Learn the PRINCE2 Principles ebook

The principles of PRINCE2
The project management framework known as
PRINCE2 is based upon a set of principles. These
principles are the bedrock and foundations upon
which everything else in the framework is based.
Universal
PRINCE2 is based upon these principles for a very
simple reason. By being principles-based, it means
that the framework can be applied to any shape,
size or type of project. In this way, the principles
can be universally applied, both to a small in-house
company project based here in London, or equally
to a massive international aid project spanning
many borders commissioned by the United Nations.
Best practices
These principles have also been proven in practice
over many years to be the most effective ways of
managing projects i.e. they are based upon modern
best practices in project management. This means
they can be applied directly on projects and the
project management team does not need to “re-
invent the wheel” by creating their own project
management method from scratch.
Empowering
The principles are also empowering to the project
management team because they can give them
added confidence and an ability to shape and
manage their projects
So, let’s take a look at each of these principles in
turn.
Continued business justification
The first principle or PRINCE2 emphasises that there
must always be a viable Business Case driving the
project.
Business Case
The Business Case is updated throughout the
project, as well as being used when starting up the
project. If the factors underlying the Business Case
change in such a way that the expected benefits
are no longer likely to be realised, then the project
should be closed prematurely.
Changes detrimental to the Business Case are often
linked to the economy; for example, the recent
worldwide recession led to many major building
projects being brought to a halt.
This principle also applies if the project is
compulsory (e.g. required to achieve compliance
with new legislation) - the organization will require
justification of the particular project chosen, as
there may be several options available that yield
different costs, benefits and risks.
The Business Case contains the reasons for running
the project, with the expected benefits documented
in measureable terms. In PRINCE2, the benefits
expected from a project are subject to tolerances; if
they drop below those tolerances, then the Business
Case is no longer viable.
For example, if a project is mandated for the
purpose of making a profit, then the mandate
should identify the threshold of profit that
determines the viability of the Business Case. If the
expected profit drops below that threshold, due
to changes in circumstances, the project should be
stopped.
According to PRINCE2, project work should be
broken down into stages, for ease of manageability.
The Business Case is updated by the Project
Manager at the end of a stage and the Project Board
will be presented with this updated documentation
when they assess the project at a stage boundary.
At a stage boundary the Board will decide if the
Business Case remains viable, before authorising
the plan for the next stage. If the viability of the
Business Case raises concerns during a stage, a
project issue can be raised to bring the matter to
the attention of the Board as soon as possible, and
before the end of stage assessment.
In the event of a project being closed prematurely,
the organization must ensure that lessons are
learned about the cause of the failure. In addition,
every attempt should be made to derive maximum
benefit from any outputs and outcomes that had
been achieved by the project.
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Learn from experience
As humans, we are inclined to repeat our
mistakes. PRINCE2 addresses this tendency with
its requirement for reporting the lessons which
we learn from projects. So important is this
requirement, it is elevated to that of a principle
within the framework.
Throughout a project the project manager should
remain alert to potential lessons to be learned.
These lessons can be identified in the many reports
generated by the project management team.
A responsibility of the project manager is to identify,
document and disseminate lessons, via Lessons
Reports to the Project Board. Members of the
Board distribute the Lessons Reports to appropriate
parties within the organisation’s various projects.
20:20 Hindsight = Lessons learned
Aside from lessons identified during the current
project, PRINCE2 also emphasises the importance of
lessons learned from previous projects. In PRINCE2,
the very first activity the project manager performs
during the Starting Up a Project process is to create
a Lessons Log, in order to document previous
lessons. Lessons Reports may then be generated at
the end of each stage and are a required output of
the Closing a Project process.
When assessing whether an organisation’s approach
to project management is compliant with PRINCE2,
assurance auditors may require evidence of lessons
actually being ‘learned’, i.e. proof that steps have
been taken to avoid repeating previous mistakes.
