverty is illiteracy which
is so common in Pakistan. This means lack of basic understanding of reading and writing
abilities. This is more common among females. Illiteracy rate in Pakistan is forty three percent;
therefore, twenty four percent people are living below the poverty line. Furthermore, poverty
also emerges due to absence of job opportunities in both private and public sector and in such
situation citizens are unable to get money to fulfill their basic needs. Poor economic growth is
an other factor that leads a society toward poverty and this ultimately minimizes the earning
potential of people. Therefore, poverty stems through illiteracy, absence of job opportunities
and poor economic growth. In short, it can be stated that poverty has many reasons in
Pakistan. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 497

The main idea/ideas of a paragraph is the primary point/points that the author wants to
communicate to the readers about the topic. Main idea/ is the sub-branch of the topic. There
could be a single or many main ideas about the topic.
Main Idea RED
writing abilities. This is more common among females. Illiteracy rate in Pakistan is forty three
percent; therefore, twenty four percent people are living below the poverty line.
needs. Poor economic growth is an other factor that leads a society toward poverty and this
ultimately minimizes the earning potential of people Therefore, poverty stems through
that poverty has many reasons in Pakistan.

The supporting detail is linked with the main ideas. Every main idea has its own supporting
detail. It may have illustration, allusions, references and extra details.
Supporting Details YELLOW

The justification is the part of the para that justifies the central topic and main ideas.
The Justification GREEN

The concluding statement is generally the last line of the paragraph. It wraps the passage by
giving the final and concluding line of the passage. It usually supports the main topic and
ideas of the passage. Sometimes it may contradict as well
The Concluding Statement LIGHT BLUE

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas

2. Main ideas
which is so common in Pakistan. Furthermore, poverty also emerges due to absence of job
opportunities. Poor economic growth is an other factor that leads a society toward poverty.

REFINED PASSAGE
Poverty has myriads of causes in Pakistan. One
of the main causes of poverty is illiteracy
which is so common in Pakistan. Furthermore,
poverty also emerges due to absence of job
opportunities. Poor economic growth is
another factor that leads a society towards
poverty.

Precis Writing: Steps and Time Management
Prescribed time: 60 minutes (Approximately) May vary in accordance with the length of the passage
 Step I (15 Min)
1. Word Counting
2. Reading the passage twice
 Step II (25 Min)
1. Underline the topic sentence
2. Finding main ideas
3. Delete supporting details, examples, allusions and illustrations
 Step III (20 Min)
1. Paraphrasing First, Second and Third Draft
 Step IV (05 Min)
1. Final Draft under a title
506

Practice Passage for Precis Writing 2011
The Psychological causes of unhappiness, it is clear, are many and various. The typical unhappy
man is one who having been deprived in youth of some normal satisfaction, has come to value
this one kind of satisfaction more than any other, and has, therefore, given to his life a one-
sided direction, together with a quite undue emphasis upon the achievement as opposed to
the activities connected with it. A man may feel so completely thwarted and remains unhappy
as he seeks no form of satisfaction due to some social reasons. They always find some
temporary solution to seek happiness and believe that happiness is possible, though they may
adopt mistaken means of achieving. Very few men, I believe, will deliberately choose
unhappiness if they see a way of being happy. I do not deny that such men exist, but they are
not sufficiently numerous to be important. It is common in our day, as it has been in many
other periods of the world’s history, to suppose that those among us who are wise have seen
through all the enthusiasms of earlier times and have become aware that there is nothing left
to live for. The man who holds this view are genuinely unhappy, but they are proud of their
unhappiness, which they attribute to the nature of the universe and consider to be the only
rational attitude for an enlightened man.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

The Psychological causes of unhappiness, it is clear, are many and various. The typical
unhappy man is one who having been deprived in youth of some normal satisfaction, has
come to value this one kind of satisfaction more than any other, and has, therefore, given to
his life a one-sided direction, together with a quite undue emphasis upon the achievement as
opposed to the activities connected with it. A man may feel so completely thwarted and
remains unhappy as he seeks no form of satisfaction due to some social reasons. They always
find some temporary solution to seek happiness and believe that happiness is possible,
though they may adopt mistaken means of achieving. Very few men, I believe, will
deliberately choose unhappiness if they see a way of being happy. I do not deny that such men
exist, but they are not sufficiently numerous to be important. It is common in our day, as it has
been in many other periods of the world’s history, to suppose that those among us who are
wise have seen through all the enthusiasms of earlier times and have become aware that
there is nothing left to live for. The men who hold this view are genuinely unhappy, but they
are proud of their unhappiness, which they attribute to the nature of the universe and
consider to be the only rational attitude for an enlightened man.

not sufficiently numerous to be important. It is common in our day, as it has been in many other
periods of the world’s history, to suppose that those among us who are wise have seen through
all the enthusiasms of earlier times and have become aware that there is nothing left to live for.
The men who hold this view are genuinely unhappy, but they are proud of their unhappiness,
which they attribute to the nature of the universe and consider to be the only rational attitude
for an enlightened man.

Justification of the paragraph is not there, but there exists justification of the two ideas only.

There is not concluding statement of the paragraph as a whole.

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
The Psychological causes of unhappiness, it is clear, are many and various. The typical unhappy man is
one who having been deprived in youth of some normal satisfaction, has come to value this one kind of
satisfaction more than any other, and has, therefore, given to his life a one-sided direction, together with
a quite undue emphasis upon the achievement as opposed to the activities connected with it. A man may
feel so completely thwarted and remains unhappy as he seeks no form of satisfaction due to some social
reasons. They always find some temporary solution to seek happiness and believe that happiness is
possible, though they may adopt mistaken means of achieving. Very few men, I believe, will deliberately
choose unhappiness if they see a way of being happy. I do not deny that such men exist, but they are not
sufficiently numerous to be important. It is common in our day, as it has been in many other periods of the
world’s history, to suppose that those among us who are wise have seen through all the enthusiasms of
earlier times and have become aware that there is nothing left to live for. The men who hold this view are
genuinely unhappy, but they are proud of their unhappiness, which they attribute to the nature of the
universe and consider to be the only rational attitude for an enlightened man.

2. Main ideas
man is one who having been deprived in youth of some normal satisfaction, A man may feel so
completely thwarted and remains unhappy as he seeks no form of satisfaction due to some
social reasons. Very few men, I believe, will deliberately choose unhappiness who are wise.
They are genuinely unhappy. They consider it to be the only rational attitude for an enlightened
man.

REFINED PASSAGE
The Psychological causes of unhappiness, it is clear, are
many and various. The typical unhappy man is one who
having been deprived in youth of some normal
satisfaction, A man may feel so completely thwarted and
remains unhappy as he seeks no form of satisfaction due
to some social reasons. Very few men, I believe, will
deliberately choose unhappiness who are wise. They are
genuinely unhappy. They consider it to be the only
rational attitude for an enlightened man.

