Programmed learning

Programmed learning

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  October 20, 20081
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  Programmed learning isone of the important innovations of the 20th century in the teaching –learning process. October 20, 2008 2
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   Self Instructional Technique Individualized Instruction  Logically Sequenced (Small Segments) October 20, 2008 3
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  Related Educators October 20,2008 4  Thorndike -Trial and Error  Gagne-Chain -Signal Learning  Robertmager - Learner Controlled Instruct  Skinner -Operant Conditioning  Sidne L Pressy -Teaching Machines  Norman A Crowder -Mathetics  T.F.Gilbert -Intrinsic  Lawrence Stolurow - C A I (Computer  Edgerdale - Cone Of Experience
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  Definitions  It isa Systematic Step By Step Self Instructional Programmes.  It is a device which presents an exercise or a problem to a student , inducing him to respond , and revealing to him whether or not his response is correct.  It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on the behaviour of each and every acceptable student.  Educational programming is the scheduling and control of student behaviour in the learning process.  It is a planned sequence of experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship. October 20, 2008 5
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  Characteristics  Individualized instruction Logically sequenced ,small steps called ‘frames’.  Pay due consideration to the initial or entering behaviour of the learner.  Provision for feed –back.  Interaction between the learner and the learning material is important.  Self –pacing to the learner .  Continuous evaluation. October 20, 2008 6
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  principles  Small steps. Active participation and responding  Reinforcement  Self –pacing  Self evaluation  Immediate feed –back October 20, 2008 7
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  Programmed instructional materials  Teachingmachines  Programmed text books  Scrambled book October 20, 2008 8
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  Types of programming Linear or extrinsic  Branching or intrinsic October 20, 2008 9
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  LINEAR  B.F Skinner Straight line-single track  Every learner follow the same path October 20, 2008 10 21 3 4
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  Branching October 20, 200811  Norman A Crowder  Bigger frames  Content frame  Remedial frame
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  Content frame a) Repeatingstudent response, b) Positive confirmation c) New information d) Question e) Alternative answers-directions to go to relevant page October 20, 2008 12
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  Remedial frame a) Repeatingthe student response b) Negative confirmation c) Reason as to why he is wrong d) Further explanations e) Directions as to where the learner should go next. October 20, 2008 13
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  Forward branching Whether itis right or wrong learner ----new page October 20, 2008 14 1 Remedial + Parallel Qn 2
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  Backward branching October 20,2008 15  Repeating the missed frames
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  Linear cum Branching, Mathetics October 20, 2008 16
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  Structure of aprogramme October 20, 2008 17  Pre test  Entering behaviour  Programme (broken down into elements)  Post test  Terminal behaviour
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  Comparison Programmed instruction Linear BranchingMathetics October 20, 2008 18 small larger bigger Written or performanceMultiple choiceconstructed Linear book Low cost Scrambled expensive Instra -package High cost
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  Primes & Prompts For helping the learner make the correct response and eliminate error, he is assisted in the form of primes and prompts in the introductory frame. October 20, 2008 19
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  Priming is introducedin a frame through a process of copying the response given in the stimulus  All elements are made up of small particles of matter called atoms  The smallest particle of copper is called----(Example) October 20, 2008 20
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   Prompt isa hint or cue , is provided to help the learner to choose the correct response  The prompt can be classified into two categories 1) Formal (provides an indication of form of response) 2) Thematic (depends on the general properties of the prompting stimulus). October 20, 2008 21
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     Characteristics LinearProgramming Branched Programming  of the programme 1. Step size Small Large 2. Response type Constructed Multiple choice 3. Reinforcement Correctness of response ultimate correctne 4. Subject matter 5. Paper Programme 6. Cost 7. Control of response 8. Level of learner 9. Mode of response  10.Procedure October 20, 2008 22
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  Thanks October 20, 200823