One potential source of evidence is an adapted
quality control process if the original strategy was
modified after being found wanting. For example,
suppose the Quality Management Strategy for a
software project called for ‘user acceptance testing’
but some users recruited for the testing were found
to lack the necessary experience. In later testing
procedures, a more focused category of user could
be recruited, in response to the lesson learned
about inappropriate users.
20:20 Foresight = Best practices
Recruiting an individual with experience in a
similar project, or purchasing documentation from
a previous project, can be an effective means of
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avoiding past mistakes. A number of high-profile
project managers from the Olympic Games in
Sydney, Australia, were recruited to work on the
London 2012 Olympic Games project management
team - they brought with them their own lessons
learned.
Defined roles and responsibilities
The PRINCE2 principle ‘Defined roles and
responsibilities’ emphasizes that each person
involved in a project should be aware of the
particular contribution that he/she is expected to
make to that project.
If everyone understands what is required of them,
the chances of delivering a successful project
are greatly improved. Any confusion about what
should be done, by whom, and when is likely to be
detrimental to the project’s progress.
For example, a lack of clear leadership is a common
cause of project failure. With defined roles and
responsibilities in place, the risk of project failure
due to inadequate leadership can be reduced.
An organization’s Project Management Office (PMO)
should create a repository of Lessons Reports,
ensuring that lessons are made available to future
projects. Learning from experience is crucial to
PRINCE2’s ‘best practice’ approach to project
management.
Levels of management
The principle requires a management hierarchy -
from the Project Board at the top, to the Project
Manager below, and then down to the Team
Manager. The hierarchy ensures that the project
is managed using three clearly defined levels of
management.
Project Board
On a PRINCE2 project, the Project Board consists of
three roles: the Executive, Senior User, and Senior
Supplier. Only one person fulfils the Executive role,
but any number of people may perform the other
roles. If the Board members are unable to agree on
a particular issue, the Executive acts as the decision
maker.
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For small projects, the Project Board may consist
of just the Executive, who will perform all of the
Board’s duties. If the project is large, the Project
Board is likely to be complex, consisting of a cross-
functional representation of many elements of
the participating organizations. In PRINCE2, the
Project Board is part of the project team, which also
includes the Project Manager, Project Support and
Team Managers.
Stakeholders
Moreover, PRINCE2 identifies three stakeholder
interests: Business, User and Supplier and the
Project Board is designed to represent all three
interests.
Manage by stages
According to this principle each stage of a project
must be properly planned, monitored, and
controlled. A PRINCE2 project requires a minimum
of two stages - the first one being called the
The Business interest (sometimes referred to as
Corporate) sponsors the project, endorses its
objectives, and aims to ensure that the business
investment provides value for money.
The User interest refers to members of the Business
who, after the project is completed, will use the
project’s products to enable the organization to gain
the intended benefits.
Both User and Business interests collectively
represent the Customer (with the Executive being
responsible for the Business element).
The Supplier interest represents those who provide
the resources and expertise required by the project.
They may be internal or external to the customer
organization. All three stakeholder interests must
be represented within the project, in order for it to
succeed.
‘Initiation’ stage (during which the project is
planned), and then at least one more to cover the
delivery of the project’s specialist products.
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The requirement for an initiation stage ensures that
a project is not started before detailed forecasts of
costs and timescales have been completed. If the
project skips this stage, there is a risk that it will
ultimately cost considerably more than originally
anticipated.
At the end of the initiation stage, the Project Board
assesses the viability of the project by examining
the Project Initiation Documentation (PID). In
accordance with this principle, a project that is given
the go ahead will be assessed again by the Board
at regular intervals (known as management control
points) during its lifecycle. After each assessment,
the Board may decide that the project should
continue as planned, alter its scope, or prematurely
close it if it is no longer viable.
Planning horizon
It is a general rule of planning that every plan should
be made only to a manageable and foreseeable
level of detail (called a planning horizon). PRINCE2
recommends three levels of plan - the Project
Plan, Stage Plans and optional Team Plans; each is
appropriate for the particular level of management
that uses it.