Practice Passage for Precis Writing
Last Sunday, I ventured towards the rugged mountains of
Margalla hills. There, on a meandering track, I came across my
old pal. We greeted each other and went through our
childhood memories. The shared memories made us nostalgic.
Reminiscence of our childhood echoed in the corridors of our
mind. This meeting could have made both of us cry, but with
the passage of some time, we again switched back to our
normal mood. We hiked the mountain, and reached La
Montana. We had our lunch and finally parted from each other.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

The topic sentence is the sentence in which the main idea of the paragraph is stated. It is
unquestionably the most important sentence in the paragraph.
The topic sentence generally is composed of two parts:
(a) The topic itself ORANGE
(b) The controlling idea. BLUE
Last Sunday, I ventured towards the rugged mountains of Margalla hills. There, on a meandering
track I came across my old pal. We greeted each other and went through our childhood
memories. The shared memories made us nostalgic. Reminiscence of our childhood echoed in
the corridors of our mind. This meeting could have made both of us cry, but with the passage of
some time, we again switched back to our normal mood. We hiked the mountain, and reached La

The main idea/ideas of a paragraph is the primary point/points that the author wants to
communicate to the readers about the topic. Main idea/ is the sub-branch of the topic. There
could be a single or many main ideas about the topic.
Main Idea RED

The supporting detail is linked with the main ideas. Every main idea has its own supporting
detail. It may have illustration, allusions, references and extra details.
Supporting Details BLUE

The justification is the part of the para that justifies the central topic and main ideas.
The Justification GREEN

The concluding statement is generally the last line of the paragraph. It wraps the passage by
giving the final and concluding line of the passage. It usually supports the main topic and
ideas of the passage. Sometimes it may contradict as well
The Concluding Statement LIGHT BLUE

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
some time, we again switched back to our normal mood. . We hiked the mountain, and reached
La Montana. . We had our lunch and finally parted from each other.

2. Main ideas
Last Sunday, I ventured towards the rugged mountains of Margalla hills. There, I came across my
old pal. We went through our childhood memories. The shared memories made us nostalgic. We
hiked the mountain, and reached La Montana. . We had our lunch and finally parted from each
other.

REFINED PASSAGE
Last Sunday, I ventured towards the rugged
mountains of Margalla hills. There, I came
across my old pal. We went through our
childhood memories. The shared memories
made us nostalgic. We hiked the mountain, and
reached La Montana. . We had our lunch and
finally parted from each other.

Practice Passage
Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in
the sea and stories of them helping the drowning sailors
have been common since Roman times. The more we
learn about dolphins the more we come to know that their
society is very intricate. Dolphins look after other dolphins
when they are ill, care for the pregnant mothers and
protect the weakest in the community, as we do. They
communicate in non-verbal gestures as well. Could any of
these animals be more intelligent than a man? But man
being superior kills them in the most brutal way in the sea.
Without any biased vision we say that they are to some
extent have homogeneity with the brutal man.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

The Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the
sea and stories of them helping the drowning sailors have
been common since Roman times. The more we learn about
dolphins the more we come to know that their society is very
intricate. Dolphins look after other dolphins when they are ill,
care for the pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the
community, as we do. They communicate in non-verbal
gestures as well. Could any of these animals be more intelligent
than a man? But man being superior kills them in most brutal
way in the sea. Without any biased vision we say that they are
to some extent have homogeneity with the brutal man.

The Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea
and stories of them helping the drowning sailors have been
common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins
the more we come to know that their society is very intricate.
Dolphins look after other dolphins when they are ill, care for the
pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community, as
we do. They communicate in non-verbal gestures as well. Could
any of these animals be more intelligent than a man? But man
being superior kills them in most brutal way in the sea. Without
any biased vision we say that they are to some extent have
homogeneity with the brutal man.

The Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the
sea and stories of them helping the drowning sailors have
been common since Roman times. The more we learn about
dolphins the more we come to know that their society is very
intricate. Dolphins look after other dolphins when they are ill,
care for the pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the
community, as we do. They communicate in non-verbal
gestures as well. Could any of these animals be more intelligent
than a man? But man being superior kills them in most brutal
way in the sea. Without any biased vision we say that they are
to some extent have homogeneity with the brutal man.

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
The Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and
stories of them helping the drowning sailors have been common since
Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins the more we come to
know that their society is very intricate. Dolphins look after other dolphins
when they are ill, care for the pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in
the community, as we do. They communicate in non-verbal gestures as well.
Could any of these animals be more intelligent than a man? But man being
superior kills them in most brutal way in the sea. Without any biased vision
we say that they are to some extent have homogeneity with the brutal man.

2. Main ideas
The Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and
stories of them helping the drowning sailors Dolphins look after other
dolphins. They communicate in non-verbal gestures as well. But man
being superior kills them in most brutal way in the sea. Without any
biased vision we say that they are to some extent have homogeneity
with the brutal man.

REFINED PASSAGE
The Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in
the sea and stories of them helping the drowning sailors
Dolphins look after other dolphins. They communicate in
non-verbal gestures as well. But man being superior kills
them in most brutal way in the sea. Without any biased
vision we say that they are to some extent have

Narrative Paragraph
Mr. Farhan Ali is my best friend. He is an intelligent boy.
Therefore most of teachers like him . He always secures first
position in his class. Furthermore, he is a religious person. He
recites holy book regularly. He guides others about his religion
as well. As some one has well said, “ A man is known by the
company he keeps.” In addition, he is very cooperative and
always helps poor and needy. He enjoys to extend any kind of
assistance. These are qualities which force me to make
friendship with him.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

Therefore, most of teachers like him . He always secures first
recites the holy book regularly. He guides others about his
religion as well. As someone has well said, “ A man is known
by the company he keeps.” In addition, he is very cooperative
and he always helps the poor and the needy. He enjoys to
extend any kind of assistance. These are the qualities which
force me to make him my friend.

.

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
Mr. Farhan Ali is my best friend. He is an intelligent boy. Therefore
most of teachers like him . He always secures first position in his
class. Furthermore, he is a religious person. He recites holy book
regularly. He guides others about his religion as well. As some
one has well said, “ A man is known by the company he keeps.”
In addition, he is very cooperative and always helps poor and
needy. He enjoys to extend any kind of assistance. These are
qualities which force me to make friendship with him.

2. Main ideas
Mr. Farhan Ali is my best friend. He is an intelligent boyFurthermore,
he is a religious person. In addition, he is very cooperative and
always helps poor and needy.

REFINED PASSAGE
Furthermore, he is a religious person. In addition, he is
very cooperative and always helps poor and needy.

Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves
stand in the sun and endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit
of which others profit. The character of good men is like that of trees.
What is the use of this perishable body if no use is made of it for the
benefit of mankind? Sandalwood, the more it is rubbed, the more scent
does it yield. Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut up into pieces,
the more juice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart do not
lose their qualities even in losing their lives. What matters whether
men praise them or not? What difference does it make whether they
die at this moment or whether lives are prolonged? Happen what may,
those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life itself
is unprofitable to a man who does not live for others. To live for the
mere sake of living one’s life is to live the life of dog and crows. Those
who lay down their lives for the sake of others will assuredly dwell

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves stand in
the sun and endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit of which others
profit. The character of good men is like that of trees. What is the use of this
perishable body if no use is made of it for the benefit of mankind? Sandalwood,
the more it is rubbed, the more scent does it yield. Sugarcane, the more it is
peeled and cut up into pieces, the more juice does it produce. The men who are
noble at heart do not lose their qualities even in losing their lives. What
matters whether men praise them or not? What difference does it make
whether they die at this moment or whether lives are prolonged? Happen what
may, those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life itself is
unprofitable to a man who does not live for others. To live for the mere sake of
living one’s life is to live the life of dog and crows. Those who lay down their
lives for the sake of others will assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.

Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves stand in the
sun and endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit of which others profit.
The character of good men is like that of trees. What is the use of this perishable
body if no use is made of it for the benefit of mankind? Sandalwood, the more it
is rubbed, the more scent does it yield. Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut
up into pieces, the more juice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart
do not lose their qualities even in losing their lives. What matters whether men
praise them or not? What difference does it make whether they die at this
moment or whether lives are prolonged? Happen what may, those who tread in
the right path will not set foot in any other. Life itself is unprofitable to a man who
does not live for others. To live for the mere sake of living one’s life is to live the
life of dog and crows. Those who lay down their lives for the sake of others will
assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves stand in the sun and
endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit of which others profit. The character of
good men is like that of trees. What is the use of this perishable body if no use is made of
it for the benefit of mankind? Sandalwood, the more it is rubbed, the more scent does it
yield. Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut up into pieces, the more juice does it
produce. The men who are noble at heart do not lose their qualities even in losing their
lives. What matters whether men praise them or not? What difference does it make
whether they die at this moment or whether lives are prolonged? Happen what may,
those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life itself is unprofitable to
a man who does not live for others. To live for the mere sake of living one’s life is to live
the life of dog and crows. Those who lay down their lives for the sake of others will

2. Main ideas
The character of good men is like that of trees. Life is nothing If no use is made of it for
the benefit of mankind. The men who are noble at heart do not lose their qualities even
in losing their lives. Those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life
itself is unprofitable to a man who does not live for others Those who lay down their
lives for the sake of others will assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.

REFINED PASSAGE
The character of good men is like that of trees. Life is
nothing If no use is made of it for the benefit of
mankind. The men who are noble at heart do not lose
their qualities even in losing their lives. Those who
tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life
itself is unprofitable to a man who does not live for
others Those who lay down their lives for the sake of
others will assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.

Precis
Good natured human beings always behave like that of trees.
They live for others and do not lose their qualities even they lose their
lives. They always follow the right path. Praise is immaterial to them.
Living for one’s own sake is similar to leading the life of animals. Those
who breathe their lives for others always make themselves eternal
here and in the hereafter.
Title: Good Men Live for Others

Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence that converged on self-righteousness,
hypocrisy, and mental obtuseness. His detractors branded him as vulgar and obscene and
implicated him into a long-dawn legal battle questioning the moral validity of his writings.
Without being deterred by their negative tactics, he remained firm in his commitment to
exploring the stark realities of life offensive to the conservative taste of some self-styled
purists. In the line of Freud, he sought to unravel the mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-
earthly manner but in a palpable, fleshy permutation signifying his deep concern for the
socially disabled and depressed classes of society, like petty wage-earners, pimps, and
prostitutes. For Manto, man is neither an angel nor a devil, but a mix of both. His middle and
lower middle-class characters think, feel and act like human beings. Without feigning virtuosity,
he was able to strike a rapport with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral issues
concerning them. As a realist, he was fully conscious of the yawning gap between appearance
and reality; in fact, nothing vexed him more than a demonstrable duality in human behaviour
at different levels of the social hierarchy. He had an unjaundiced view of man’s faults and
follies. As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity discreetly --- without ever sounding vulgar in the
process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s work too, men and women of the age
find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also ‘raised above
his own self by his sombre enthusiasm.

Practice Passage Paper 2020
Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence that converged on self-righteousness, hypocrisy,
and mental obtuseness. His detractors branded him as vulgar and obscene and implicated him into a
long-dawn legal battle questioning the moral validity of his writings. Without being deterred by their
negative tactics, he remained firm in his commitment to exploring the stark realities of life offensive to
the conservative taste of some self-styled purists. In the line of Freud, he sought to unravel the
mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-earthly manner but in a palpable, fleshy permutation signifying
his deep concern for the socially disabled and depressed classes of society, like petty wage-earners,
pimps, and prostitutes. For Manto, man is neither an angel nor a devil, but a mix of both. His middle and
lower middle-class characters think, feel and act like human beings. Without feigning virtuosity, he was
able to strike a rapport with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral issues concerning them.
As a realist, he was fully conscious of the yawning gap between appearance and reality; in fact, nothing
vexed him more than a demonstrable duality in human behaviour at different levels of the social
hierarchy. He had an unjaundiced view of man’s faults and follies. As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity
discreetly --- without ever sounding vulgar in the process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s
work too, men and women of the age find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them,
Manto was also ‘raised above his own self by his sombre enthusiasm.

Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence (State of having mixed feelings) that converged on self-
righteousness, hypocrisy, and mental obtuseness. (Unwilling to understand) His detractors (critic and opponent) branded
him as vulgar and obscene and implicated him into a long-dawn (beginning) legal battle questioning the moral validity of his
writings. Without being deterred (Discourage from doing something) by their negative tactics, he remained firm in his
commitment to exploring the stark (severe or bare in appearance) realities of life offensive to the conservative taste of some
self-styled purists (Chasing). In the line of Freud,( Austrian Neurologist and psychoanalyst) he sought to unravel( to untie)
the mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-earthly manner but in a palpable (easily noticeable), fleshy permutation
(arrangement order grouping) signifying his deep concern for the socially disabled and depressed classes of society, like
petty wage-earners, pimps (The man who arranges prostitutes for the clients, procurer woman (Madam), and prostitutes.
For Manto, man is neither an angel nor a devil, but a mix of both. His middle and lower middle-class characters think, feel
and act like human beings. Without feigning (to pretend) virtuosity (great skill in music), he was able to strike a rapport ( a
close or harmonious relationship) with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral issues concerning them. As a
realist, he was fully conscious of the yawning (large) gap between appearance and reality; in fact, nothing vexed (difficult
and much debated) him more than a demonstrable duality in human behaviour at different levels of the social hierarchy (a
system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.). He
had an unjaundiced (Not bitterer) view of man’s faults and follies. As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity discreetly (careful
and prudent manner) --- without ever sounding vulgar in the process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s work
too, men and women of the age find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also ‘raised
above his own self by his sombre (dark color or serious) enthusiasm.
Freud: Australian to Austian
Contributed by: Ansar Saeed
Batch No: 127

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence that converged on self-righteousness, hypocrisy, and
mental obtuseness. His detractors branded him as vulgar and obscene and implicated him into a long-dawn legal
battle questioning the moral validity of his writings. Without being deterred by their negative tactics, he
remained firm in his commitment to exploring the stark realities of life offensive to the conservative taste of
some self-styled purists. In the line of Freud, he sought to unravel the mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-
earthly manner but in a palpable, fleshy permutation signifying his deep concern for the socially disabled and
depressed classes of society, like petty wage-earners, pimps, and prostitutes. For Manto, man is neither an angel
nor a devil, but a mix of both. His middle and lower middle-class characters think, feel and act like human beings.
Without feigning virtuosity, he was able to strike a rapport with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral
issues concerning them. As a realist, he was fully conscious of the yawning gap between appearance and reality;
in fact, nothing vexed him more than a demonstrable duality in human behaviour at different levels of the social
discreetly --- without ever sounding vulgar in the process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s work
too, men and women of the age find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also
‘raised above his own self by his sombre enthusiasm.

battle questioning the moral validity of his writings. Without being deterred by their negative tactics, he
remained firm in his commitment to exploring the stark realities of life offensive to the conservative taste of
some self-styled purists. In the line of Freud, he sought to unravel the mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-
earthly manner but in a palpable, fleshy permutation signifying his deep concern for the socially disabled and
depressed classes of society, like petty wage-earners, pimps, and prostitutes. For Manto, man is neither an angel
nor a devil, but a mix of both. His middle and lower middle-class characters think, feel and act like human beings.
Without feigning virtuosity, he was able to strike a rapport with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral
issues concerning them. As a realist, he was fully conscious of the yawning gap between appearance and reality;
in fact, nothing vexed him more than a demonstrable duality in human behaviour at different levels of the social
discreetly --- without ever sounding vulgar in the process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s work
too, men and women of the age find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also
‘raised above his own self by his sombre enthusiasm.

battle questioning the moral validity of his writings. Without being deterred by their negative tactics, he remained
firm in his commitment to exploring the stark realities of life offensive to the conservative taste of some self-styled
purists. In the line of Freud, he sought to unravel the mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-earthly manner but in
a palpable, fleshy permutation signifying his deep concern for the socially disabled and depressed classes of
society, like petty wage-earners, pimps, and prostitutes. For Manto, man is neither an angel nor a devil, but a mix
of both. His middle and lower middle-class characters think, feel and act like human beings. Without feigning
virtuosity, he was able to strike a rapport with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral issues concerning
them. As a realist, he was fully conscious of the yawning gap between appearance and reality; in fact, nothing
vexed him more than a demonstrable duality in human behaviour at different levels of the social hierarchy. He had
an unjaundiced view of man’s faults and follies. As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity discreetly --- without ever
sounding vulgar in the process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s work too, men and women of the
age find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also ‘raised above his own self by
his sombre enthusiasm.