The Project Board uses an updated version of the
Project Plan as its working document throughout
the project. The Project Manager, who is responsible
for the day-to-day management of the project, will
use the current Stage Plan. The Team Manager(s)
will write Team Plans to an appropriate level of
detail.
Go/no go
Each management stage in PRINCE2 acts as a “go/no
go” decision point for the Project Board. It’s where
it decides whether the project is still viable and if so,
can commit to the next stage by approving the plan
for the next stage.
If the decision is “go” then effectively this gives
permission for the Project Manager to spend
the money authorized by the Board for the next
stage and is thus a less risky approach to taking
investment decisions when compared with one big
decision taken at the beginning of the project.
If the decision is “no go” then the project is
no longer viable, then the project should be
prematurely closed.
Stage boundaries therefore enable the Project
Board to control the project on a stage-by-stage
basis, whilst delegating day to day management of
the stage to the Project Manager.
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Manage by exception
On a PRINCE2 project, tolerances are established for
each project objective. Limits of delegated authority
are also defined, so that it is clear who should make
a decision about corrective action if tolerances are
exceeded. The activities associated with directing,
managing, and delivering the project must be
performed within agreed tolerance levels.
On a PRINCE2 project, regular Highlight Reports
keep the Project Board informed about progress.
This leaves the Board members free to carry on with
their own activities, beyond those required for the
directing of the project. Only if a tolerance level is
forecast to be exceeded (known as an ‘exception’ in
PRINCE2), does the Board need to address the issue
through the assessment of an Exception Report.
Tolerances
The 6 performance targets for which tolerances are
set on a PRINCE2 project are: time, cost, quality,
scope, benefits, and risk. Accepted tolerances are
agreed for each of these elements at the project
level by members of corporate management, when
the project is mandated. Changes to these project-
level tolerances can only be made at corporate level
too.
Once an exception to a project-level tolerance
occurs, the Project Board must escalate the problem
to corporate level for a decision to be made.
Stage tolerances are calculated by the Project
Manager when planning each Stage. They are then
confirmed by the Project Board when it approves a
Stage Plan. Similarly, Work Package tolerances are
set by the Project Manager when a Team Plan is
authorised.
If a Team Manager raises an issue, indicating a
deviation from Work Package tolerances, the Project
Manager must assess the issue and take corrective
action, unless the Stage tolerances will be affected.
If the issue will affect the Stage tolerances, the
Project Manager must create an Exception Report,
and escalate the matter to the Board.
Benefits of “managing by exception”
By working in this way, the Project Board "manages
by exception" i.e. only gets involved when key
decisions need to be taken (when an issue exceeds
agreed tolerances) and hence is a very efficient use
of senior management time.
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Focus on products
PRINCE2 recognises the importance of delivering
products that meet their agreed quality criteria,
hence the ‘focus on products’ principle.
When products are successfully delivered, they lead
to project benefits, and so it is extremely important
that they are planned and executed effectively. If
the stakeholders’ expectations are to be fulfilled in
accordance with the business justification, everyone
involved with the project must agree on and fully
understand the nature of its products. Otherwise
the aim of the project will be open to interpretation
- and considerable confusion is likely to ensue,
impeding the project’s progress.
Product-based planning
Whereas some project management methods focus
on activity planning, planning in PRINCE2 starts
with identifying products. Product-based planning
is a crucial aspect of the PRINCE2 approach to
managing projects; in particular, it helps the project
team to reduce the risk of scope creep, as well as
making issues such as acceptance disputes and user
dissatisfaction less likely to occur and potentially
less damaging.
Product Descriptions
As part of PRINCE2’s product-based approach,
Product Descriptions are developed and agreed, and
these effectively describe what is to be delivered
by the project. They help to ensure that everyone
involved in the project is aware of each product’s
purpose, composition, quality criteria, etc. They
also enable the project team to estimate how much
work will be involved in bringing each product to
fruition, what resources will be required, what
activities must be performed, and so on. The agreed
products define the project’s scope, as well as
providing a foundation for planning and control
activities.
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Tailor to suit the project
environment
The final principle 'Tailor to suit the project
environment’ highlights a key advantage of using
PRINCE2 - its adaptability.
The verb to “tailor” refers to the appropriate use of
PRINCE2 so that it matches the needs of a particular
project. PRINCE2 recognises that all projects
are different in terms of their cultural context,
geographical location, level of complexity and scale.
Tailoring to suit the project environment allows
you to adapt the PRINCE2 methodology to suit the
needs of your project - and still comply with the
PRINCE2 approach to project management.
For example, one element of PRINCE2 that is
routinely tailored is the schedule for Project Board
meetings. Such meetings are not a requirement of
the PRINCE2 methodology; regular Highlight Reports
are considered sufficient. In many organizations,
however, regular meetings are part of the corporate
culture. They can be accommodated by PRINCE2,
thanks to the tailoring principle.
If your organisation tailors PRINCE2, you should
document the changes made to the method
and describe these in the Project Initiation
Documentation (PID). In this way, the changes can
be audited and provide evidence of compliance with
PRINCE2 and corporate standards.
Tailoring whilst remaining compliant
When you are tailoring PRINCE2, you must bear
in mind that no part of the method should be
ignored or removed. Even on a small project, you
will need to address risk, quality and configuration
management. If the method is changed too much,
you will be in danger of running a ‘PINO’ (that’s
‘PRINCE2 In Name Only’) project.
Organizations can address the PINO problem
by referring to the PRINCE2 Maturity Model.1
Organizations can use the model to establish their
level of compliance with PRINCE2.2
The goal of the tailoring principle is to adapt the
PRINCE2 method to the needs of your project
environment, in order to avoid creating a ‘template-
driven’ project management method in which
everything is done unquestioningly. Remember
that PRINCE2 focuses on information and decisions,
rather than just documents and meetings.
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Summary
Hopefully you’ve learned something about the
PRINCE2 principles after reading this eBook. As
a PRINCE2 trainer, I often hear my students refer
to their employer as being one which manages
their projects according to PRINCE2. After delving
a little deeper, it becomes apparent that these
organizations are not managing their projects
according to PRINCE2.
There is only one simple test of whether a project
is a PRINCE2 project and it’s nothing to do with
how many documents are written by the project
management team. Nor is it to do with whether all
of the guidance in the PRINCE2 manual3
is being
followed. The test is simply whether the project is
applying all of the 7 PRINCE2 principles.
In this way, PRINCE2 is not a rigid and ancient text
written down on tablets of stone which is unable to
be challenged and changed. On the contrary, it’s a
workable set of best practices which can be applied
to any project, no matter what scale, type or level of
complexity.
It’s by applying these principles sensibly on your
project that you will gain the greatest benefit of
the world’s most popular project management
framework.
About the author
Simon Buehring is the founder and Managing
Director of Knowledge Train, a PRINCE2
Accredited Training Organization based in the UK.
Simon regularly delivers project management and
PRINCE2 training courses in the UK and overseas
and writes a blog about project management
and PRINCE2. For more than 25 years Simon has
worked on or managed software projects for a
wide range of organizations both in the UK and
internationally, including the BBC and HSBC.
1. Office of Government Commerce (OGC). (2010). PRINCE2 Maturity Model (P2MM) . Available: http://www.p3m3-officialsite.com/nmsrunt-
ime/saveasdialog.aspx?lID=462&sID=210. Last accessed 2nd July 2013.
2. Office of Government Commerce (OGC). (2010). PRINCE2 Maturity Model (P2MM) Self-Assessment. Available: http://www.p3m3-official-
site.com/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.aspx?lID=469&sID=210. Last accessed 2nd July 2013.
3. Office of Government Commerce (OGC) (2009). Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2. London: Stationery Office Books. 342.
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Download the other two ebooks in the series:
These two ebooks will be useful for your exams:
Learn the PRINCE2 Themes Learn the PRINCE2 Processes
PRINCE2 Foundation exam tips PRINCE2 Practitioner exam tips

Learn the PRINCE2 Principles ebook

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