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence that converged on self-righteousness, hypocrisy, and mental
obtuseness. His detractors branded him as vulgar and obscene and implicated him into a long-dawn legal battle
questioning the moral validity of his writings. Without being deterred by their negative tactics, he remained firm in
his commitment to exploring the stark realities of life offensive to the conservative taste of some self-styled purists. In
the line of Freud, he sought to unravel the mysteries of sex not in an abstract, non-earthly manner but in a palpable,
fleshy permutation signifying his deep concern for the socially disabled and depressed classes of society, like petty
wage-earners, pimps, and prostitutes. For Manto, man is neither an angel nor a devil, but a mix of both. His middle
and lower middle-class characters think, feel and act like human beings. Without feigning virtuosity, he was able to
strike a rapport with his readers on some of the most vital sociomoral issues concerning them. As a realist, he was
fully conscious of the yawning gap between appearance and reality; in fact, nothing vexed him more than a
demonstrable duality in human behaviour at different levels of the social hierarchy. He had an unjaundiced view of
man’s faults and follies. As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity discreetly --- without ever sounding vulgar in the
process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in Manto’s work too, men and women of the age find their own
restlessness accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also ‘raised above his own self by his sombre enthusiasm.

2. Main ideas
Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence that converged on self-righteousness, hypocrisy, and mental
obtuseness. His detractors branded him as vulgar and obscene and implicated him into a long-dawn legal battle
questioning the moral validity of his writings. Manto like Freud sought to unravel the mysteries of sex not in an abstract
manner. He showed his deep concern for the socially disabled and depressed classes of society. He considered man
neither an angel nor a devil, but a mix of both. He was aware of the duality in human behaviour at different levels of the
social hierarchy As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity discreetly --- without ever sounding vulgar in the process. Men
and women of the age find their own restlessness accurately mirrored. Manto was also ‘raised above his own self by his
sombre enthusiasm.

REFINED PASSAGE
Manto was a victim of some kind of social ambivalence that converged on self-
righteousness, hypocrisy, and mental obtuseness. His detractors branded him as
vulgar and obscene and implicated him into a long-dawn legal battle questioning
the moral validity of his writings Freud, he sought to unravel the mysteries of sex
not in an abstract his deep concern for the socially disabled and depressed
classes of society As a literary artist, he treated vulgarity discreetly --- without
ever sounding vulgar in the process. Like Joyce, Lawrence, and Caldwell, in
Manto’s work too, men and women of the age find their own restlessness
accurately mirrored. And like them, Manto was also ‘raised above his own self by

Practice Passage
A drop of water fell out of the cloud into the sea, and
finding itself lost in such an immensity of fluid matter, broke out into the
following reflection: ‘‘Alas! What an inconsiderable creature am I in this
prodigious ocean of waters. My existence is of no concern in the universe; I
am reduced to a kind of nothing, and I am the least of the works of God’’. It so
happened that an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop chanced
to gape and swallow it up in the midst of this soliloquy. The drop, say the
fables, lay a great while hardening in the shell, until by degrees it was ripened
into a pearl, falling into the hands of a diver, after a long series of adventures,
is at present that famous pearl which is fixed on the top of the Persian crown.
One should not reckon one 'self worthless because ashes are not merely the
waste; they can really create the great. Therefore, we should have a belief that
gold turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of a crucible.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

A drop of water fell out of the cloud into the sea, and finding itself lost in
such an immensity of fluid matter, broke out into the following reflection:
‘‘Alas! What an inconsiderable creature am I in this prodigious ocean of
waters. My existence is of no concern in the universe; I am reduced to a
kind of nothing, and I am the least of the works of God’’. It so happened that
an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop chanced to gape and
swallow it up in the midst of this soliloquy. The drop, say the fables, lay a
great while hardening in the shell, until by degrees it was ripened into a
pearl, falling into the hands of a diver, after a long series of adventures, is at
present that famous pearl which is fixed on the top of the Persian crown.
waste; they can really create the great. Therefore, we should have a belief
that gold turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of a crucible.

kind of nothing, and I am the least of the works of God’’. It so happened that
an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop chanced to gape and
swallow it up in the midst of this soliloquy. The drop, say the fables, lay a
great while hardening in the shell, until by degrees it was ripened into a

kind of nothing, and I am the least of the works of God’’. It so happened
that an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop chanced to gape
and swallow it up in the midst of this soliloquy. The drop, say the fables, lay
a great while hardening in the shell, until by degrees it was ripened into a

kind of nothing, and I am the least of the works of God’’. It so happened
that an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop chanced to gape
and swallow it up in the midst of this soliloquy. The drop, say the fables, lay
a great while hardening in the shell, until by degrees it was ripened into a
waste; they can really create the great. Therefore, we should have a belief that
gold turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of a crucible.

A drop of water fell out of the cloud into the sea, and finding itself lost in such an
immensity of fluid matter, broke out into the following reflection: ‘‘Alas! What an
inconsiderable creature am I in this prodigious ocean of waters. My existence is of
no concern in the universe; I am reduced to a kind of nothing, and I am the least
of the works of God’’. It so happened that an oyster which lay in the
neighborhood of this drop chanced to gape and swallow it up in the midst of this
soliloquy. The drop, say the fables, lay a great while hardening in the shell, until
by degrees it was ripened into a pearl, falling into the hands of a diver, after a long
series of adventures, is at present that famous pearl which is fixed on the top of
the Persian crown. One should not reckon one 'self worthless because ashes are
not merely the waste; they can really create the great. Therefore, we should have
a belief that gold turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of a
crucible.
.

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
A drop of water fell out of the cloud into the sea, and finding itself lost in such an
immensity of fluid matter, broke out into the following reflection: ‘‘Alas! What an
inconsiderable creature am I in this prodigious ocean of waters. My existence is of no
concern in the universe; I am reduced to a kind of nothing, and I am the least of the
works of God’’. It so happened that an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop
chanced to gape and swallow it up in the midst of this soliloquy. The drop, say the fables,
lay a great while hardening in the shell, until by degrees it was ripened into a pearl, falling
into the hands of a diver, after a long series of adventures, is at present that famous pearl
which is fixed on the top of the Persian crown. One should not reckon one 'self worthless
because ashes are not merely the waste; they can really create the great. Therefore, we
should have a belief that gold turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of a
crucible. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 584

2. Main ideas
A drop of water fell out of the cloud into the sea. Alas! What an inconsiderable creature
am I! It so happened that an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this drop chanced
to gape and swallow it up. By degrees it was ripened into a pearl, falling into the hands
of a diver. The pearl now is fixed on the top of the Persian crown. One should not reckon
one 'self worthless. Gold turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of a
crucible.

REFINED PASSAGE
A drop of water fell out of the cloud into the sea. Alas!
What an inconsiderable creature am I! It so happened
that an oyster which lay in the neighborhood of this
drop chanced to gape and swallow it up. By degrees it
was ripened into a pearl, falling into the hands of a
diver. The pearl now is fixed on the top of the Persian
crown. One should not reckon one 'self worthless. Gold
turns into an ornament only when it faces the flames of
a crucible.

Practice Passage 2012
Make precis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title.
One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candour in
present-day sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. It is, or
should be, transparently clear that, if the state is resolved, on humanitarian grounds,
to inhibit the operation of natural selection, some rational regulation of population,
both as regards quality and quantity, is imperatively necessary. There is no self-
acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of subsistence. If
all-natural checks are removed, a population in advance of the optimum number
will be produced and maintained at the cost of a reduction in the standard of living.
When this pressure begins to be felt, that section of the population which is capable
of reflection and which has a standard of living which may be lost will voluntarily
restrict its numbers, even to the point of failing to replace death by an equivalent
number of new births; while the underworld, which always exists in every civilized
society.

The failure and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no restraint
and will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources. The
population will thus be recruited in a very undue proportion by those strata of
society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.
The importance of the problem would seem to be sufficiently obvious. But
politicians know that the subject is unpopular. The urban have no votes.
Employers are like a surplus of labour, which can be drawn upon when trade is
good. Militarists want as much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists
instinctively oppose any real remedy for social evils; they know that every
unwanted child is a potential insurgent.

All three can appeal to a Quasi-Religious prejudice, resting apparently on the
ancient theory of natural rights which were supposed to include the right of
unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or childless
priests; but it is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of losing the
votes which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of politicians to
shelve the subject as inopportune. The socialist calculation is probably erroneous;
for experience has shown that it is aspiration, not desperation, that makes
revolutions.

1. Topic Sentence
2. Main Idea/Ideas
4. Justification

all-natural checks are removed, a population in advance of the optimum number will
be produced and maintained at the cost of a reduction in the standard of living. When
this pressure begins to be felt, that section of the population which is capable of
reflection and which has a standard of living which may be lost will voluntarily
society. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 591

The failure and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no
restraint and will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources.
The population will thus be recruited in a very undue proportion by those strata
of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.

unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or
childless priests; but it is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of
losing the votes which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of
politicians to shelve the subject as inopportune. The socialist calculation is
probably erroneous; for experience has shown that it is aspiration, not
desperation, that makes revolutions.

The failure and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no
restraint and will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources.
The population will thus be recruited in a very undue proportion by those strata
of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.

unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or

All three can appeal to a Quasi-Religious prejudice, resting
apparently on the ancient theory of natural rights which were
supposed to include the right of unlimited procreation. This
objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or childless priests; but it
is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of losing the
votes which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of
politicians to shelve the subject as inopportune. The socialist
calculation is probably erroneous; for experience has shown that it is
aspiration, not desperation, that makes revolutions.

All three can appeal to a Quasi-Religious prejudice, resting apparently on
the ancient theory of natural rights which were supposed to include the right
of unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or

2.Main ideas
contradictory)

2. Main ideas
One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candour in present-day
sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. It is, or should be, transparently clear
that, if the state is resolved, on humanitarian grounds, to inhibit the operation of natural selection,
some rational regulation of population, both as regards quality and quantity, is imperatively
necessary. There is no self-acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of
subsistence. If all-natural checks are removed, a population in advance of the optimum number will
be produced and maintained at the cost of a reduction in the standard of living. When this pressure
begins to be felt, that section of the population which is capable of reflection and which has a
standard of living which may be lost will voluntarily restrict its numbers, even to the point of
failing to replace death by an equivalent number of new births; while the underworld, which
always exists in every civilized society. Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 601

2. Main ideas
The failure and misfits and derelicts, moral and physical will exercise no restraint and
will be a constantly increasing drain upon the national resources. The population will
thus be recruited in a very undue proportion by those strata of society which do not
possess the qualities of useful citizens.
The importance of the problem would seem to be sufficiently obvious. But politicians
know that the subject is unpopular. The urban have no votes. Employers are like a
surplus of labour, which can be drawn upon when trade is good. Militarists want as
much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists instinctively oppose any real
remedy for social evils; they know that every unwanted child is a potential insurgent.

2. Main ideas
unlimited procreation. This objection is now chiefly urged by celibate or childless
priests; but it is held with such fanatical vehemence that the fear of losing the votes
which they control is a welcome excuse for the baser sort of politicians to shelve
the subject as inopportune. The socialist calculation is probably erroneous; for
experience has shown that it is aspiration, not desperation, that makes revolutions.

One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candour in present-day
sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. on humanitarian grounds, to
inhibit the operation of natural selection, some rational regulation of population, There is no self-
acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of subsistence, a population in
advance of the optimum number will be produced and maintained at the cost of a reduction in
the standard of living. The population will thus be recruited in a very undue proportion by those
strata of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.
. But politicians know that the subject is unpopular. Employers are like a surplus of labour,
Militarists want as much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists know that every
unwanted child is a potential insurgent. All three can appeal to a Quasi-Religious prejudice,
resting apparently on the ancient theory of natural rights which were supposed to include the
right of unlimited procreation.

REFINED PASSAGE
One of the most ominous and discreditable symptoms of the want of candor in present-day
sociology is the deliberate neglect of the population question. On humanitarian grounds, to
inhibit the operation of natural selection, some rational regulation of population, There is no
self-acting adjustment, apart from starvation, of numbers to the means of subsistence, a
population in advance of the optimum number will be produced and maintained at the cost of
a reduction in the standard of living. The population will thus be recruited in a very undue
proportion by those strata of society which do not possess the qualities of useful citizens.But
politicians know that the subject is unpopular. Employers are like a surplus of labor, Militarists
want as much food for powder as they can get. Revolutionists know that every unwanted child
is a potential insurgent. All three can appeal to a Quasi-Religious prejudice, resting apparently
on the ancient theory of natural rights which were supposed to include the right of unlimited
procreation.
The enigma of population increase in today’s sociology is consciously overlooked. It

Translation

Translation
10 Marks

Defining Translation
Translation is the process of converting the meaning of a
written message (text) from one language to another

Pre-requisites
1. Concept of Tenses
2. Urdu and English Recognition
3. Structure of English and Urdu
4. Active and Passive Voice
5. Narration (Especially, indirect)

Pre-requisites
6. Translation of Proverbs
7. Fixed Phrases
8. Conditionals and their translation

1. Concept of Tenses
He offers his prayers. ‫ہے۔‬ ‫پڑھتا‬ ‫نماز‬ ‫وہ‬ Regular Routine V+s/es
The sun rises in the east. ‫نکلتا‬ ‫سے‬ ‫مشرق‬ ‫سورج‬
‫ہے۔‬
Universal Truth V+s/es
We are Pakistanis. ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫پاکستانی‬ ‫ہم‬ Permanent State Is, am, are
He drove a car yesterday. ‫گاڑی‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫کل‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ُس‬‫ا‬
‫چالئی۔‬
Past time
mentioned
Second Verb
He spoke a moment ago. ‫بوال۔‬ ‫پہلے‬ ‫لمحہ‬ ‫کچھ‬ ‫وہ‬ Past time Second Verb

2.Urdu and English Recognition

3.Structure of English and Urdu
English Sentence Structure Urdu Sentence Structure
Subject + Verb + Object Subject + Object + Verb
He drives a car.
‫ہے۔‬ ‫چالتا‬ ‫گاڑی‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫وہ‬
The child eats a mango.
‫ہے۔‬ ‫کھاتا‬ ‫آم‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫بچہ‬

4.Active and Passive Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice
He drives a car. ‫گاڑی‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫وہ‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫چالتا‬
A car is driven. ‫چالئی‬ ‫گاڑی‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتی‬
He drove a car. ‫گاڑی‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ُس‬‫ا‬
‫چالئی۔‬
A car was driven. ‫گاڑی‬
‫۔‬ ‫گئی‬ ‫چالئی‬
We respect our elder.
The elder are respected.
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫عزت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫بزرگوں‬ ‫ہم‬

5.Narration
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
He said, “Pakistan shall
progress.”
‫ترقی‬ ‫"پاکستان‬ ،‫کہا‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ُس‬‫ا‬
‫گا۔‬ ‫"کرے‬
He said that Pakistan
would progress.
‫پاکستان‬ ‫کہاکہ‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ُس‬‫ا‬
‫گا۔‬ ‫کرے‬ ‫ترقی‬

6. Translating
Proverbs/Maxims/Epigrams/Wise Sayings
A poor worker blames his tools.
‫ٹیڑھا۔‬ ‫آنگن‬ ‫جانے‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ناچ‬
Fool to others to himself a sage.
‫بننا۔‬ ‫مٹھو‬ ‫میاں‬ ‫منہ‬ ‫اپنے‬
Barking dogs seldom bite.
‫برستے‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫گرجتے‬ ‫جو‬
‫نہیں۔‬
Between the devil and deep sea.
‫کھائی۔‬ ‫پیچھے‬ ‫کنواں‬ ‫آگے‬
Good mind, good find.
‫بھال۔‬ ‫جگ‬ ‫تو‬ ‫بھلے‬ ‫آپ‬

7. Metaphorical/Fixed Structures
I cannot help reading a book.
‫نہیں‬ ‫بغیر‬ ‫پڑھے‬ ‫کتاب‬ ‫میں‬
‫سکتا۔‬ ‫رھ‬
Would that I were a millionaire.
I wish I were a millionaire. ‫پتی‬ ‫کروڑ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫کاش‬
‫ہوتا۔‬
Work hard lest you should fail.
‫ہو‬ ‫ناکام‬ ‫ورنہ‬ ‫کرو‬ ‫محنت‬
‫گے۔‬ ‫جاؤ‬
Come what may; I will not help him. ‫میں‬ ، ‫ہو‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫کچھ‬ ‫چاہے‬

Translate
‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫خیال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫لوگوں‬ ‫عام‬
‫کی‬ ‫افراد‬ ‫اور‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ملک‬
‫ضد‬ ‫کی‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫آزادی‬
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫ہوتے‬

Translate
‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سوچا‬ ‫کبھی‬ ‫کر‬ ‫مل‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫کیا‬
‫کا‬ ‫خوشیوں‬ ‫کبھی‬ ‫جہاں‬ ،‫ملک‬ ‫وہ‬
‫میں‬ ‫گردی‬ ‫دہشت‬ ‫اب‬ ، ‫تھا‬ ‫ہوتا‬ ‫راج‬
‫نہیں‬ ‫کچھ‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫اب‬ ‫مگر‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫مبتال‬
‫سچی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫پاکستان‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫بگڑا۔‬

Translate CSS 2021
‫کے‬ ‫اقدار‬ ‫انگریزی‬ ‫پسند‬ ‫استعماریت‬
،‫خالف‬ ‫کے‬ ‫عمل‬ ِ‫ز‬‫طر‬ ‫سامنےخوشامدانہ‬
‫دیا‬ ‫فروغ‬ ‫نے‬ ‫حکمرانوں‬ ‫برطانوی‬ ‫جسے‬
‫میں‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ُس‬‫ا‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ہند‬ ِ‫ل‬‫اہ‬ ‫جسے‬ ‫اور‬ ‫تھا‬
‫خان‬ ‫احمد‬ ‫سرسید‬ ،‫تھا‬ ‫رکھا‬ ‫کر‬ ‫اختیار‬
‫دماغ‬ ‫روشن‬ ‫اور‬ ‫مرتبت‬ ‫ٰی‬‫ل‬‫اع‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ُن‬‫ا‬ ‫اور‬

Translate
‫کر‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫محنت‬ ‫صرف‬ ‫اسے‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫دولت‬ ‫بڑی‬ ‫علم‬
‫سارا‬ ‫علم‬ ‫طالب‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫بات‬ ‫کی‬ ‫افسوس‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫سکتے‬
‫دلچسپی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تعلیم‬ ‫اپنی‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫ضائع‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫اپنا‬ ‫سال‬
‫کا‬ ‫ذرائع‬ ‫ناجائز‬ ‫لیے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ہونے‬ ‫پاس‬ ‫میں‬ ‫۔امتحان‬ ‫لیتے‬ ‫نہیں‬
‫چرانے‬ ‫جی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫۔کام‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫بات‬ ‫بری‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫استعمال‬
‫علم‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫دین‬ ‫ہمارا‬ ‫ہوتے۔‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫کامیاب‬ ‫کبھی‬ ‫طلباء‬ ‫والے‬
‫حاصل‬ ‫علم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫مذہب‬ ‫ہمارے‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫کرتا‬ ‫تلقین‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫حاصل‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫فرض‬ ‫پر‬ ‫مسلمان‬ ‫ہر‬ ‫کرنا‬

Translate
‫کے‬ ‫صدی‬ ‫پچھلی‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫تھے‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫بڑے‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫اقبال‬ ‫ڈاکٹر‬
‫اور‬ ‫امید‬ ‫شاعری‬ ‫کی‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫شاعر‬ ‫مسلمان‬ ‫بڑے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫سب‬
‫تھی‬ ‫سادہ‬ ‫بالکل‬ ‫زندگی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫دیتی‬ ‫پیغام‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کامیابی‬
‫رہنے‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تنہائی‬ ‫اپنی‬ ‫نے‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫لیکن‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫پسند‬ ‫تنہائی‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫اگرچہ‬
‫آپ‬ ‫بھیجا‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫واپس‬ ‫کو‬ ‫مالقاتی‬ ‫کسی‬ ‫کبھی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫وجہ‬ ‫کی‬
‫رکھا۔‬ ‫کھال‬ ‫لیے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫ہر‬ ‫دروازہ‬ ‫اپنا‬ ‫نے‬

Translate
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫جاتے‬ ‫دیکھے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫احترام‬ ‫اور‬ ‫عزت‬ ‫بوڑھے‬ ‫میں‬ ‫مشرق‬
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫سمجھتے‬ ‫فرض‬ ‫اپنا‬ ‫کرنا‬ ‫خدمت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ان‬ ‫عزیزواقارب‬
‫زیادہ‬ ‫سے‬ ‫آسائش‬ ‫و‬ ‫آرام‬ ‫اپنے‬ ‫خیال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫آسائش‬ ‫و‬ ‫آرام‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ان‬
‫تنہائی‬ ‫اپنی‬ ‫بوڑھا‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ملکوں‬ ‫۔ایشیائی‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رکھتے‬
‫رفاقت‬ ‫و‬ ‫محبت‬ ‫کو‬ ‫ان‬ ‫بچے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ان‬ ‫کرتا۔‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫شکایت‬ ‫کی‬
‫اس‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہوتا‬ ‫جھگڑا‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫خاندان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫۔گھر‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫دیتے‬
‫خاندانی‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫فیصلہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ِس‬‫ا‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫بوڑھے‬ ‫وقت‬
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫جاتے‬ ‫سمجھے‬ ‫نگران‬ ‫کے‬ ‫روایات‬

Translate
‫ک‬ ‫انٹرمیڈیٹ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫میری‬ ‫اور‬ ‫میں‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬
‫علم‬ ‫طالب‬
‫ہیں‬
‫تی‬ ‫چا‬ ‫بننا‬ ‫ڈاکٹر‬ ‫و‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫۔‬
‫وں‬ ‫تا‬ ‫چا‬ ‫بننا‬ ‫انجینئر‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جبک‬
‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہے‬
‫س‬ ‫انجینئر‬ ‫ڈاکٹر‬ ‫ک‬ ‫تی‬ ‫ک‬ ‫و‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬
‫سکتا‬ ‫کر‬ ‫خدمت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫قوم‬ ‫زیاد‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫ہ‬

Translate
• ‫چل‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ٹھنڈی‬ ‫ٹھنڈی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫موسم‬ ‫کا‬ ‫سردیوں‬ ‫کل‬ ‫آج‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ہے‬
‫مشرق‬ ‫یں‬ ‫وئ‬ ‫کھل‬ ‫پھول‬ ‫برنگ‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫باغ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬ ‫۔‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬
‫ری‬ ‫ری‬ ‫شعائیں‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نکل‬ ‫سورج‬ ‫س‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ر‬ ‫پر‬ ‫فرش‬ ‫ک‬ ‫مخمل‬ ‫سبز‬ ‫سر‬ ‫یں‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬ ‫پڑ‬ ‫پر‬ ‫گھاس‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬
‫یں‬ ‫ر‬ ‫چمک‬ ‫طرح‬ ‫کی‬ ‫موتیوں‬ ‫قطر‬ ‫ک‬ ‫شبنم‬ ‫طرف‬
‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬
‫ڈالیاں‬ ‫کی‬ ‫درختوں‬
‫ساتھ‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫رہی‬ ‫لہلہا‬
‫جھوم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫وا‬‫ہ‬
‫قریب‬ ‫یں‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬
‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬
/
‫میں‬ ‫کون‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫چل‬ ‫کنواں‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫ی‬
‫ے‬ ‫۔‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬
‫ورزش‬ ‫لوگ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫کون‬ ‫دوسر‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫لگا‬ ‫پود‬ ‫مالی‬
‫ے‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬

Translate
•‫رازوں‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ایٹم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ممالک‬ ‫سے‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫کے‬ ‫دنیا‬
‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫امید‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جاری‬ ‫تحقیق‬ ‫کی‬
‫جائیں‬ ‫بنائے‬ ‫ایکٹر‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬ ‫شاندار‬ ‫اور‬ ‫بہتر‬ ‫جلدی‬
‫حاصل‬ ‫توانائی‬ ‫ایٹمی‬ ‫پر‬ ‫قیمت‬ ‫کم‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫گے‬
‫سے‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫اور‬ ‫گے‬ ‫جائیں‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کرنے‬
‫ہے‬ ‫سکتی‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کی‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫لئے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مقاصد‬
‫خوشحالی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫امن‬ ‫لیے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ارض‬ ‫کرہ‬ ‫تمام‬
‫دنیا‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سکتی‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کی‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫لئے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫النے‬

Translate 2016 CSS
‫اور‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ُلک‬‫م‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫خیال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫لوگوں‬ ‫عام‬
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫ہوتے‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫کی‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫آزادی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فرد‬
‫قانون‬ ‫ہر‬ ‫ہوتی۔‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫بات‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫بظاہر‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫کرتا‬ ‫عائد‬ ‫پابندی‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫کوئی‬ ‫پر‬ ‫شہریوں‬
‫تو‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫زیاده‬ ‫تعداد‬ ‫کی‬ ‫قوانین‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ُلک‬‫م‬ ‫اگر‬
‫زیاده‬ ‫ہیں۔‬ ‫ہوتی‬ ‫زیاده‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫پابندیاں‬ ‫مجموعی‬
‫تلے‬ ‫بوجھ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ِن‬‫ا‬ ‫آزادی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫سے‬ ‫پابندیوں‬
628

Translate 2023 CSS
‫اڑ‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫پار‬ ‫ک‬ ‫جنگل‬ ‫ک‬ ‫بتایا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫بزرگ‬
‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬
‫خوشبو‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جس‬ ‫تا‬ُ‫اگ‬ ‫پھول‬ ‫وه‬ ‫اں‬ ‫ج‬
‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬
‫لوٹ‬ ‫روشنی‬ ‫وئی‬ ‫کھوئی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫آنکھوں‬ ‫س‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ب‬ ‫پر‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫بلند‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اڑ‬ ‫پ‬ ‫مگر‬، ‫آتی‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہے‬
‫شمار‬
Q
‫چ‬
‫یں‬ ‫جھاڑیاں‬ ‫دار‬ ‫کانٹ‬، ‫یں‬ ‫ٹانیں‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬
‫لیت‬ ‫روک‬ ‫راست‬ ‫جو‬ ‫یں‬ ‫پتھر‬ ‫بڑ‬ ‫بڑ‬ ‫اور‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬
‫اڑ‬ ‫پ‬ ‫اس‬ ‫یں‬
‫ہ‬ ‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬
‫پ‬
‫آئ‬ ‫لوگ‬ ‫کئی‬ ‫لی‬ ‫ک‬ ‫جان‬ ‫ر‬
‫ے‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬ 629

Translate 2022 CSS
‫بھی‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ثقافت‬ ‫نہیں‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫سیاست‬ ‫شہر‬ ‫الہور‬
‫کا‬ ‫عروج‬ ‫نے‬ ‫ثقافت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫مغلوں‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫مرکز‬ ‫قدیم‬
‫کا‬ ‫ثقافت‬ ‫سکھ‬ ‫دیکھا۔‬ ‫میں‬ ‫شہر‬ ‫اس‬ ‫زمانہ‬
‫ثقافت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ادب‬ ‫و‬ ‫علم‬ ‫تھا۔‬ ‫مرکز‬ ‫یہی‬ ‫بھی‬
‫تصوف‬ ‫اہل‬ ‫آئی۔‬ ‫میں‬ ‫حصہ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫شہر‬ ‫اسی‬ ‫بھی‬
‫مشہور‬ ‫کی‬ ‫تصوف‬ ‫تھا۔‬ ‫مرکز‬ ‫یہی‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫کا‬
‫ب‬ ‫المعجو‬ ‫کشف‬ ‫کتاب‬
‫علی‬ ‫حضرت‬ ‫مصنف‬ ‫کے‬ 630

READING
COMPREHENSION

READING
COMPREHENSION
Format of Questions: 5x4=20
4x5=20

FORMATION OF PASSAGE
Comprehension comes from a
verb that is “TO
COMPREHEND” which means
to UNDERSTAND

PARTS OF COMPREHENSION
1. One or more than two paras
2. Questions

NATURE OF PASSAGES
Style of the writer is the way using which he
expresses his view. There are four styles of
writing.
1. Expository
2. Descriptive
3. Narrative
4. Persuasive
5. Phrase/Vocabulary (Syn. And Ant.) Comprehension

TECHNIQUES INVOLVED
1. SKIMMING
2. SCANNING

SKIMMING
SKIMMING is a technique to
attain the overall idea or central
theme of the passage.
It is done by reading the VERY
FIRST LINE OF EVERY PARA

SCANNING
SCANNING is a technique to
have a detailed knowing about a
fact asked. Specific details are
answered by making use of
scanning.

PURPOSE OF COMPREHENSION
•Examine understanding ability of the CSS Aspirants
•Quality of rephrasing the text
•Cognitive ability
•IQ level

Reading
1. Bottom Up Technique
2. Keep the asked inquisition of question in your mind
while reading.
3. Let your cognitive process highlight where the
answer to any question appears.
4. Focus on the point where answer appears.
5. Underline the key words and chunks of the asked
question.
6. Make scrawl Prof. Naveed Bukhari 03009638573 640

Reading
7. Try to jot down the answers in points pertaining to
all asked questions.
8. Lay stress on the questions with implied meanings
and understanding.
9. Try to grab the meaning of the words unknown to
you through context.

Writing
1. Write down the complete answer that goes parallel to the
worth of FOUR marks in terms of CONTENT, FORM.
2. Sometimes there appears one line answer to a question; do
not write one line answer. Try to expand the answer to an
at least FOUR LINES combination.
3. One line answer is not appreciated.
4. Write down the answer using simple diction.
5. Paraphrase the answer as you have done in the precis with
no restricted length.

Writing
4. Do not copy the original text and words.
5. Answer in the tense of the asked question.
6. Use your own words with same idea but different expression.
7. Your own expression of the same idea portrayed by the author
should be the part of your answer.
8. Do not make use of complex GRE vocabulary.
9. Stay simple, clear and lucid.
10. Organize your answer as per the demand of the question.

Writing
12. Concise, brief and to the point answer will be awarded
maximum.
13. Lengthy answers shall be penalized.
14. Make use of third person pronoun
15. Avoid direct narration
16. Avoid idioms and phrasal verbs
17. Avoid contractions

Crux of Comprehension
1. Examiner shall gauge you in terms of;
a) Comprehension/ Understanding the question
b) Writing accuracy/ Form
c) Cohesiveness and coherence of the answer as
per asked question
d) Paraphrasing the answer in your own words

EXAMPLE OF DENOTATIVE AND
CONTEXTUAL MEANIG OF A WORD
HEAD
Denotative Meaning
The part of body located over abdominal area
of humans and animals
The head of the patient is injured.
Contextual Meaning
The tourist is standing at the head of the
mountain

Practice Passage
The approach of 6th August is always hard for 63 year old Reiko Yamada, an atomic
bomb survivor who is now active in a battle to gain better support for victims of the
world’s first atomic blast 52 years ago. Ms. Yamada recalls all too clearly that mid-
summer day in 1945 when US warplanes dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima. A
second atom bomb was dropped by the USA on the southwestern city of Nagasaki three
days later, forcing Japan to surrender to the allied forces and bringing the Pacific war to
an end. More than 140,000 people were killed instantly after the nuclear blasts and many
more died in the months and years after. Victims continue to die each year from cancer
and radiation-linked illnesses. Today Ms. Yamada is part of a group called Japan
Confederation of A & H Bomb Sufferers, made up of survivors like her struggling for a
fair deal in life. In America, a vast number of people are still lobbying the government
not to give them the status they have been demanding for so long. Ms. Yamada’s group
makes frequent visits to the offices of the influential members of the district. A large
number of people are asking for an end to this bureaucratic red-tapism and waiting for
identification cards. But their demands have not been fulfilled by the government.
During the past few years, this criticism of the government’s approach has been echoed
by survivors living overseas. Many of them are Japanese, Korean, and Chinese who left
Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the disaster.

Practice Passage
Questions
1. What do you know about Ms. Reiko Yamada? (4)
2. Where was the first atomic bomb dropped? How is it affecting people even
today?
(4)
3. Who did leave Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the disaster? What is their
reaction to the government’s approach to the survivors? (4)
Mistake corrected from Yanada to Yamada
Corrected by Aneesa Sohail Batch No 216

Solution to Questions
Practice Passage
1. What do you know about Ms. Reiko Yamada? (4)
Ms. Reiko Yamada is a 63 year old survivor of the first atomic attack. She is the member of a survivor’s group
called Japan Confederation. She along with the other survivors of the war strives to get an ample support for the
victims of the attack.
2. Where was the first atomic bomb dropped? How is it affecting people even
today? (4)
It was a mid-summer day when the US planes dropped the first atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945. Many people
perished in this attack. Even today, people are becoming a victim of many radiation-linked diseases and cancer.

Solution to Questions
Practice Passage
3. Who did leave Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the disaster? What is their
reaction to the government’s approach to the survivors? (4)
Japanese, Korean, and Chinese left Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the atomic attack. Their reaction to the
government’s approach to the survivors is intense. They raise their voice against the government’s stance in favor
of survivor’s needs. They are criticizing the conscious bureaucratic delay in gaining their rights.

Practice Passage
We look before and after, wrote Shelley, and pine for what is not. It is said that this is what distinguishes us
from the animals and that they, unlike us, live always for and in the movement and have neither hopes nor
regrets. Whether it is so or not I do not know yet it is undoubtedly one of our distinguishing mental
attributes: we are actually conscious of our life in time and not merely of our life at the moment of
experiencing it. And as a result, we find many grounds for melancholy and foreboding. Some of us
prostrate ourselves on the road way in Trafalgar Square or in front of the American Embassy because we
are fearful that our lives, or more disinterestedly those of our descendants will be cut short by nuclear war.
If only as" squirrels or butterflies are supposed to do, we could let the future look after itself and be
content to enjoy the pleasures of the morning breakfast, the brisk walk to the office through autumnal mist
or winter fog, the mid-day sunshine that sometimes floods through windows, the warm, peaceful winter
evenings by the fireside at home. Yet all occasions for contentment are so often spoiled for us, to a greater
or lesser degree by our individual temperaments, by this strange human capacity for foreboding and regret
- regret for things which we cannot undo and foreboding for things which may never happen at all. Indeed,
were it not for the fact that over breaking through our human obsessions with the tragedy of time, so
enabling us to enjoy at any rate some fleeting moments untroubled by vain yearning or apprehension, our
life would not be intolerable at all. As it is, we contrive, every one of us, to spoil it to a remarkable degree.

Practice Comprehension Passage
Depression, a multifaceted mental health disorder, has profound implications that extend far beyond mere
emotional turmoil; it can insidiously dismantle the very fabric of a person's life. The pervasive nature of depression
often manifests as an overwhelming sense of hopelessness, leading to a cascade of adverse effects that infiltrate
various aspects of existence. Cognitive distortions may arise, resulting in negative self-perceptions and a
debilitating loss of motivation, making even the simplest tasks seem insurmountable. As interpersonal relationships
deteriorate due to withdrawal and irritability, the afflicted individual may find themselves increasingly isolated,
perpetuating a vicious cycle of loneliness. In the workplace, the effects are equally damaging; decreased
productivity and absenteeism can culminate in job loss, exacerbating financial instability and further entrenching
the individual in despair. The interplay between mental health and physical well-being is also critical, as depression
can lead to neglect of self-care, contributing to a host of physical ailments. Substance abuse often emerges as a
maladaptive coping mechanism, creating a dangerous feedback loop that deepens the psychological struggle. Thus,
the cumulative effects of untreated depression can culminate in a life that feels utterly unmanageable, eroding one's
sense of identity and purpose.
Questions:
1. How does depression lead to cognitive distortions in an individual?
2. What impact does depression have on interpersonal relationships?
3. In what ways can depression affect a person's professional life?
4. How might substance abuse complicate the effects of depression?

Practice Passage Questions
1.What is the difference between our life and the life of an
animal? (4)
2. What is the result of human anxiety? (4)
3. How does the writer compare man to the butterflies and
squirrels? (4)
4. How does anxiety about future disturb our daily life? (4)
5. How can we make our life tolerable? (4)

Rule No 9.
Plenty of, plenty of, the rest, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a good
deal of follow SANAM FORMATION.
1. Plenty of milk is available in this part of the country.
2. Plenty of books were donated to the library by him.
3. The rest of the lesson has been completed.
4. The rest of the students have left for their homes.
5. A lot of (lots of) guests were attended upon by the host.
6. A lot of work is yet to be done.
7. A great deal of labor is required to complete the job.
8. A good deal of boys have joined our club.

Precised New Precis and Composition 2025.pptx

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